Impact Of Oil And Gas Production On Health, Safety, And Environment: A Case Study Of Royal Dutch Shell

Background of the Study

Keprate and Ratnayake (2016) stated that oil exploration as well as the activities has an impact on environment positively as well as negatively.  The impact is in terms of quality and quantity of biodiversity in the physical environment.  However, it is varied in scale as well as bas on the biodiversity involved with the procedure. Primary and secondary are the types of impact categorized.. As much as the production of oil produce costs on environment, it has a direct impact on economy of the generating state. On the other hand, the industry of oil and gas is known as one of the universally expanded from temperate forests of Europe to scheduled places of the Arctic, from Alaska to Australia as well as the rainforests of tropical region (Lee et al. 2016). The industry is considered as the primary source of energy and most effective consumable energy running other industries from different fields.  Apart from these, the industry focuses on the management of health and safety issues as it is associated with with dangerous safety rocks along with health issues. In the present research, health, safety and environmental strategies generated by Royal Dutch Shell is discussed. It is one of renowned of oil and gas in the United Kingdom is considered as case study organization in order to analyze the impact of oil and gas production on environment.

The previous researchers have observed that several accidents occurred in oil and gas industry, which leads to face injuries to people. In Paraguana refinery complex, a massive oil refinery in the world, fire caused death of 151 people. The major cause has been found that improper security and health measures taken. However, the accidents can be avoided by implementing effective security policies (Li et al. 2016). On the other hand, the potential impact of the environment is related to the oil and gas organizations’ activities. It is essential to identify the ways the ways conciliating development of the industry with protection of the environment, which is sustainable development. After recovering as well as transportation, crude oil goes through the process of refining for converting into the specific products holding commercial value. On the contrary, oil refineries are identified as main polluters and consumer of energy, water. It also produces waste waters as well as releasing hazardous gases into the atmosphere. It affects the environment producing waste that are not easy to dispose.

There are various activities in oil and gas production that causes serious issues to the lives of workers in the industry as severe circumstances where it is required to work as well as explosive nature of the products. In this perspective, the organizations should understand the requirements of safety of the workers. However, it is seen that the organizations do not take effective actions in this matter (Liu et al. 2016). The facilities for health as well as safety of the workers are usually neglected in the industry. In a report published by NORA oil and Natural Extraction Council, it has been depicted that casual death ration is more compared to the other industries. Consequently, it has become the most significant component in order to measure strength of environmental as well as health safety. It is required to adopt in the organization, present in the field of oil as well as gas industry.

Problem Statement

On the other hand, commercial fish species are generally sensitive the sound and close range. Along with these, the combustion procedure of petroleum production is responsible for acid rain. The combustion can cause an increased amount of nitrous oxides and sulfur oxide from sulfur in oil. The products combined with water in atmosphere creates acid rain. On the contrary, the increased concentrations of nitrates as well as acid substances have a massive impact on the pH levels of rainfall. The data samples analyzed from all over the world in past 100 years have shown that there is an increase of nitrous oxide emission from combustion. The acid rain has a huge impact on larger ecosystem. Acid rain leads to the process of corrosion of machinery as well as structures and slow destruction of archeological structures such as marble ruins (Lundgren and McMakin 2018). On the other hand, the combustion of oil and gas production can cause an increased amount of carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. In this perspective, several countries across the world have subsides as well as policies designed to minimize the utilization of petroleum as well as fossil fuels. The examples consist of China that switched from giving subsides for fossil fuels to the providing subsides for renewable energy. The examples also consist of Sweden that created laws that are designed to phase out the process of using Petroleum. Royal Dutch Shell has planned for implementing for improving health, safety as well as environmental plans. However, there are also some issues faced in implementing the plans. Hence, it is vital to find the factors that cause major health and safety issues in oil and natural gas production and identify as well as evaluate the health and safety policies of Royal Dutch Shell within 2006-2015 time.

The aim of the study is making an evaluation of the effectiveness of the policies about environmental as well as health safety adopted by Royal Dutch Shell. In addition, the research makes the policies as well as strategies that are understandable and legislated by the organization so that protection and welfare of the workplace can be kept.  

The objectives of the research can be explained as below, which are considered as the basic causes required for the work.

• To critically analyse the cause of major health and safety issues in oil and natural gas production
• To critically analyse the health and safety policies taken by Royal Dutch Shell on the operation over 2006-2015 time
• To critically evaluate the health and safety policies taken by Royal Dutch Shell on the operation over 2006-2015 time
• To critically analyse issues involved with the policies and recommend suggestions

The research question can be explained as followed that will answered in the study.

• What are the policies of safety and health taken by Royal Dutch Shell on the operation over 2006-2015 times and hw effective that is in terms of current process?

The oil and gas industry produces revenue to economic development state. On the contrary, it has a negative impact on the atmosphere where the activities like gas flaring and oil spillage produced by the companies. There are several people who are working in oil and gas industry (Paterson 2017). There are three ways that oil and gas industry has a great impact on society and environment such as change of climate, operations on sea and land as well as positive and negative impact on natural economies. On the other hand, the oil industry processes periods of greed and carelessness that affect on biodiversity. Hence, it is an issue to identify and assess the policies of safety and health taken by Royal Dutch Shell.

Aims and Objectives of the Study

In addition, oil and gas spills Art Sea damages in the mangrove forests, coral reefs as well as fisheries lading buoys as well as drillings rigs. In addition, transports of oil cause ecological damage. For instances, there are an estimated 16,000 spills during construction of Tans-Alaskan pipeline (Paterson 2017). The extractives industries have failed making a contribution to the sustainable development as well as protecting environment adequately (Raut et al. 2017). There are several organizations consider the particular industry as having contribution in pollution, corruption as well as civil disturbances. In this perspective, the oil and gas industry need to emphasize on environmental protection and safety. Thus, it becomes an issues now to find out and evaluate the policies of safety and health taken by Royal Dutch Shell along with issues involved with the policies and recommendations to mitigate the challenges.

The research has five chapters. The first chapter covers research aims, objectives, research questions that are set in order to carry out the research in proper way. Discussion of problem statement, background of the study and research rationale assists in understanding the topic and importance to do the research. Literature review chapter covers collection of secondary data from the related secondary sources such as authentic journals, governments’ published articles and websites. Research methodology chapter covers selection of appropriate methodological tools for the research. Data analysis and findings discusses the analyzed data gathered from the case study. On the other hand, conclusion and recommendation chapters covers overall summary of the study and recommendations to overcome the issues in effective way.

In this section of research, secondary data gathered from related secondary sources are analyzed. It is important to understand to understand the environmental impact for oil and gas production. Environment of health in a workplace assists to get success of the organization.  The health as well as safety management policy can support the workers to be happy and creative in their workplace.

Healthy environment in a particular workplace helps to get success of the organization. The policies of health and safety will support the workers to be happy and decreases the number of injuries. The previous researches show measures of health and safety in minimizing stress of work and injuries in the workplace. The section covers the concept of environmental impact of oil and gas production, occupational injuries, risk factors, physiological wellbeing of workers, environmental impact, theories and models related to occupational health and safety, HSSE management, gaps in management, chemical management, waste management and greenhouse management.

Oil has an important role in our society. It represents major energy sources that are used in daily life. In addition, major sources like petroleum products can serve as feedstock for various consumer products and hence acting a developing as well as relevant role in live of people (Ravindran and Jaiswal 2016). Oil industry holds possible hazards for environment and has an impact at multiple levels of the organization like air, water, soil and living being on the earth. In the particular context, the most wide spread and dangerous consequence of the activities included in the industry is pollution. It is associated to the activities in the particular industry from exploratory activities to refining. On the other hand, wastewater, gas emissions and transportation procedure of 800 multiple chemicals among the course  can prevail oil as well as petroleum products (Paterson 2017).

Research Question

One of the major ways to achieve a psychologically safe workplace is creating as well as deploying a Comprehensive Workplace Health and Safety (CWHS) program. CWHS program helps to enhance creativity, co-operation with employees, employee involvement, retention of the employees, loyalty to the organization, morale as well as satisfaction of the employees, productivity as well as recruitment. Apart from these, the program or health model would enhance absenteeism, turnover of the employees, grievances, presenters, injuries and accidents at workplace along with work time lost. In order to develop and maintain the program along with continual enhancement procedure for the organization, following are the process for development.

• Lead (managing leadership and commitment towards workplace)
• Plan (Organize)
• Do (Deploy in the workplace)
• Check (Assessment)
• Act (Enhancement)

For instance, the steps for the workplace, it is required to include the following. In order to begin procedure of healthy workplace planning, the levels of the enterprise need management support. On the contrary, it is required to consider for developing a team specific for every implementation. Development of program plan as well as assessment plan can be helpful in the process. Implementation of the plan can be helpful to put the proposed program into practice. On the contrary, assessment of the efforts in CWHS program can assist to enhance the outcomes of the evaluations.

Health and safety in workplaces, psychological work environment, workplace health promotion and organizational community engagement are the major components of the program. They overlapped and integrated within the program. Occupational health and safety can encompass promotion as well as maintenance of physical, mental as well as social well-being of the employees (Rosenbaum 2016). It consists of minimizing injury in the workplace. In addition, it assists in reducing physical job hazards. It minimizes stress employees and felt in the workplace. Psychological work environment is considered as a procedure in order to detect real as well as possible hazards in the workplace. Apart from these, workplace health programs is also referred as well-being programs as well as provide proper approach to healthy living for people at the workplace as well as covering a broad area of health issues. The organizational community engagement is the community; where the interventions are generally considered as Corporate Social Responsibility activities along with typically identify the aspect of the organization.

The oil and gas industry is one of the most dangerous job in the United Kingdom where requirement of effective health and safety arrangements. The combination of powerful equipment, processes and flammable chemical that under higher pressure can generate the huge hazard and risk situation  at workplace for employees. As per the view of Li, Chen and Zhu, (2016) safety and health management is very significant constitutes of Oil and Gas industry activities because of various components such as chemicals, operation condition, end products etc associated with Oil and Gas production.

At the time of oil and gas production and manufacturing, there are several kinds of risk is associated with operation and chemical linkage. The hazard in Oil and Gas industry can be divided into two broad categories that is health and illness hazard and second one is Safety and injury Hazard. Rosenbaum, (2016) stated that workers in the Oil and Gas industry  have various kinds of safety and injury hazard. On the other hand in the context of health and illness hazard in oil and gas industry includes various agents leads various kind of illness and health hazard such as chemical hazard (sensitizing substances, irritant, toxic, corrosive, asphyxiates), physical hazards (vibration, extreme temperature, radiations). In addition, ergonomic hazards (awkward posture, repetitive motion, manual handling activities) psychosocial hazard (violence, odd working hours, isolated sites, overwork) and biological hazard (virus, parasites, bacteria) are included in the process.

Rationale of the Study

As per the opinion of Ravindran and Jaiswal, (2016), oil and gas organisation in the UK well drilling and servicing activities includes several kinds of material and equipment. By effective controlling and recognizing the risk and hazard, injuries and death situation at workplace can prevent. It is very important for organisation in the oil and gas industry to adopt such methods and controlling hazard through which injuries, death can remove at workplace, and workers can safely carry out their working. There are various kinds of hazard such as Vehicle collision, struck-By, confined Spaces, high pressure lines and equipment, electronic and other hazardous energy.

In the opinion of Liu and et.al., (2016) in the Oil and Gas industry, the management of organisation is very important to adopt such effective arrangement, system and procedure through which risk and hazard of worker health can overcome. In addition to this, safety manager and supervisor have to consider upon the resources so as corporation of oil and gas can released visual communication resource specifically tailored for the oil and gas industry that includes quick safety tip, safety best practice guide.

According to the view of Lundgren and McMakin, (2018) occupational safety and health risk management in one of the best practice in occupational safety as well as health risk management that helps in analysing effective control steps.  In the oil and gas industry, business procedure is complicated so it is very significant and systematic as well as effective approach should be used in the corporation in order to manage the occupational safety and health risk.

 In this aspect, PDCA cycle can apply within the oil and gas industry under which four major steps such as plan, do, act and check. In the planning stage includes the problem that needed to be addressed and gathering information regarding the problem. Oil and Gas organisation should consider objective and target to design the plan for health and safety in the oil and gas industry. Key priorities, strategic HSSE and work flows should be considered by risk and health safety manager. In the do stage, manager focuses on risk as well as injury management along with health, illness management, training and assessment, regulatory compliances. In the act stage, safety manager considers upon the management reviews and action for continuous improvement. In the last check stage, manager consider upon the effective monitoring, auditing, performance indicates etc.

Figure 1: Health and safety management

(Source: Paterson 2017, p.411)

According to the view of Paterson, (2017) in order to overcome the risk and hazard of health and enhance safety and environmental plan in oil and gas industry, risk management is one of the crucial procedures for preventing works related injury and illness. Risk management process includes the three main stages such as identification of risk, evaluating and prioritizing the risk and implementation of the preventive and measures to control the risk. In the first stage of identification of risk, manager recognises and describes the types of risk that might affect the working of worker within the oil and gas organisation. Once the risk has been identified then in next stage, health and safety manager determines the likelihood and consequences of each risk. Once the priority and identified in the previous stage then in next stage safety manager finally implement the prevention and measures to control the risk. Sadgrove, (2016) said that there are various kinds of circumstances in the oil and gas industry where risk management procedure is very important.

In the opinion of Rosenbaum, (2016) occupational safety and health management system is one of the effective systems that help to oil and gas organisation in managing the health and safety of employees and overcome hazard. The effective management of the occupational safety and health management system, complex issue such as changing world of work, interactions between management and employees, dynamics within organisation can easily manage. There are various features, which should be fulfilled effectively by the specific system regarding safety and health management within the industry. Health and safety management within the system need to ensure safety of several operational sites through proper planning and mapping the business procedure is included. It should control as well as risks included in the segments like downstream and the system that is required to be well documented and should be designed in such manner so as everyone can easily understand the objective of this system within oil and gas industry. On the other hand, the management system is required to enable the staffs following the consistent health and safety practices so as they can securely and safely carry out their working within the organisation. Occupational safety and health management system is very critical component which effective and successful implementation in the oil and gas industry can confirm the operational safety in downstream, midstream and upstream. There are various components of the effective occupational safety and health management system that should encompassed such as Proper administration, health as well as safety management plan. On the other hand, health as well as safety risk plan along with work area management, maintenance of security systems, incident management and occupational health management can be helpful for the organization. Compliance management, management of competency, content management as well as rehabilitation management, statistics, reporting and dashboard, audit and review are included.

In the view of Keprate and Ratnayake (2016) health and safety plan component of occupational safety as well as health management system requires oil and gas company vision  and method regarding health and safety and administration component requires key information of personnel’s who are responsible in order to manage health and safety plan. Furthermore, the work area management component requires proper management and demarcation of business unit on the basis of design, procedure and activities. The health and safety risk management element requires job hazard analysis, hazard ranking, corrective action plan and risk control level analysis. Moreover, inventor management requires maintenance of hazardous substance data base. Audi and review element of occupational safety and health management system requires proper management system and program in order to audit as well as review for monitoring as well as checking effectiveness of the implemented safety as well as health for audit as well as review. It helps to monitor and check the effectiveness of implemented safety and health within the oil and gas organisation in the UK.

 As per the opinion of Li and et.al. (2016), it assists in effective risk management, hazard identification and implementation of various control methods. This system in oil and gas industry also helps in ensure wellbeing of all works and contributes to a more motivate and performance driven employees at workplace. The proper maintain and regular process of risk management procedure aids in fastest tracking and monitoring of health and safety indicators. With help of effective implementation of occupational safety and health management system, the organisations can improve the regulatory compliances and relationship between the stakeholders like employees, union, consultants, contractors, subcontractors, clients, supplies etc.

In addition, staffs as well as sub-contractors need to work using several materials as well as equipment. Accidents may include disastrous consequences for the workers of the organization.  Hence, health, safety as well as environment management provide effective coordination along with monitoring in order to ensure health and safety of the workers as well as compliance with the requirements of health, safety as well as environmental management of the organization. In this perspective, it is required to suggest proactive measurements, which can prevent the incidents before manifesting as accidents. Effective coordination of all health and safety aspects of the construction project can be helpful. On the other hand, draft health and safety plans as well as verification of existing or proposed plans can be helpful in this aspect. Ensuring health and safety of the workers and decreasing accident risks would be helpful for the organization. In addition, ensuring full compliance with EU directive can assist to the process.

On the other hand, as a leading supplier of health, safety as well as environmental management can offer unrivaled expertise as well as resource. In addition, unique global research can assist to dispatch experienced as well as qualified safety coordinators to the building process. In addition, documentation of coordination, safety risk analysis as well as verification as well as development for health as well as safety plans can be helpful to improve health and safety in the organization. Safety signaling control as well as supply of the external coordinators of health, safety and environmental conditions can be helpful for the staffs in the workplace.

In the opinion of Ravindran and Jaiswal, (2016) in order to improve health, safety as well as environment plan in oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom, constant housekeeping and implement 5s system is very important practice. By keeping clear the pathway, floors and all work area from unnecessary items, oil and gas manager can promote the health and safety at workplace. This strategy will aids in prevent trips and falls and struck by hazards. Furthermore, with implement 5S system such as sort, set in order, sustain, shine and standardize as well as sort, oil and gas industry can improve the workflow and overcome the wastage from the production and manufacturing procedure. With help of implementation of strategic labelling tool in the workplace, management can directly warn, and communicate all necessary information to workers. Raut, Narkhede and Gardas,  (2017) stated that in the oil and gas industry, there are high numbers of accident occurs from driving or riding in a motor vehicle. Manager should install the in-vehicle monitor system through which improve the worker training and vehicle safety programs. With help of provide clear visual communication at the oil and gas industry, hazard and risk of health with worker can reduce. There should be clear custom sign to communicate process specific to certain work crews and work sites. At the workplace of oil and gas industry, instruction and information should clearly display on the work crews and worksite so as outdate and illegals signage can easily replace from the worksite. As per the view of Li, Chen and Zhu, (2016) stated that safety manager in the oil and gas industry should reassess safety signage while project shifts. In the oil and gas organisation, worksite, project and crews changes then it is very important for manager to analyse and assess that labels and signs are in correct area and communicate present hazards and process before starts the new project at workplace. This kind of practice of promote health and safety in oil and gas will aid to ensure the dangers and details are particular area and site will be known while fresher worker come in. Furthermore, ensure familiarity with workers in the oil and gas industry, uncertain accidents and hazard can minimise and health and safety can promote. While working starts in the oil and gas worksite then everyone should understand their role and associate hazards that exists and all relevant precautions of safety. Health and safety manager should communicate require procedure and hazard to new fresher workers at worksite so as they can prevent themselves from uncertain accidents.

 According to the view of Lee and et.al., (2016) stated that  in the old and gas industry, manager of health and safety should conduct regular monitoring and control of the machinery and equipment’s that are already installed and settled at worksite. This regular practice will support and prevent the failure of machines and keep the worker safe in oil and gas industry.

Overall, it can be said based on above discussion that in the oil and gas industry, there are large numbers of hazard and risk associated with the production, manufacturing and process working. In order to manage and over the hazard and risk at workplace, it is very important for manager of safety and health within industry to consider an effective planning and process and adopt effective system. In addition, it is essential to measure and control this risk of the best practice is self-awareness and proper information regarding the risk and hazard at workplace can help to worker to prevent their heath from uncertain accident. In addition to this, proper arrangement of technologies and infrastructure can also assist to organisation in overcome the risk of accident in the worksite of oil and gas. At the time of designing the worksite in this industry, corporation should focus upon the effective equipment and resources that help to workers in effectively carry out their working without any hazard.

Proper training and development is also very significant aspect that will support worker in preventing their health from risk and accidents at workplace. With help of effective training program, worker can acknowledge the skill, idea and criteria of effective working that will support them in overcome accidents. Furthermore by use of the risk management process, occupational health and safety hazard system, by use of the PDCA model and other practices, oil and gas organisation can easily promote the health, safety and environment plan for worker and safe them from uncertain accidents and hazard in effective and efficient manner.

Research methodology is one of the sections included in the research that helps in defining the approached required for carrying out the research in right way. The methods included in research methodolgy helps in doing detailed analysis so that the errors can be found. In the present scenario, appropriate and suitable methodology has been applied in the research so that it the topic, enhancement of health, safety and environmental plans can be properly understood and the expected outcome is found.

3.2 Method outline

In the current section, a propet as well as detailed research technique to analyse the Health, Safety and Environmental Plans in Oil Production is discussed. In the present section, positivism philosophy is selected. In addition, deductive approach is selected to allow the researcher conducting the particular study based on secondary sources, which can be helpful to analyze the research topic. In the current research, descriptive research design is chosen as suitable research design. Secondary data has been collected to conduct data analysis with the help of qualitative case study analysis.

Research philosophy is one of the major components in a research that assists in determining the way to obtain details regarding research topic. It also helps in explaining the assumption procedure undertaken in the research during conduxtion of the research (Mackey and Gass 2015). On the contrary, thiking procedure to evaluate the research topic can be performed with the help of research philosophy. Thus, it is required to take effective philosophy for the research. In the prrsent research, positivism philosophy is selected to carry out the research.

Positivism philosophy is chosen for the current research. It analyzes the hidden facts as well as information of the research in a scientific way. On the other hand, realism is considered as a mixed approach that combines positivim and interpretivism (Lewis 2015). Therefore, it involves characteristics of the philosophies. On the contrary, realism philosophy explains application of human with realism that is not requited, thus the philosophy has been rejected.

A research approach helps in conducting the research in proer way. Inductive and deductive are the research takrn for a research to study in broad ways. Inductive approach helps in studying the research topic when the observation gets the information and develop the research method. On the contrary, deductive approach is used for deduce the research theories and models related to the research topic. Deductive research approach is selected in the research.

In the present research, the topic helps in analysing the concets of helath, safety as well as environmental plan of Royal Dutch Shell in oil production. The models related to the research topic needs a proper selection of research approache. Hence, deductive approach has been selected in the present research. It helps in analysing the theories as well as models that are related to the research topic. Inductive approach has been discarded as the research has not aim to induce any theory or model about the research topic.

Research design helps in describing the framework to conduct the research. It helps in data collection and anlayis pattern (Bauer 2014). During the procedure of data collection, a specific type of approach is applied. It  helps in better description of the research design (Flick 2015). Exploratory, explanatory and descriptive research designs are the type of research designs.

In the current research, descriptive research design is selected for understnading the research topoc. However, the research design helps in understanding the research topic. Hence, selection of description research design is justifed as it helps in better analysing the application of the research topic.

Bresler and Stake (2017) stated that the data sources can be helpful in describing the research topic as well as extracting the information as pet the demand. Primary as well as secondary are considered are the types of data collection that provide materials in obtaining details of the particular research topic. On the other hand, secondary data is helpful to analyze the requirement of the research (Ledford and Gast 2018). Secondary data are obtained from books, journals and other published articles.  In the present study, case study data has been collected for the analysis.

Bresler and Stake (2014) mentioned that qualitative and quantitative data analysis are the method of data analysis. In the present study, qualitative data analysis method has been used for addition of theoretical concepts underlying with the research topic. On the contrary, quantitative data applies the statistical data, which assists in managing large sample sizes. As the current study deals with analysis of case study, qualitative analysis has been selected.

The present section explained several research tools of selection. It can be helpful to understand the process in better way. With the assistance of the chapter, the nature of the study is aligned along with the research technique. The tools are helpful to analyze the concepts of enhancing health, safety as well as environmental plans in oil and gas production.

In this current research, the data collected by analyzing the background as well as observed through reading the website of British Petroleum. The report of sustainability helps in analysing the background as well as data that are observed through reading British Petroleum website. The report of sustainability along with previous research reports are the types of report, which will be utilized for collecting data. The term sustainability will be emphasize on primary approaches of British Petroleum and performance that concerns with the plan of mitigating and solving the issues.

The BP Chembel site at Geel is one of the world scale chemical complex that produces more than 1 million tonnes per year with purified acid as the finished product (Ahmad et al. 2017). British Petroleum has developed multiple systems as well as processes in order to eliminate and minimize the hazards so that overall risks to the working site  that is required to carry out the particular work comprehends the process of compiles with requirements of the systems as well as processes.

The HSSE policy of the BP Group states that there should be no accidents and no harm to people along with damages to the environment. As the part of deploying the policy in the site, there should be zero tolerance policy that aims raising to the process of comprehending of personnel working on the site in order to ensure operating as well as behaving in the way seeking to achieve zero accidents, injuries as well as environmental plan. In order to achieve the process, the contractor needs to focus on the HSSE plans for supporting as well as implementing the policy (Yang and Haugen 2016). On the other hand, the contractor is expected drawing up the policies for frequency as well as duration of work.

Sullivan (2017) stated that the execution of works is responsible of the contractor that ensures notification as well as discussion with the related BP responsible person of work, the opportunity and detailed plans of the jobs along with scheduling is important for the procedures and environmental management system that affects the process. The consideration of environment need to include risk management as well as use of storage as well as disposal of the materials.

Khan, Rathnayak and Ahmed (2015) argued that the document is required to provide a proper overview of the safety management plan of the system in order to allow the parties as well as contractors intended carrying out the work preparing for the system allowing to bid. It appreciates the standards as well as procedures that will required to comply with. The management system compiled with the policy is properly defined in the BP Geel process. In order to evaluate the process that is completely fulfill the requirements for the work activity. Competence with the contractor is deemed to have perfect knowledge of the opportunity and terms of service that consists of safety precautions that are taken and resulting from the risk analysis.

On the contrary, the contracted work needs to be deemed as there are possibilities of visiting the places where work can be carried out and investigated the possibilities of access that have taken into the process (Liu et al. 2016). The contractor can undertake the policies in order to submit as well as comply with the legal regulations about protection as well as safety at work. The protection of environment, employee insurance as well as medical examinations along with social legislation needs to be carried out properly.

Raufflet, Cruz and Bres (2014) mentioned that BP does not accept any types of responsibilities for infringement of the regulations that are below conjunction of safety, health as well as environmental process. The used material needs to be supplied as well as installed to be developed in each respects of the current Belgian laws along with regulations about health and safety at work along with the attachments that are applicable. The materials as well as equipment need to fulfill the needs about protection of environment. The delivery as well as instructions needs to be supplied about the working principle as well as operation and maintenance of the subject.

In order to mitigate the health and security issues in British Petroleum, the organization has implemented multiple regulations and law that would be helpful for the staffs worked in the organization. Kouabenan, Ngueutsa and Mbaye (2015) argued that the contractors need to submit as well as comply with the existing legal regulations about the protection as well as safety at work. In addition, the protection of the environment, social legislation as well as insurance of employees and medical examinations and working hours need to comply with rules and regulations of the organization.  Apart from these, the used machines and apparatus supplied by the Contractor needs to comply with the regulations of safety, health as well as environmental process (Shukla and Karki 2016). An authorized agent confirms the attached certificate equipment and machines comply with the requirements of British Petroleum.

According to the sustainability report, the organization aspires on accidents and no harm to people as well as damage to the particular environment. In order to deliver the process, it is required to plan the operations, detecting the possible hazards along with management of the risks at all the stages. The key approaches followed by British Petroleum are prevention of accidents, monitoring security as well as keeping people safe. On the contrary, management of contractor safety is one of the major programs followed by the organization to ensure that there are the contractors carry more than half time of working out. Hence, the skills as well as performance are important to ability of the organization for carrying out safety as well as responsibility (Bergström et al. 2015). The standard model contracts consisting of health, British Petroleum follows safety as well as requirements of security. Bridging documents, it can be defined that the process of safety management co-existing with the contractors in order to manage risks on the site. Moreover, training together is one of the approaches followed by British Petroleum in order to ensure safety and security of the staffs working in the organization. Simulation exercises can be helpful for preparing for staffing as well as contractors in the event of real-life safety incidents. The activities are usually developed as one of the major parts of continual development procedure in order to enhance work environment such as physical, organizational, economic as well as psychosocial along with increasing personal empowerment and personal development.

The organization is committed in providing reasonable practice in the working environment, which is safe as well as without risk to health for the employees, contractors as well as others by effective deployment of the policy. British Petroleum achieves systematic management of the operating activities through operation management system in order to minimize risks as well as deliver improvement in performance (Nielsen et al. 2016). Ensuring that leadership should be responsible to take proper action in order to address safety hazards during identification and being reported. Formal evaluation and mitigation would assist to manage health and safety hazards that are properly suited to nature as well as scale of the activities, products and services of British Petroleum. In addition, comply with the related health as well as safety hazards are appropriate to nature as well as scale of the activities of the organization. The organization ensure the employees provided with effective information, instruction as well as training on health and safety policies as well as procedure and interested parties having access to the policy.

Development as well as implementation of training programs in order to enhance health and safety skills as well as knowledge of the employees is important to disseminate information about health and safety information to the staffs. The key procedures about safety risks within the introduction of site as well as encourage people reporting procedures about safety incidents (Nielsen et al. 2016). It has a range of monthly reviews of multiple aspects of process safety like evaluation of operational risks with the standard operating process as well as safe systems of work.

However, change of climate is one of the major issues faced by British Petroleum. The communities’ people reply on land, air, water as well as biodiversity is proactive. On the contrary, minimization of emissions rather than promotion of any fuel as the answer are prioritized in British Petroleum (Nielsen et al. 2016). It is also important to enhance efficiency of the energy where minimization of emissions is achieved. In addition, carbon pricing is one of the most important steps made by the organization.

It is important for oil and gas industry to ensure health and safety plan for the staffs working in the organizations. The organization pursues goal of no harm to the people and plan to protect the environment. British Petroleum performs use of effective materials as well as energy efficiently for providing the products as well as services In addition, playing a leading role in order to promote best practice in British Petroleum. Promotion of culture where the staffs can share the commitment is an essential process in the organization. The HSE policy has a systematic approach that is designed in order to ensure compliance with the law as well as achieving constant enhancement of performance.

Conclusion

The requirement for implementing an efficient occupational safety and health management system is essential in order to enhance performance regarding health and safety. There are several countries have participated in the process through making strict as well as obligatory are important for the organization. The regulatory compliance pressure is responsible for ensuring operational safety is important to ensure operational safety as well as sustainability that are placed in oil and gas industry. The safety plans provide only systematic as well as synchronized approach for management of health and safety in the workplace. In addition, it assists in defining the strategies to deploy control actions, substantiation of performance as well as resource mapping. In addition, it assists in improving brand image of the organization that helps in obtaining competitive benefits.

In order to mitigate the issues faced by the organization in terms of health, safety and environmental, it is required to take some actions as followed.

• It is required to enable and use latest technology for identification of hazards, risk evaluation as well as implementation of multiple control methods
• Ensuring well-being of the staffs as well as contribution to more inspired as well as performance driven through workforce would gain additional benefits.
• Enhanced costs related to accidents as well as incidents can be helpful to mitigate the security issues in health and safety management system.
• Regular risk evaluation procedure would be helpful in frequent tracking as well as monitoring health and safety indicators.
• Enhanced regulatory compliance can be helpful for the organization to mitigate the issues.

 Some non-avoidable scenarios produce some limitations in the research.  Time and budget limitation is the major limitations in the research for which the research can generate better and accurate outcome. The use of latest technology in conducting the research and due ti budget constraint, few articles have not used, as the subscription charge is high.

The research is associated with royal Dutch shell and British Petroleum. Thus, there is future scope to do research by taking different organization. On the other hand, organizations health and safety issues are related to other industry rather oil and gas industry like manufacturing industry. Therefore, future research can be conducted based on the industry.

References

Ahmad, W.N.K.W., Rezaei, J., Sadaghiani, S. and Tavasszy, L.A., 2017. Evaluation of the external forces affecting the sustainability of oil and gas supply chain using Best Worst Method. Journal of cleaner production, 153, pp.242-252.

Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Social science & medicine, 110, pp.10-17.

Bergström, J., van Winsen, R. and Henriqson, E., 2015. On the rationale of resilience in the domain of safety: A literature review. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 141, pp.131-141.

Bresler, L. and Stake, R.E., 2017. Qualitative research methodology in music education. In Critical Essays in Music Education (pp. 113-128). Routledge.

Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York.

Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. Sage.

Keprate, A. and Ratnayake, R.C., 2016. Enhancing offshore process safety by selecting fatigue critical piping locations for inspection using Fuzzy-AHP based approach. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 102. pp.71-84.

Khan, F., Rathnayaka, S. and Ahmed, S., 2015. Methods and models in process safety and risk management: Past, present and future. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 98, pp.116-147.
Liu, L.C., Li, Q., Zhang, J.T. and Cao, D., 2016. Toward a framework of environmental risk management for CO 2 geological storage in China: gaps and suggestions for future regulations. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 21(2), pp.191-207.

Kouabenan, D.R., Ngueutsa, R. and Mbaye, S., 2015. Safety climate, perceived risk, and involvement in safety management. Safety Science, 77, pp.72-79.

Ledford, J.R. and Gast, D.L., 2018. Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.

Lee, K., Kwon, H.M., Cho, S., Kim, J. and Moon, I., 2016. Improvements of safety management system in Korean chemical industry after a large chemical accident. Journal of loss prevention in the process industries. 42. pp.6-13.

Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475.

Li, Q., Chen, Z.A., Zhang, J.T., Liu, L.C., Li, X.C. and Jia, L., 2016. Positioning and revision of CCUS technology development in China. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 46. pp.282-293.

Li, X., Chen, G. and Zhu, H., 2016. Quantitative risk analysis on leakage failure of submarine oil and gas pipelines using Bayesian network. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 103. pp.163-173.

Liu, L.C., Li, Q., Zhang, J.T. and Cao, D., 2016. Toward a framework of environmental risk management for CO 2 geological storage in China: gaps and suggestions for future regulations. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change. 21(2). pp.191-207.

Lundgren, R.E. and McMakin, A.H., 2018. Risk communication: A handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks. John Wiley & Sons.

Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Nielsen, M.B., Skogstad, A., Matthiesen, S.B. and Einarsen, S., 2016. The importance of a multidimensional and temporal design in research on leadership and workplace safety. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), pp.142-155.

Paterson, J., 2017. Behind the Mask: Regulating health and safety in Britain’s offshore oil and gas industry. Routledge.

Raufflet, E., Cruz, L.B. and Bres, L., 2014. An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in the mining and oil and gas industries. Journal of Cleaner production, 84, pp.256-270.

Raut, R.D., Narkhede, B. and Gardas, B.B., 2017. To identify the critical success factors of sustainable supply chain management practices in the context of oil and gas industries: ISM approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 68. pp.33-47.

Ravindran, R. and Jaiswal, A.K., 2016. Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products. Trends in Biotechnology. 34(1). pp.58-69.

Rosenbaum, W.A., 2016. Environmental politics and policy. CQ press.

Sadgrove, K., 2016. The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge.

Shukla, A. and Karki, H., 2016. Application of robotics in offshore oil and gas industry—A review Part II. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 75, pp.508-524.

Sullivan, R., 2017. Valuing Corporate Responsibility: How Do Investors Really Use Corporate Responsibility Information?. Routledge.

Yang, X. and Haugen, S., 2016. Risk information for operational decision-making in the offshore oil and gas industry. Safety science, 86, pp.98-109.