Psychological Development and its Stages
Psychosocial development is a key issue for the children development and there many stages of the psychological development as well. The development has various stages and the stages were divided according to the ages of the children. In this essay, it is seen that, Julie, a 2 years 2 months old children was in a day care for two days a week and five hours per day. However, her mother was complaining that her daughter had not gained proper knowledge about toilet training and along with this the fact that other children with the same age had better knowledge also increased her anxiety about her daughter. Although, according to the nurse, Julie had no problem in her development. In this essay, the development theory of Erik Erikson was discussed and simultaneously it was related to the case study.
Erik Erikson was a renowned psychologists and proposed a theory of developmental in the year of 1959 and there are 5 stages of this theory up to the ages of 18 years and after that tehere again 3 stages which covers the adulthood period of the human. In all the stages the subject or the person is in front of a positive and negative crisis for the development of his or her personality. Erikson stated that after completion of each of the stage, the person may face problem in compleeteing the other stages. Although, this problem can be resolved in later stage of life. According to this, there are 8 stages of psychosocial development. The first stage is trust vs mistrust and it is for the age group of 0- 1.5 years of age. The next stage is Anatomy vs shame and it is for the age group of 1.5 to 3 years age. The stage is initiative vs guilt and it is for the age group of 3-5 years. The 4th stage is industry vs inferiority and it covers the age group of 5-12 years of children. The next stage is Identity vs role confusion and it covers the age group of 12-18.The 6th stage is intimacy vs isolation and it is for the age group of 18-40. The next stage of psychosocial development is Generativity and stagnation and it is for the age group of 40 -65. The last stage of development is Ego integrity vs despair and it is for the age group of 65 and above (McLeod, S. (2013). According to the case study, Julie is 2 years 2 month old and as per the Erikson’s developmental theory she was in the second stage of her development and it was the stage of Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Julie has completed her stage and it was the stage of trust vs mistrust. Probably, in the first stage of development she might not get proper care from her caregiver. In this stage, child was completely dependent on her primary caregiver and it was her mother. From the case study, it was evident that, her mother was a working- woman and probably she was not at the home most of the time. It might be possible that Julie might develop some trust issue in that stage and it was carried forward to the next stage. The mistrust issue may can hamper the development of Julie. With this issue of mistrust, Julie entered in the second stage of development (Blatt & Bless, 2013). This stage depicts about the child’s independency about her own work. In this stage, the child become more independent and she started to take decisions about her toys, about her own dress and as well as about her food habit. In this stage, parents should allow their child about their own limits of abilities along with an encouraging environment should also be given so that the child can freely develop her thought. Parents should help the child in some kind of work in which they are facing difficulties instead of doing all the things for them. This will ultimately raise the confidence level of the child and helps in their development. In this case study, it is seen that Julie was facing difficulties in toileting practice and her mother was very much concerned about this matter. Her main area of concern was that, other children in the age group of Julie were quite familiar with the practice of toilet using. However, she did not even tried to make Julie familiar with that particular practice. And , she not even encouraged Julie about this matter. Maternal separation would causes anxiety in Julie and it would affect the Julie’s development (Cooklin et al., 2014). However, a proper encouragement and supportive nature of Julie’s mother could have been the best way out for Julie in this scenario. Instead of doing that ,Julie’s mother was comparing Julie with the other children. This would ultimately hamper Julie’s self-confidence as she was criticized and also not given proper opportunity to overcome her problem (Ball, 2014). This would give rise a feeling of shame in Julie and gradually she would become over dependent on others. Although, Nurses would not complained any problem about Julie’s development. As her mother, Victoria was over concerned about her daughters’ development, Victoria was suggested to discuss the matter of toilet training with a groups of a local mother community and the discussion should be in very informal way. It will allow Victoria to know about the exact condition of other children of the same ages and as well as Victoria would also understand that, Julie should be given more time for her development. The mentality of the mothers of other children would allow Victoria to understand the matter that there was no severe concern regarding Julie’s development and giving proper quality time will enhance Julie’s confidence about this toilet practice. Julie would also able to perform proper toilet-training if she would get confidence and support from her mother (Creswell et el., 2013).
In conclusion it can be said that, the proper care and as well as a positive feedback from parental end would help the children in their development. Along with this, it is also evident that parents specially mother should give proper attention to her children during the early developmental stage so that children would feel a trusty environment around her and positively perform the activities of various developmental stages properly.
References
Ball, H. L. (2014). Reframing what we tell parents about normal infant sleep and how we support them. Breastfeeding Review, 22(3), 11.
Blatt, S. J., & Bless, R. B. (2013). A Dialectic Model of Personality Development. Development and vulnerability in close relationships.
Cooklin, A. R., Lucas, N., Strazdins, L., Westrupp, E., Giallo, R., Canterford, L., & Nicholson, J. M. (2014). Heightened maternal separation anxiety in the postpartum: the role of socioeconomic disadvantage. Journal of Family Issues, 35(11), 1497-1519.
Creswell, C., Apetroaia, A., Murray, L., & Cooper, P. (2013). Cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics of mothers with anxiety disorders in the context of child anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 26.
McLeod, S. (2013). Erik Erikson. Retrieved August, 9, 2013.
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