The Role of Self Esteem in Emotional Expression and Extraversion
Self esteem plays a vital role in the mediation of emotional expression and extraversion. A high self esteem has been linked to a higher propensity of expressing emotions, and thus with higher levels of extraversion (Wu et al., 2018). Also, personality traits such as extraversion can also be linked to better social interaction, and an improved perception of self and thus a better emotional intelligence. The Freudian ideas of the conflict between ego and super ego can also be linked to a cognitive dissonance, creating a traumatic neurosis, which increases the risks of self destructive behavior among people. The objective of the assignment is to understand as to whether by improving self esteem; it is possible to mediate an improvement in emotional expression as well as in the prevention of self destructive behavior. The studies by Wu et al. (2018) and May (2013) are utilized to understand the relations between self esteem and emotional intelligence, with a) emotional expression and extraversion and b) ego conflicts and traumatic neurosis, as well as in the continuance of self destructive behavior. The article will analyze each of these two studies, and support/contradict the findings with other studies, to find if such assumptions can be ascertained, and also to identify a strategy for treatment or intervention based on evidences.
By improving self esteem, it is possible to improve extraversion and emotional intelligence and thus emotional expression and also it can help to reduce traumatic neurosis by reducing ego conflict and ego impairment.
Self esteem can be improved through Cognitive Therapy such as Cognitive Emotional Behavior Therapy (CEBT) where the focus of the therapy can be to understand the thought processes which causes low self esteem, and how that can be improved.
Affects can be understood as the process of making a difference to something (a verb). This means a factor can affect the outcome of a process, while effect is the outcome itself, that is that change that has occurred as a result of an action (noun) or process of making something happen (verb). In this context, the Effect is considered as the outcome (noun) and affect as the factor or process that is causing the change.
Change in Extraversion
Wu et al. (2018) suggested that Extraversion is an affect which influences emotional expression. It acts as a moderator and mediator of emotional expression. Their studies have drawn upon evidences that show a connection between personality traits like extraversion, dominance and charisma on emotional expression (Friedman, 1979). Other studies have also shown that extraversion actually predicts emotional expression, that is, evidence of extraversion can be taken as an indicator for emotional expressiveness. This signifies a positive correlation between these factors. An increase in extraversion can be linked to an increase in emotional expressiveness. Seguin and Hipson (2016) also suggested that extraversion has positive correlation with several aspects of emotional intelligence. Based on such assumption, Wu et al. (2018) also hypothesizes that Emotional Intelligence affects self esteem, thereby causing the effect of Emotional Expression. A change in Extraversion therefore can change emotional expression (as a direct effect). Wu et al. (2018) also suggested that improvement in emotional expression can also cause an increase in extraversion and also improve the levels of sociability. Tse and Kwon (2017) studied the role of extraversion on depressive symptoms and resilience factors namely emotional openness and social support. They pointed out that extraversion as well as emotional openness and social support was related to lower depressive symptoms. This showed that extraversion and emotional openness can have positive psychological effects, and help to reduce depression.
Improving Self Esteem for Emotional Expression and Trauma Prevention
Wu et al. (2018) also suggested that self esteem moderates the influence of extraversion on emotional expression; this shows that self esteem can influence a change on emotional expressiveness. Zeng and Zhang (2012) have also found that there exists a positive correlation between self esteem and emotional expression. That is, an increase in self esteem can cause an increase in emotional expression. Other studies have also found that repression of emotional expression can cause a low self esteem. Studies by Lin et al. (2016) also proposed that the tendency of expressing positive emotions (such as joy and happiness) is related with a high self esteem, and low depression levels as well as low anxiety levels. That is to say, high levels of self esteem can effect extraversion and also improve emotional expression, particularly expression of positive emotions, and also indirectly cause a reduction in depression and anxiety levels. Dou et al. (2016) also proposed that self esteem has a mediating role between self efficacy and emotional expression. Wu et al. (2018) thus suggested that by improving self esteem, extroversion can be increased indirectly by increasing the emotional expression, more specifically, by increasing the expression of positive emotions. This is supported by the studies that show increase in emotional expression of positive emotions can lead to increased extraversion.
Studies by Edgar et al. (2012) emotional intelligence and personality variables can affect the understanding of natural emotional expression. This highlights the important role emotional intelligence plays in the process of expression of emotions. Thus it can also be presumed that emotional intelligence can also have an effect on self esteem as well as on extraversion (by affecting emotional expression). Study by Cheung et al. (2015) also suggested that a positive correlation exists between emotional intelligence and extraversion, based on which Wu et al. (2018) hypothesized that emotional intelligence can moderate the indirect effect of extraversion on emotional expression. This suggests that change in emotional intelligence can cause change in emotional expression, and thus in this process can also cause a change in extraversion in people. Furthermore, in doing so, can also help to improve sociability, reduce depressive symptoms and anxiety. Such can have positive mental health outcomes. Abdollahi et al. (2016) suggested that self esteem and emotional intelligence can influence the factors that can reduce social anxiety. They studied 520 university students using self report measures, to study the relation between self esteem, body esteem, emotional intelligence and social anxiety. Their findings showed that low self esteem and body esteem as well as low emotional intelligence was related to social anxiety reported by the participants. This showed that a decrease in self esteem can cause an increase in social anxiety, and a decrease in emotional intelligence can be associated with a low self esteem.
Ego Conflict
Different Therapeutic Approaches for Improving Self Esteem
May (2013) analyzed the theory of traumatic neurosis presented by Sigmund Freud, and supports it with the theories of ego and superego as the mental apparatus. The author proposed that the conflict between ego and super ego can cause ego impairment, which then leads to traumatic neurosis. It was proposed by Freud that there were not one but two egos, and they are in constant conflict with each other. This conflict further impairs its functional ability, and thus resulting in the compromise of the stimulus barrier. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), stimulus barrier affects the ego processes through affecting the attention and concentration of individuals, and thus acting as a barrier towards emotional stimulus (psycnet.apa.org, 2018). In other words, Stimulus Barrier can be understood as a protective shield against stimuli (Esman, 1983). The precursors of the image of these two egos have been described by Freud in his works “on Narcissism” (1914) and “Mourning and melancholia” (1917). And in ‘uncanny’ (1919), he introduced the idea of the double ego, which was further emphasized in the study of Group Psychology. These two egos were named ego and superego. May (2013) suggested that these two egos can threaten, control and even overwhelm each other at times but can also co exist harmoniously. Considering such a standpoint, it can be assumed that traumatic neurosis is the effect of the breakdown of the stimulus barrier, which is caused due to ego conflict which causes impairment of the egos.
Traumatic Neurosis
As pointed above, the works of Freud was cited by May (2013) to explain that Traumatic Neurosis is the effect of the breakdown of the stimulus barrier, or the ‘protective sphere’ that shields the emotional well being of individuals. This breakdown of the barrier can be understood to lead to the clash of the two egos. Traumatic neurosis mentioned here is different from spontaneous neurosis, as the traumatic neurosis is related to the conflict of the egos, unlike spontaneous neurosis. Thus traumatic neurosis has been considered as the ‘affliction of the egos’ May (2013). Freud also proposed that traumatic neuroses were not under the control of the pleasure principles. Here pleasure principles refers to the Freudian concept which suggests the instinctive seeking of pleasure, avoidance of pain and gratification in order to satisfy the psychological and biological needs of the individuals. Freud proposed that the unpleasant and traumatic experiences of dreams or nightmares can be of experiences which were once pleasurable. It is therefore possible for experiences that are unpleasurable or traumatic to be recalled in a way that defies therapeutic processing and modification. This shows the importance of emotional therapies to focus on how events are remembered by people. This can also affect the process of repetition of tasks, creating compulsive behaviors, which are based on the memories of past experiences which incites unpleasurable emotions, and prevents the possibility of getting pleasure. In other words, an unpleasant recollection of a past memory can lead to compulsive behaviors, due to a feeling of being devoid of pleasure and repression of instincts. This phenomenon seems to be able to override the pleasure principles and thus can lead to traumatic neurosis. This can also be supported by the studies of de Silva (1999) who proposed that traumatic experiences can lead to Obsessive Compulsive Disorders. Collins (2015) studied signs of traumatic neurosis among British aviators and soldiers who fought in the First World War The author pointed out that even though the British aviators were portrayed as strong, masculine courageous soldiers, there were still exposed to risks of psychological stress (apart from the obvious risks to the physical well being), which could be related to delusionments due to the effects of wartime leadership as well as the portrayal of soldiers by the media as strong individuals. This caused the development of a belief that symptoms of emotional and traumatic stress is an indicator of weak physical and moral character. Collins (2015) proposed that such stigmatization of emotional trauma prevented them to seek adequate help, and on the long run this resulted in the development of traumatic neurosis (over prolonged and reputed exposure to trauma and by the building of memories that reduces the senses of pleasure among the individuals.
Death Instinct
Emotional Intelligence and Its Impact on Self Esteem, Extraversion, and Emotional Expression
Freud explained the Death Instinct as the instincts which leads to death or self destructive behavior and it functions oppose the instinctual and sexual drives of people (that is it goes opposite to the pleasure principles) and thus it does not support self preservation. It was also proposed that the Death Instinct is the effect of Sadism, and is forced away or forced out of the ego by a narcissistic libido. Such assumptions can thus be used to support the fact that death instinct as a condition or an effect of a self destructive behavior, which is caused due to a dissonance of the egos (that is a clash between the egos) thereby causing a dissonance with the pleasure principles. This in turn sustains the self destructive behavior and repetitions of such behavior. May (2013) support that death instinct helps in the sustenance of destructive behavior. It can thus be assumed that by reducing death instincts, self destructive behavior can also be reduced. Fennell (2016) proposed that self destructive behaviors can be reduced though the improvement of self esteem, while Tangley et al. (2018) proposed that a high level of self control can be seen as a precursor of good adjustment, less pathology and interpersonal success, while low self control, can be related to an increased risks of compulsive behavior. Also a higher self esteem was linked to less self destructive behavior such as alcohol abuse, binge drinking or eating and also helps to improve interpersonal skills and foster better relations. This proves that by increasing the self esteem, it is possible to indirectly prevent death instinct by reducing self destructive behavior.
Background:
From the studies of Wu et al. (2018) it could be assumed that by improving self esteem, it is possible to increase emotional expression and thus also increase extraversion, and also by developing self esteem, the emotional intelligence can also be developed, which indirectly can also increase emotional expression and extraversion. From the analysis of the Freudian theories of ego, superego, ego conflict, traumatic neurosis and self destructive behavior studied by May (2013), it was identified that death instinct and self destructive behavior can be sustained due to the presence of traumatic neurosis, which in turn is maintained due to the breakdown of the emotional barrier, resulting from the conflict of the egos. This also causes delineation from the pleasure principles as the individual becomes more prone to continue the self destructive behavior, and override the pleasure ego. Fennell (2016) also proposed that by improving self esteem, self destructive behavior can also be reduced. This can also be suggested that by improving the self esteem, the extent of the traumatic neurosis, and hence the dissonance between the two egos can also be reduced, and the breakdown of the emotional barrier can be prevented. Moreover, since both the egos can exist harmoniously, instead of being in conflict with each other, it is possible to foster a harmony of the egos, and also to prevent the breakdown of emotional barriers. This it can be assumed that by improving self esteem, and also eliminating factors that cause traumatic neurosis it is possible to improve the mental well being of the individuals, since it can lead to 1) improving emotional expression 2) improving social interaction 3) improve extraversion 4) reduce ego conflict 5) improve emotional intelligence 6) prevent the break of emotional batters 7) prevent traumatic neurosis and thus self destructive behavior.
Suggestion:
The Relationship between Ego Conflict and Traumatic Neurosis
The treatment can therefore focus on strategies that can increase the self esteem, and also foster harmony of the two egos, and facilitate emotional expression, particularly of positive emotions. By applying Cognitive Emotional Behavior Therapy (CEBT) is possible to improve self esteem as well as emotional expression. It can therefore be suggested, that by CEBT, the overall mental well being of individuals can be reduced as it helps to prevent depression by increasing emotional expression, extraversion, emotional intelligence and also prevent self destructive behavior, cognitive dissonance or ego impairment. Since CEBT focuses on the evaluation of the emotional distresses and reduce compulsive behaviors. Discussed below are the details of the CEBT and CBT processes, which can be focused on improving self esteem, and thus indirectly improving emotional expression and extraversion as well as prevent traumatic neurosis and self destructive behavior. Both these factors can thus further cause improvement in the sociability of an individual and thus have a shielding effect on the mental well being of the person.
CEBT combines the aspects of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and mindfulness training. The main components of CEBT includes educating about the emotions and their functions, strategies to increase the awareness of the emotions and the confidence to deal with them, provide motivation and support to change unhelpful ways of coping or dealing with emotional, and also modify the beliefs of the individual about experiencing as well as expressing emotions (Barlow et al., 2016; Crane, 2017). Thus CEBT can also allow improvement in emotional expression and extraversion. This can be used to further support that CEBT can help to change how one thinks about himself/herself thereby affecting their self esteem, and thus also improve emotional intelligence of people, as well as prevent the breakdown of the emotional barrier. Based on such views, it can be suggested that through CEBT, it is possible to treat low self esteem, increase emotional expression, and prevent traumatic neurosis (by preventing the breakdown of emotional barriers) (Gu et al., 2015; Kennerley & Westbrook, 2016).
CEBT as well as CBT focuses on understanding and accepting the emotions, feelings and thoughts of self, which might show dissonance or delineation with reality. It fosters the learning and acknowledgement of emotional, especially negative emotions and feelings and helps to avoid being overwhelmed by strong emotions, and thus helps the individual to retain a calm mind with the passage of emotions and at the same time keep in touch with reality. Moreover, through CEBT is possible to address the philosophical underlinings of emotional disturbances and distortions in cognitive processes (Crane, 2017). This helps to overcome the absolutist demands and correct the cognitive distortions. CEBT can also prevent secondary disturbances, that is the anxiety or worry for feeling anxious or be worried about an indecent or outcome. The secondary disturbance can be understood as the anxious perception of anxiety and can be related to anxiety disorders and depression. CEBT can be used to provide effective solutions to self esteem issues, since it fosters a sense of ‘unconditional self acceptance’ and reinforcing the positive qualities of the individuals and improving the self esteem in the process. CEBT further helps to differentiable between negative, self destructive behavior (such as anger, anxiety, depression) and inappropriate emotions from positive, helpful and appropriate emotions (such as intense sadness, deep sorrow, great concern and regret). CEBT considers that all forms of anger in inappropriate, and it has a condemning, commanding, dictatorial philosophic role, which is unhelpful and destructive. Thus anger is considered as inappropriate. CEBT thus focuses on assertiveness, problem solving as an alternative to anger (Beck et al., 2015).
The Impact of Traumatic Neurosis on Pleasure Principals and Compulsive Behaviors
The CEBT can include 10-20 sessions (with once session conducted per week), each for 1 hour. The treatment can be delivered as a one to one setup or as a group therapy. The therapy can follow the steps mentioned below:
- The problematic through patterns and cognitive patterns are first broken down into its constituent parts to understand which ones are affecting the self esteem, and causing a low self esteem among the clients. Keeping a note of this process using a diary can be an effective suggestion, and help the clients to note down and reflect upon the thought and cognitive patterns as well as how it influences their actions.
- After the components of the thoughts are broken down, they can then be analyzed to understand whether they are helpful or unhelpful, and how they are affecting the self esteem of individuals as well as extending the effects to others. This step also helps to analyze any cognitive dissonance and identify signs of traumatic neurosis and ego impairment.
- Strategies to change these negative thoughts and cognitive patterns are then identified. This can be done by strategizing how to increase self esteem, addressing the factors causing low self esteem and supporting factors which increase self esteem. Different strategies can be utilized in this step such as: a) developing realistic self expectations b) avoid comparison with other’s success or stories, and acknowledging that everyone is different and has unique abilities which sets them apart from others, c) facilitating the development of the best version of oneself and understanding that perfection is not a realistic objective, d) focusing on aspects that can be changed and not worrying unnecessarily on factors which are beyond the control of self, e) indulging in small activities that can make one happy and celebrating each success, however small or trivial it might seem to be, f) help in the understanding and expression of emotions.
- Once the strategies are identifies, the therapist then can help the client to implement them in real life.
- On each of the sessions, the progress made on the previous session can be discussed, and the highlights of what has been learnt can be recapitulated to act as reminders. This can help the therapist to understand the progress of the therapy.
- At the end of each session, the schedule of the next session will also be discussed.
(Beck et al., 2015; Crane, 2017; Neeman, 2018; Fennell, 2016)
Different alternatives exists for CEBT such as Met cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, however the CEBT incorporates factors from different therapy types to focus on the emotional aspects that leads to the risk factors of cognitive dissonance, low self esteem and depression, and therefore can be considered as the most appropriate tool for treating depression and low self esteem.
The efficacy of Cognitive Emotional Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Behavior Therapies in the treatment of depression, anxiety and improvement of self esteem has been supported by many studies. Beck and Davis (2015) proposed that the therapy is effective treatment for personality disorders, and help to improve the cognitive performance of individuals. This can also lead to an improvement in the emotional intelligence as well as self esteem. Crane (2017) also proposed that the treatment can increase mindfulness of individuals, which can be important to prevent cognitive dissonance as well as improve understanding of the thought process of self, and thus the emotional intelligence. Fennell (2016) pointed out that using CBT; it is possible to overcome low self esteem by addressing the unhelpful and dysfunctional thought processes which adds to the low self esteem. Moreover, cognitive therapies can also help to increase self compassion by helping to set up realistic self objectives and identifying unrealistic goals, and thus protect against the effects of low self esteem (Marshall et al., 2015). Rish et al. (2015) proposed that cognitive therapy can be useful in the treatment of depression and eating disorders and helps to prevent or reduce low self esteem and negative body image. Studies by Lumley et al. (2017) also points out that this therapy can increase emotional awareness and emotional expression. The authors studied patients suffering from Fibromyalgia, because of which they experience lifelong trauma, psychological adversity and emotional conflicts, and found that cognitive therapies were linked to an improvement in emotional awareness and expression related to conflict and psychological adversities. Similarly, Merchant et al. (2018) proposed that cognitive therapies can help to reduce self harming behaviors among young individuals. Studies by Sushtov et al. (2016) on alcohol dependant clients in Russia showed that this intervention can be useful to prevent self destructive behavior such as binge drinking and alcohol dependency.
These factors clearly outlines the efficacy of cognitive therapies like CEBT and CBT in the treatment of low self esteem, and improving the factors related to depression, anxiety and self destructive behavior. Thus, such a treatment approach can be recommended to improve self esteem of individuals and thus improve their emotional expression, sociability, and extraversion and reduce traumatic neurosis, cognitive dissonance and unhelpful thinking patterns.
Conclusion:
From the above studies it can therefore be concluded that Cognitive Therapies such as CEBT can be useful to improve self esteem of individuals, as it can have a protective effect on the mental well being of individuals, helping them to overcome negative self image, increase emotional expression and extraversion. The therapy can also prevent the breakdown of the emotional barriers and prevent traumatic neurosis by fostering a harmony between the two egos (ego and superego) and identify the thought patterns that are dysfunctional. Low self esteem can be cause due to impractical an dysfunctional expectations, which can be focused in the therapy, to identify the incorrect thought patterns, and offer strategies to avoid them. This therapy can thus be suggested to improve the overall mental well being of the individuals by fostering healthy levels of extraversion and preventing self destructive behaviors. The therapy can include several (10-20) sessions, each lasting for 1 hour, duri99ng which the dysfunctional and unhelpful thinking patterns are broken down and identified, and thus changed over a period of time. Such has been supported by several authors, who have shown the positive effects of cognitive therapies in the improvement of self esteem and in the reduction of anxiety and depression. It can therefore be assumed that through such therapies, the expression of emotions (such as happiness or anger) can be improved.
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