Improving Health And Safety Culture In UK Railway Industry

Objective

In order to increase the accidents and incidents, there is various underlined hierarchical structure, administration policies, practices and measure are equally responsible. The Mishap at Chernoby1 can follow the utilisation of the term Safety culture and the reaction of the Western atomic business to the occasion that is human preconditions. It has been analysed and estimated that the criteria and ways these problems are seen and the requirement to connect together for enhance the cultural safety and security that is very important for human being. In order to fulfill this purpose and objective, government has privatised the industry of railway in 1994 that is accomplished in 1997. It has focused upon the several aspects such a innovation, higher competition, improve facilities and services to being the health and safe culture in the railway industry. However, as per the current working of the system are not much effective at various aspect. Furthermore, earlier work of this research, various accidents and incidents that occurred during the 1998 and 2002 has arisen difficulties among the various partners over railway safety and health practices and rules in the United Kingdom railway sector. These combined the trouble at Southall in September 1997, and in addition the genuine crashes at Hatfield in October 2000, the Ladbroke Grove crash of October 1999 and Potter’s Bar in May 2002. The privatisation process has been followed by these all occasions and events that has been strike in the 1993 Railway Act has effective framework of connection between few incidents.

The safety and safe culture in the Railway industry of United Kingdom is very significant aspect that assist in improving the business in railway sector and provide high quality and excellent services and facilities to travellers. The British Trail is the public sector organisation that ran the UK railway network until its privatisation in April 994.

The culture of safety and health in the railway industry of UK is not only affects to the travellers but also it influences the health of workers, contractual employees and overall population in the country. The present study is based upon the study of improving the health and safety culture in the railway industry of United Kingdom. In the current investigation, various theories, models and frameworks has been discussed in order to get knowledge regarding criteria and ways to improve the health and safety culture within the UK railways industry. In the 1988, the Clapham Junction catastrophe has brought up the problem about overall safety culture in the railway industry.

In the 17 October 1922, the international union of railway has established in order to improve the secure and safe culture in the United Kingdom rail corporation. In this study, the main aim of researcher is to emphasis the implementation of various strategies and techniques to improve the safety culture in the railway industry of United Kingdom. Following are various objectives that has been constructed in order to achieve the overall research aim-

• To analyse the understanding about concept and meaning of safe ad secure culture within organisation.
• To evaluate the heath safety and security policies and practices in the UK railway industry
• To analyse the significance of the safety policies to evaluate the safety culture in the UK railway industry
• To recommend the strategies and ways through which safety culture can improve within the UK railway industry.

• Which kind of safety policies and practices should adopt by the Rail way organisation in the UK?
• How safety culture of Railway industry UK can influence the performance of overall industry
• What are the reasons through which accidents and incidents regarding injuries and death can arise within the UK industry.
• What is the important regulation, rules, laws to development of politiesin the industry of Rail ways in UK and what encompass is the policies of safety under the regulatory flame work foster the execution of safety in the Railway industry in UK.

• To provide knowledge an understanding about policies, practices and tools through which safety culture can arise within Railway industry of UK
• To provide safety culture in the railway industry of UK through which incidents and accidents rate can overcome
• To implement the practices and policies of safety culture to improve the positive safety culture within Railway industry of UK
• To increase the safety performance within the railway industry of UK by various factors of safety culture
• This research study is very important for the railway organisations in the UK through which they can provide the safe and secure culture to its passengers as well as employees. In this regard, several strategies, ways policies techniques and framework of safety culture have been discussed in this research study.

In the railway industry, there are various kinds of accidents and incidents occurs in the recent year due to which this industry growth is negatively influenced. Safety  culture is very significant aspect in this industry through which  people such as customers, employees and general population can keep secure and safe. This study has main aim is to analyse the criteria and ways to improve the health and safety culture within the UK railway industry through which various organisation can improve their culture. This study provides the knowledge and understanding about various techniques and practices that will support in improving safety culture within Railway industry of UK.

Statement of problem

Literature review one of the most important chapters in the research study that helps to researcher in gathering secondary information. In this chapter, various views, opinion, thoughts, perspectives of various scholar and authors has been included through which researcher can get detail knowledge and understanding about the subject. This chapter provides the deep knolwdge about the subject with helps of various secondary sources such as books, journals, news paper, online article, blogs etc

 As per the view of Jintamanaskoon, (2016) stated that secure and safe culture assumes an exceptionally critical job in any association through which all partners either representatives, client, speculators, provider and government can adequately complete their working and exercises in secure way and accomplish their objectives. Secure culture alludes to the air where secure working behaviours and there is no unsafe impacts an unverifiable episodes and mishap happen. All representatives and other part safely complete their working in the association is known the safe culture where the viable thought, clients and social conduct of the specific individuals and society. The safe culture is begin from the ecological culture. The term secure culture has created from the International Atomic Energy Agency report into the Chernobyl nuclear accident. So as to build up a safe culture inside the association or in an industry, it is necessity to impart the structure that security has a place with everybody. In such manner, just administration and higher expert inside the association is dependable to introduce all significant structure, standards, highlights, rule and directions that identified with keep security and wellbeing inside the association.

According to the view of Gavin and Humphries, (2016) culture is the social behaviour and norms that are found in the societies of humans. It reflects by human characteristics, knowledge, and ability, criteria of working, living standard, social norms, behaviour, languages, cuisine, religions, social habits, arts and music. Culture encompasses religion, languages, what individual tell, wear, eat etc. There are various features and characteristics of effective culture. One of the features of effective culture is learned behaviour. In this regard of the culture characteristic, culture is not inherited biologically but it is learnt socially by man in the society. It is not an inbound tendency by acquired by man from the association of others like reading, drinking, dressing, eating etc. Overall, it can be said that culture is always learned in nature under which one individual can learn from the other person, their society, living standard etc. Another important feature of culture is that culture is social under which it has been analysed that it is not an individual phenomena but it is the product of society. With help of social interaction, social communication, interrelationships among the society, culture can develop and improve. It has been also studied that culture always shared by the man of the society and no other one can acquire it without the association of others. It assists in developing qualities of human being in a social environment. Another feature of culture is shared in nature. Culture is something shared and it is mothering than an individual can passes but shared by common individuals. Culture always transmitted in nature that transfer and pass from one person to another person. It transmitted from one generation to the next generation. It is a continuous procedure under which it flows from one generation to another through centuries. Culture is accumulate and integrated. It is a continuous procedure and adding new culture traits

Benefit of the research

 In the opinion of Morris and Goldsworthy, (2016) the safety culture maturity model is very important approach by which culture security and safety knowledge can easily obtained. This model has main aim is to provide the safety culture information to other and to identify the specific action and activities to improve the safety culture within the organisation. By understanding the implementation and approaches of this mode, management of the organisation can effectively implement this model in the organisation and provide the safe and secure working environment to other. The security improvement of an association rises up out of the ability to change outside. The decisions thusly go from a culture where it is a nonattendance of this kind of commitment to a culture where this kind of consideration is accessible.

Neubert (2016) stated that the Safety culture maturity model is one of the significant tools to understand the safety and security aspect within the organisation. Safety culture maturity model is set out in various numbers of iterative phases. Business enterprise have to consider five main stages in order to implement this model in order to implement safe and secure working culture within the organisation.  Corporation has to consider these five levels in order to build on their strength and removing weakness of the previous level. Safety culture maturity model will useful to the HR managers and operational members who are interested in providing the assistance to management development and provide a practical illustration of what developing safety culture involves. It is useful for manager who are interested in assessing the safety culture of the corporation and assessing the fluctuation and changes in the safety culture over time. It is  useful for those who are interested in the  helping select and analyse the impressive of a behavioural safety and security programs and activities. The most common type of Safety culture maturity model is a comprehensive assessment of a site, team and department. In this procedure includes the employees from the main work group on a site participating in a series of two hours workshops in which they are asked to participate in a card sort exercise. Main ten elements needed to consider by organisation while implementing the Safety culture maturity model in the organisation. As per the view of DIMAS, (2017), the main advantage of this model of safety and security in culture within the organisation. It helps in emphasises the significance of human resource engagement in evaluating and enhancing the culture of the organisation in safe and secure manner.

 In the view of Burgess, Alemanno and Zinn, (2016) stated that secure and safe culture plays a very significant role in any organisation through which all stakeholders either employees, customer, investors, supplier and government can effectively carry out their working and activities in secure manner and achieve their targets.  Secure culture refers to the atmosphere where secure working conducts and there is no harmful effects an uncertain incidents and accident occur. All employees and other member securely carry out their working in the organisation is known the secure culture where the effective idea, customers and social behaviour of the particular people and society. The framework of security culture framework combines social sciences like social psychology, sociology, personal psychology with organisational theories , change management, training expertise instructional design and mix it all with security knowledge to  design a proper overview of how to develop and leverage a security culture activities and association.

Scope and limitation

DeLyser and Greenstein, (2017) stated that the knowledge and framework of the secure culture is start from the environmental culture. The term secure culture has developed from the International Atomic Energy Agency report into the Chernobyl atomic accident.  In order to develop a secure culture within the organisation or in an industry, it is requirement to instil the framework that security belongs to everyone. In this regard, only management and higher authority within the organisation is responsible to install all relevant framework, principles, features, guideline and regulations that related to keep security and safety within the organisation. A sustainable secure and safe working culture can develop within the workplace by adopt effective concept, framework, policies, practices, strategies and method through which everyone can feel themselves secure and safe. Everyone in the organisation should feel like they are secure person within the organisation. Higher authority and management in the organisation is highly responsible in the organisation for bring the safe and secure culture. The secure culture also helps in the organisation in improving the employee’s self-esteem, and self-actualisation. They can motivate and encourage within the organisation while they works in the safe and secure culture. Thus, it can be said that secure culture directly related to the outcome and working performance of employees. The trust and employees moral can become improve if the organisation have safe and secure culture. Personnel’s can collectively engaged with the top management and share their issues, problems and other conflicts regarding working with them.

In order to improve the workplace secure and safety, organisation has to adopt various practices and strategies-

In order to improve secure culture at workplace, organisation should organise training and development program through which employees can learn the practices and criteria of working in safe and secure way. By attending training and development, employees have an opportunity to improve their working capability, skill; ability and knowledge through which they can learn the way to operate the working within the organisation without any hazard and accidents. With help of training and development program, employees can get the idea to work with machinery, equipment, tools etc through which chances of accidents and incident can automatically remove and risk and hazard at workplace can decrease.

Organisation should adopt the occupational health and safety regulation and policies through which they can develop secure and safe working culture. As per these regulation of occupational health and safety at workplace, it is great reasonability of business unit to conduct effective and safe working environment, arrangement and equipment through which no one can get harm and injured at workplace. If any employee and staff member gets injury and face accident then it is great responsibility of organisation to provide remedies to that particular employees.

Organisation should adopt the practical and adaptable standards and guidelines about the risk so as everyone can easily be engaged with secure and safe working environment. With help of practical and adaptable standard and guidelines, management can able to provide safe and secure working culture to its employees.

Literature review

According to the view of Heller, (2016) safety and secure culture in the railway sector is not only provide the benefits to travellers but also it provide secure and safety future to its workers, staff member and general population that lives in the country.  With help of secure and safe culture in the railway industry, workers and employees can easily carry out their working and activities and provide effective services and facilities to the guests. Occupational health and safety can increase with help of effective safe culture at the railway industry. Employees can effectively provide the platform and atmosphere to its customers.By follow the health and safety and work act 1974, organisation can provide most effective work culture and safe working environment to its personnel’s, customers and staff members. There are several aspects that should consider in the improving the health and safety culture within the railway industry of UK that is passenger safety.

In the opinion of Fellman, (2017) stated that with help of health safety and secure culture,, employees in the railway industry can more engaged with each other and carry out performance of organisation in collective manner. In the safe and secure working environment, employees can motivate and encourage for higher working performance through which they can produce more excellent services for improve customer satisfaction. Employee’s retention and turnover will decrease with help of safety culture in the railway industry. With help of effective and secure culture in the railway industry, organisation can decrease the insurance premium for employees. In the perspective of Ville, (2017) stated that poor security culture in the railway industry can bring the accidents and incident at workplace through which goodwill of the organisation can decrease in the market. Rixon, (2018) stated that there are significant relationship between accidents and incidents at railway station and secure and safe culture.  If there are not sound relationship then uncertain accidents and incidents occurs. Secure environment in the railway industry in the UK has connected increase heath and prosperity of the population, passengers as well as workers. This relationship between prosperity society and security execution has been represented transversely over industry zones, joining those with high hazard levels synthetics high accident rates building, and low setback rates organizations. This paper has provided the effective knowledge and understanding about the relationship  between secure and safe culture and human wellbeing and prosperity. The present paper has also bring up that is an important portion of the evaluation upon the relationship of secure culture and atmosphere and health fulfilment.

According to the Hall, (2018) stated that HRO (high reliability organisation) is a theory flowed out of normal accident theory that provided by the team of scholars in the California University in Berkeley. To research that how corporations work with complex and risky infrastructure operated error free. Cribelli, (2016) said These researched has investigated three corporations such as Federal Aviation Administration’s Air Traffic Control system, Tom Mercer on the USS carl Vinson. There are various features of the HRO (high reliability organization) such as huge frequency of immediate feedbacks about the decisions, large numbers of decision makers in the difficult network of communication, degree of accountability that does not exist in many corporations, excellent hierarchical differentiation , hyper complexity in which various kinds of system , levels  and factors, Tight coupling in which reciprocal interdependences across many units and levels.  It has been researched by Williams (2018) that a successful organisation in high risk industries continuously reinvent themselves. HRO (high reliability organisation) have main five characteristics that is very responsible for the mindfulness that keeps them working well while facing unexpected situations. These five features of HRO (high reliability organisation) are discussed below-

Culture

HRO (high reliability organisation) is very sensitive to unexpected changed conditions. The errors will occur but HRO (high reliability organisation) are not paralysed by them. Furthermore, it has been also analysed from the researcher that HRO (high reliability organisation) is also preoccupation with failure. HRO (high reliability organisation) treat anomalies as symptoms of problems with the system. The latest corporation problem that contributes to minor errors can also contributes to larger problems. HRO (high reliability organisation) has another feature that it follows the typical communication hierarchy in the period of daily routine operation but defer to the person with professional to overcome the issues in the period of difficult conditions.

The safety culture of twenty first century encompasses through concerning to human mechanism as the elements of framework with potential to spare. In addition, perilous structure specialized makes the process paying consideration to the variables of human and mishaps. One of the method to accomplish the process through measurement of the particular state that is called as leading markers like security culture or climate through the process of measuring the state of security with the help of leading makers like security culture and understanding into the particular state that helps to offer the process.

The analysis of the substance as well as type of security culture generally concludes broadened. Hence, fabrication of wellbeing of society depends on specific advancement of the understanding and execution of the process. The utilization of security culture depends on the process and understands the particular idea. In order the security culture, scholastic research on the particular segment that has been based on security culture, scholastic research and the segment element that has started. One of the analysis that has focused on the process of security culture as well as developing the sizes of the components as well as connected the exact investigation process. The specific investigation of the element of the security culture collects perception as well as poll. With the help of writing audit, two approaches can be discovered in order to explore the elements of wellbeing society. Through the survey, security administration can be developed on wellbeing of the society. The survey created on wellbeing as well as society. Hence, focusing on the process of investigation content, the issues are with the help of the process. It drives the structure of the elements. The drivers analyst of the process has been considered with perfect process and the requirement for exploring the activities. It is also important to focus on the process of executing. The content of investigation with the issues and existing perception as well as exploratory compared to the precise research as well as according to the idea, measurement as well as the key components and shared link. The elements of wellbeing of the security rely on the few components specifically on different types of business. It concentrates on the security that drove the specific structure of the elements.

The view as well as activity of the diverse analysis, it has been considered that there are requirements for exploring the activities. The activity can explore the social research that is completed with the help of group consisting of the process of investigating the process. On the other hand, it is important to make the process advanced with fulfilling the circumstances for the partners. The plans for activity exploration take care of the authoritative issues with the help of social activities. An imperative angle with the process of activity analysts is facilitator. It implies on proper task for the activity scientist in order to develop the process and develop the learning situations. It enables the process and increasing knowledge along with condition. The investigation process of activity is depicted as cyclic wheel. It speaks to the process of exchange that is persistent as well as focal point of the changing process. The collaboration between  individual as well as administration from the organization. It is considered as persistent way for dealing with wellbeing society estimation process in order to make the process. On the other hand, the framework disappointment can be helpful for the railway business that are not required to sit for the framework disappointment before making distinguishing as well as following up the regions.

Safety culture maturity model

Conclusion

It has been set up for displaying scholastic as well as connected writing on the existing apparatus along with the techniques in order to assess security culture over the organizations. It has plan to add the process brining the issues to light as well as controlling the practices in order to assist and support wellbeing along with security culture responsibility to make the situation effective. The report stated through the tendency of clearing disarray from writing across the use of security atmosphere as well as culture. The accompanying segment looked at the impact of atmosphere as well as culture measures on accomplishing the cases of dealing the programs that make qualities as well as process of dealing the data and intends in accumulating the specific research strategies. It is important to focus on the process of accompanying the selection of the existing techniques to relate the appraisal system along with the strategies. The final part provided a portrayal of the selection of the existing techniques to assess the security culture in distinctive type of organizations. Several wellbeing scientists can make the process effective and different types of organization. The alternate method takes the process and assesses security culture of the organization. It helps to make strategy and develop effective procedure to embrace the multi-strategy as the process of security culture of the organization. It suggests making the process embracing for the multi-strategy as well as encompassing the methodology for security culture.  

In the current research, it is important to look after the process of regulations as well as work practice that is considered as vital for improving positive safety culture in the railway industry of the UK using sub contractors as the case study. The recorded safety regulations can reform the process of safety instructive culture for the railway track of the UK. The environmental regulations are stated as positive safety instructive culture. The regulations can be helpful for environmental regulations without having potential investigation of several structure required continuous investigation for reducing the process that can lead to chronic illness or death of the railway employees. In order to obtain complete the image of non-compliance to the specific laws, rules as well as regulations in the railway track of the UK in a triangulated mixed method adopted in the research.

The methods of research design are based on the expectations, which can monitor the process of collection as well as analysis of the data in qualitative and quantitative approaches. The purpose of using the mixed method approach is getting better methods of the research design as well as based on the expectations, which monitors the process of collection as well as analysis of the data. It is mixture of qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. The major purpose of using the mixed method approach is getting proper understanding. It is non-conformity to railway rules as well as regulations and laws in the UK railway industry. The mixed method can provide an effective way for communicating the process of knowledge sharing as they can make a combination with reliability of the computations with validity of lived experience as well as perception.

Pragmatics makes combination of positivism as well as interpretivism research philosophy within the single research philosophy. The research philosophies are considered as the most integrated approach in a single research methods as well as research approaches within the research. In addition, the paradigm research philosophy is integrated with several research approaches like qualitative, quantitative as well as action research methods.

Positivism philosophy adheres to the particular view of factual k knowledge obtained with the help of observation in the actual senses and deals with measurement. Positivists like to select scientific qualitative methods as well as positivism research in the role of the researcher. It is limited to the process of data collection as well as interpretation in unbiased way. There are two types of researches are generally observable as well as quantifiable. Positivism philosophy according to empiricist way, components that are related to the philosophy.

Interpretivists can believe reality as multiple and relative to the process that depends on the systems for interpreting the process in the fixed realities. The researcher can get entry in the field of the sort of the prior insight of the research context. However, it assumes that is not sufficient with the prior insight of the research for complicated, multiple as well as unpredictable nature of perceived reality. The researcher relies on the process of innovating knowledge throughout the research and develops with the assistance of participants. The utilization of emergent as well as collaborative approach is continuous with interpretivist belief that having ability for adoption can obtain prior knowledge regarding time as well as context. Hence, the target of interpretivist research comprehends as well as interprets the definition in human behavior compared to generalizing as well as predicts the causes and effects. It is significant to comprehend motives, reasons, meanings as well as subjective experiences that are related to time as well as context bound.

 The mixed approach is using qualitative techniques developing a theory, which can be tested through developing conceptually connected hypothesis as well as quantitative methods. The particular segment for collecting data is two types.  The first method is observing as well as making qualitative interview data along with the survey data. It is preferred to utilize the process of collecting as well as analyzing qualitative interview data and survey data. The purpose  of expanding as well as analyzing the qualitative data collection is interview as well as observation followed as qualitative data collection like interview as well as observation of the process followed as quantitative data test from the survey  questionnaire.

The particular design of the mixed method is concurrent design, where the process of data collection as well as data analysis of the elements happens simultaneously as well as the elements in the process of data collection as well as analysis. Exploratory design of the qualitative data collection as well as analysis can be followed with the help of data collection that is processed concurrently and sequentially. The process of dependence can indicate the approach of running SPSS for testing as well as generalizing initial outcomes. On the other hand, indicative approach as well as deductive approach will be adopted in the process. The acquisition of data with the help of qualitative method from interview as well as observations is obtained. SPSS software is used for running the business successfully. It helps in the process of supporting the regression that is followed by interpreting the analysis in order to support interview as well as results of observations.

Vivo coding is one of the practices of assigning a specific level to the section of data like an interview transcript utilizing a particular word taken the process. The entry explains the practice as well as applications and the issues related to Vivo.

 Ethic is one of the most important requisite in providing credibility to the research project. The aim of ethic in research is end justification of conducting the project. The aim of ethic in research justifies with conduction of the project. The necessary thing in the research ethic can identify the way of conducting the project. It is guided through moral dignity as well as ethical standards that are provided with the help of ethic committee with Data Protection Act.

Finding as well as conclusion of the project and research is considered as valid as well as credible when the methodological frameworks when the methodological frameworks are adopted as proper as well as logical with overall pattern of the research. Deductive approach and interpretative approach through employing the use of data is selected in the research. The utilization of interview can facilitate collecting the primary data strategy and make the process easier. In order to improve validity of the data from the participants it is required to focus on the process. The utilization of interview facilitates the process of collecting rich data from the participants, which can be qualitative analyzed. In order to improve validity of the data for the research, it has been decided to select top workers in construction as well as maintenance of the railway track in the UK. It will be helpful to make the process qualified as well as eligible in order to provide data on the particular matters, which will assist in understanding the issue for health as well as safety in the UK railway.

Although qualitative analysis involves with less number of population, it is not easy to use the process that involves a larger number of participants. In this perspective, a lot of time needed for computing as well as analysing the outcomes. However, it is important to use the questionnaire that would be helpful for the process. In order to compute the process that has proper results. The limitations will be reduced by Vivo analytical dynamic framework.

The participants the manager as well as the workforce operative from the two subcontractor companies that have used as the case study were interview as well as watch the participants work practice in the railway track in Both Abbey wood and Waterloo station. It is to get the full details of non–conformity of rules and regulation in UK railway track industry. Participants were all workers from the UK railway track.

Some of the acronym (S/N) Serial Number, (WFO) workforce operative, (E/P) Entry permit certification, (ICI) Industrial Common Induction Certificate, (PTS) Personal Track Safety Certificate, (W/E) Work experience, (ICI) Industrial Common Induction certificate, (PTS) Personal Track safety certificate.

S/N	Participants	Qualification	W/E	Company	Gender
1	WFO1	ICI/PTS	1 Month	Havilah Services LTD	Male
2	WFO2	ICI/PTS	6 Month	Havilah Services LTD	Male
3	WFO3	ICI/PTS	2 years	PJH&S LTD	Female
4	WFO4	ICI/PTS	2years 6months	Havilah Service LTD	Male
5	WFO5	ICI/PTS	4 years	PJH&S	Male
6	WFO6	ICI/PTS	3 years	PJH&S	Male

S/A	Participants	Qualifications	W/E	Company
1	M1	SPSWD	6 Years	PJH&S
2	M2	P/M	5 Years	HAvilah Services LTD
3	M3	SPCWD &Engr.	7 Years	Havilah Services LTD
4	M4	P/M  & Engr.	3 Years	PJH&S

The below regression result explain the output of the data collected from 10 participants and recorded various variables such as: (PPE) personal protective equipment, (R)Restriction, (R/A) Risk assessment, (I)Insurance, (S/P)safety policy, (F/A)First Aid, (A)Reported Accident, (EPP) Emergency Preparedness Plan, (S)Signage’s, (W/E)working environment, (G) Gender, E/M) Equipment Machinary

Some of the coding are: Male=1, Female=2, Agree=4, Disagree=3, Average=2

S/N	G	Ins.	S /P	R/A	EPP	S	W/E	PPE	E/M	R	R/A	F/A
1	1	4	3	3	3	4	3	3	4	3	4	3
2	2	4	3	3	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3
3	2	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
4	1	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	2	4
5	1	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	4	3
6	2	4	4	3	4	3	3	2	3	4	2	4
7	2	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4
8	1	4	4	4	2	4	3	4	3	4	2	4
9	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	4	3	2	3
10	2	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	4	4

The table above is the result are going to use the Multiple Linear regression to model the dependent variable “safety policy” which is our centre of discussion and the independent Variable: First aid, EPP, Signage’s, PPE, Risk assessment which are major factors that contribute or reduce the rate of safety.

Y_i = (b₀+b₁X₁+b₂X₂+…+b_nX_n) + ε_i

Y = outcome variable, X₁ = first explanatory variable, X₂ = second explanatory variable, X_n = nth explanatory variable, b₀ = value of outcome when all explanatory variables are zero, b₁ = regression coefficient for the first explanatory variable, b₂ = regression coefficient for the second explanatory variable, b_n = regression coefficient for the nth explanatory variable, ε_i = erro.

The descriptive statistic is use:

To measure the central tendency ( mean, median and mode).

The measure of dispersion ( range, variance, Standard Deviation, percentiles, quartiles, deciles etc.

The measure of normality; Kurtosis (measure the degree of sharpness flatness of the distribution of the series) and skewness (measures the degree of asymmetry of the series)

The descriptive statistic table also show the minimum, maximum, the mean statistics which is average value of the variables.

In looking at the  measure of dispersion which show how spread out our data are through study of the range the different between the highest and the lowest value. The variance show how widely observations vary while the standard deviation tells us how far our observations are from the same average or the sample mean of each of the variable.

What l want to lay more emphasis are the skewness statistics and the Kurtosis statistics to really determine whether our distribution is normal, positive, negative or to know whether to reject or accept our null hypothesis.

The skewness measure the degree of asymmetry of the series the normal skewness value is Zero (0). While the kurtosis measure the peakness and flatness of the distribution of the series the normal distribution with kurtosis is three (3).

The statistic safety policy (SP) is 0.000 which is normal skewness this indicate that the skewness distribution is symmetric around the mean while the kurtosis -2.571 is a negative kurtosis. Although Safety policy (SP) mirros normal Skewness  It is platykurtic because -2.571<3 with a flatted curve and more lower value.

The First Aids (FA) is 0.484>0  the kurtosis is -2.571 a negative kurtosis although (FA) mirros normal Skewness but it is pltaykurtic because -2.2577<3.

The Signs and notices (SN) is -0.484<0 and it is a negative Shewness which indicate a long left tail, more lower value than the simple mean (SN) mirror is negative and the kurtosis is Platykurtic because -2.277<3.

Emegency preperadness plan is 0.000 which mirror normal Skewness but it is Platykurtic because kurtosis is -2.571<3 with flatted curve lower than the value of the simple mean.

The Personal protective equipment (PPE) is 1.179>0 although (PPE) is positive skewness  has a light right tail more higher value than the simple mean. And (PPE) is Leptokurtic because 0.571<3 With a parked curve more higher value than the simple mean.

The Risk Assessment (RA) Skewness is -0.407<0 and it negative skewness with long left tail, more lower value than the simple mean. But Platykurtic because -1.074<3 flatted curve more lower than value of  the simple mean.

The model summary provide information of the predictors selected which are the independent variables and the dependent variable safety policy in addition to the information  as regards to the regression line’s ability to account for the total variation in the independent variables. In multiple Linear regression summary and the overall statistics, we find out in the model summary table the adjusted R2=0.807 (80.7%) which is use to compare the goodness –of-fit for regression model and R2=0.914 (91.4%) of the total variance. If we have forced all the variable into the regression model we would have seen a slight higher R2 and adjusted R2  R2=0.914 and adjusted R2=0.807 repectively, more than what we have seen on the above model summary table and the Durbin-watson d=2.095 which is between  the two critical value of 1.5<d<2.5. Therefore, we can assume there is no first order in the auto correlation in our multiple Linear regression data. Followed by the model summary Table.

ANOVAa
Model	Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
1	Regression	1.667	1	1.667	16.000	.004b
Residual	.833	8	.104
Total	2.500	9
a. Dependent Variable: Safety polity
b. Predictors: (Constant), First Aid

The analysis of variable (ANOVA) comprises of calculations that provide information about the levels of validity within the regression model.  For P is explanatory variable, while (DFM) model degree of freedom is equal to P. the errordegree of freedom (DFE) are equal to (n-p-1) and the total degree of freedom (DFT) are  equal to (n-1), the sum of DFM and DFE. For a multiple Linea relationship the ANOVA test

the Hypotheses.

Ho:β1= β2=…=βp=0 Versus Ha: Ho not true

Ho: model not useful

H1: model is useful

To calculate the F-Statistics

F= MSE/MSE

When Ho is true, F follows,

The F(1, n-p-1) distribution

The p-value is P(F≥f)

Ho: R2=0

H1:R2>0

The Null Hypothesis:

Alternative Hypothesis:

In the ANOVA table, the F-statistic is equal to 1.667/0.104=16.03. The dispersal is F(1,4) the probability of observing value equal to 16.03 is greater than 0.001. There is a strong evidence that β1 is not equal to zero. The R2 is 0.676 Which indicate that 67.6% of the variability in the response is not explained by the Explanatory independent  variables and in the ANOVA table   the significant value is 0.004 that is 04% smaller than the 0.05or 5%.

Null Hypothesis: The present-recorded safety culture has an impact on the safety culture influence

Alternative hypothesis: The increase rate of no-conformity of multiple incidents as well as accidents lead to face fraternity along with chronic illness is rejected.

It’s statistically significant, because the p-value is smaller than the accepted level of significant 5% which mean p > 0.05, 0.004 >0.05 the results is statistically significant (Appendix P). How about saying this? The results were not statistically significant. That’s what the data tells us.

Residuals Statisticsa
	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation	N
Predicted Value	1.17	2.00	1.50	.430	10
Residual	-.167	.833	.000	.304	10
Std. Predicted Value	-.775	1.162	.000	1.000	10
Std. Residual	-.516	2.582	.000	.943	10
a. Dependent Variable: Safety poliy

The histogram assists to compare the results with the regression as well as evaluate assess whether the specific variables are properly related. It was clearly seen in the above Histogram, a histogram that is always jointed are now separated which indicates that the variables are not closely related and not normally distributed.

The above P-Plot also Shown a scattered plot that addresses that the residuals are not distributed in the pattern with the predicted value as well as violate the assumption. From the Histogram and the above scattered plots which show the clear picture the variables are not related or normally distributed.

According to the Nvivo results, it  indicates in the above the (Managers and Workforce Operatives) participants have positive perception that the specific authority as well as the several companies educate workers and teach them to always report incidents, accidents and near miss to their supervisors and record them in the accident report book.

Conclusion

The general aim of the research is ascertaining on the process of enhancing health and safety culture in the railway industry of the UK. In finding answer of the solution, non-conformity to specific rules as well as regulations, it has been organized for a survey, it is important to make the process and track the process. The UK railway industry appoints engineers in the field of construction as well as maintenance of the railway. The ANNOA table has prov beyond the process of reasonable doubt that null-hypothesis has been rejected as the ANNOVA table has stated that it would be helpful to analyze the process and make the process to gather the results. The histogram is separated clearly shown that it is important to focus on the normal rules that are obvious to the normally distributed as well as obvious for the standard version as standard error. Signification of the higher-level errors, there is a clear indication of non-conformity. It is not the reason for increasing the rate of incidents as well as near miss in the UK real industry.

The data has been collected from the interviews through interviews talks with the researchers evaluated perception of using Nvivo analysis. There are several efforts where it is required to put into the procedure with analysing the collected as the procedure that is one of the important parts of quality of the outcomes as well as information. The interviews were transcribed. Then, the participants have received a draft of interview with opportynuty in order to make comments as well as changes, with the request for getting approval for use. On the other hand, the analysing process has started with the procedure intention in order to get as much data regarding safety culture issues in railway industry.

Reliability as well as validity is the familiar concepts in quantitative research. It is preferred to utilize the concepts about trustworthiness as well as verification instead of reliability and validity, respectively. In addition, trustworthiness is associated with the process to whether or not the research inspiring confidence in the way it is carried out. In addition, verification is associated with the quality of interpretations and if other supports the results research results.  

The participants at interview were informed regarding the use as well as purpose of research work. The main intention with the research is to present the non-conformity in UK railway industry and the process of developing and the evaluations that were given through the interviews. On the other hand, the publication of the research has the results of raising questions regarding morality. The publication of the research has the results of raising questions regarding morality. In addition, the publication is related to the ethical guidelines as informed regarding the process of research. The participants of the research can raise the questions regarding morality. As the matter of course, the participants in the interview have been several anonymous in the part of presentation regarding the results. On the contrary, the participants at the interview are generally represented with name as well as the organization as the key figures in work related to the project. In addition, the major participants in the interviews can be represented with their name as well as organization. The participants at the interview can be helpful to get the key figures in the project work. On the contrary, the major attention with the research is presenting the non-conformity in the UK railway industry.

The process of developing as well as evaluation can be provided with the help of interviews. In addition, the efforts are presented the results in such way that develops the report easily as well as understood by developing the procedure. In the first chapter, background of the information has been used in order to develop the questions as well as alternatives that are presented. The questions are presented in the questionnaire are presented in detailed way. Hence, it is recommended to read through as well as become familiar with health as well as safety culture. It has been represented of interview questions that throw several areas and the organizations, management as well as responsibilities and cultures that can assist to develop the process and have an impact on safety culture of the organization.

The managers can manipulate the culture through which attention can be given along with the procedures that makes cooperation with Labor Union as it has started the process of managing the modeling that can co-operate by making safety workplace and commitment for safety workplace for the participants. In addition, the participants have been asked to manage the process using protective equipments as well as develop common working process that makes use the procedure and make differences in the technical procedures in the organization. In addition, the effective as well as management about health as well as safety culture that have impact on the industry. However, the observation during face to face interview workers are using mobile phones that use protective equipment as well as lack of proper coordination as well as supervision along with the managers on the railway track that were seen in involving the process in the workforce operatives in order to save as well as minimize cost.

During interview as well as observations of the work practice, it is important to focus on the organization that helps the organization to understand the method across the railway industry in the UK. It has been agreed that there is requirement for the standards. However, it is important to consider that the organizations using mobile phones need working with supervision using personal protective equipment as well as lack of proper coronation. However, it is important to develop the process of interview through which organizational systems can be defined. The workforce operatives in the organization are the method statement through which personal protective equipment can be managed.

During the interview of Havilah Services Limited, the work site can be considered as the breach of law at the workplace where employees were moving the materials. It can be helpful to develop the process, fulfill the Railway Act 1993 that has been amended through transport Act 2000 that consists of scheduling the information, and make the safety policies applicable for improvement as well as positive safety culture of the organization. It is important to make the process effective. The prediction of working in the personal protective equipment like safety helmet, boots as well as safety harness for the purpose of safety. In addition, the laws are required to implement. In order to improve safety culture in the UK railway industry that is required to consider health and safety culture.

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