Stakeholders for this research proposal
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) which was formerly known as Food Stamp Program is a food-based program that offers nutrition assistance to low-income households(Collins & Klerman, 2017). The program supports people by increasing their purchasing power of obtaining more nutritious diets. SNAP is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture through Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) as approved by the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). SNAP is the country’s first line of defense against food insecurities and it is eligible to all individuals who are at 130% or below the poverty level(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). This study intends to evaluate the purpose of SNAP, the data the program collects, program data interpretation and analysis, SNAP structure, the stakeholders involved, program benefits, possible program changes and the current status of the program. In addition, the study will provide a list of possible recommendation that can be used to improve SNAP in future.
The major purpose establishment of SNAP in the United States was to provide the first line of defense against hunger(J L Pomeranz & Chriqui, 2015). On average, SNAP helps more than 45 million Americans who have income below average line. The program helps families and households with low income to purchase high nutritious food for each month using a limited budget(Leung, Musicus, Willett, & Rimm, 2017). Eating healthier foods enables families and communities to have a healthy life thus they are able to perform their daily actives(Caswell et al., 2013). This, in turn, helps to promote the economy of the country as people are productive and have less nutrition-related diseases. SNAP take about half of the budget of the United States Department of Agriculture. In 2017, SNAP total budget amounted to almost 70$ billion(Steven Garasky, Mbwana, Romualdo, Tenaglio, & Roy, 2016). All members of the household get an average of 126 dollars a month or about 4.5 dollars a day from the program(Steven Garasky et al., 2016). The benefit formula of the program assumes that families and households spend about 30% of their income on food only.
SNAP Data collection and Analysis (Eligibility Criteria)
SNAP eligibility criteria are based on the guidelines provided by the Food and Nutrition Act 2008. The Act has provided standards that guide the eligibility of households and families(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). There are basic components of data that the government uses to recruit participants for the program(Taillie & Poti, 2017). These include the household and household categories, income eligibility standards, and other non-financial standards. The households’ income is the most important determinant of eligibility(Mabli & Worthington, 2014). Most of the household income must meet two of the most income eligibility criteria which include net and gross income(Taillie & Poti, 2017). For instance, in 2016, the following data was to be collected from each household that applied for SNAP.
- All households must have an income that is at 130% or below the approved federal poverty line.
- The net income for each house was to be below 2,628 dollars monthly income.
- All households that had an elderly person were not subjected to gross monthly income.
- All houses that were having a net income below 100% of the poverty line as defined by federal governments were included.
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In addition to income eligibility, the net income was calculated using the SNAP eligibility criteria by subtracting the deductions from the monthly gross income(Caswell et al., 2013). The deductions depended on the following data; a number of the family members, the state the household is, depended on care, medical expenses, earned income, child support, and excess shelter provided(Collins & Klerman, 2016). The restricted nonfinancial eligibility data include people who are institutionalized, unauthorized immigrants, drug felons, nonimmigrants visitors and fleeing felons. The lawful nonfinancial individuals data included the following; individual living for more than five years in the U.S , children under 18 years, blind and disabled persons, non- citizen who were dependents of the service or armed forces, lawful residents with qualified working history, all individuals over 65 years and refugees(Kim & Shaefer, 2015). In addition, all individuals are permitted to SNAP if they are mentally unfit, physically unfit, individuals employed over 30 hours a week, people caring for a depended child under 6 years, persons receiving unemployment compensations and patients in alcohol or drug addiction program(Jennifer, Pomeranz & Chriqui, 2015).
Other data collected by SNAP include household resources. The household resources must be the limit of 2,250 dollars in a normal household or 3,250 dollars in a family that has an elderly person(Kim & Shaefer, 2015). Countable resources include cash, materials that can be easily be converted to liquid money, and other liquid items(Sayers, 2014). There are various resources that are not counted, This includes education saving accounts, family houses, business property, and retirement cash. All cars are counted as resources except those that have prices of less than 1500 dollars or are used for business(Sayers, 2014). All data obtained is analyzed in accordance with the eligibility criteria and only houses that fit the eligibility criteria are permitted for participation.
SNAP program usually support various States to perform studies regarding the feasibility of operating SNAP in the regions. A pilot study is usually done before SNAP start operating in a given area. Only up to 30.5 million dollars can be used for a SNAP pilot study(Chang, Chatterjee, & Kim, 2017). There are various aspects of SNAP that are usually assessed during the pilot studies. These include households’ eligibility criteria and benefits, SNAP implementation systems, how benefits will be issued using the electronic benefit transfer, program integrity, implementation work requirements and administrative cost that will be used. SNAP usually uses contemporary data collection methods during their pilot studies(Mabli & Ohls, 2015). This include meeting with administrators and agents, performing a literature review and data analysis using the already available information, reviewing SNAP procedural manuals, policies , costs and plans, sites visits, and use of qualitative interviews with the participants, including all other stakeholders like food retailers, employers, community organisations and farmers market operators(Nguyen, Shuval, Njike, & Katz, 2014). There are various analytic methods that are usually used during SNAP pilot studies. These include system change analysis, comparing SNAP with other food programs, stakeholder analysis to identify barriers to implementations of the program and its benefits, alternative assessment to check program modification models, development of a simulation model to check the estimated level of participation and establishment of an administrative cost model(Racine, Delmelle, Major, & Solomon, 2018). A pilot study forms the basis for any SNAP program in a given region.
SNAP program in the USA
SNAP Structure
SNAP is part of extensive federal nutritious and food programs under the Department of Agriculture monitored by Food and Nutrition Service as provided by the law. The program is unique in both structure and size. First, the program is the largest nutrition program in the U.S in both participation and also in size(USDA, 2012). In, 2015 there were about 42 .1 million individuals participating in the program(Steven Garasky et al., 2016). The cost of the program was about 68 billion dollars. Comparing, SNAP and another nutrition program like the National School Lunch Program, in which serve 30 million students who are roughly 44% of the total schools only spend 12.2 billion dollars (USDA, 2012). Secondly, the eligibility criteria for the SNAP program are based on assets and income limits unlike other government programs(Nguyen et al., 2014). Other than that, all individuals applying for the program must be of low incomes and occupying a household. The eligibility guidelines require a house to have specific requirements for it to be allowed for participation.
To check eligibility, SNAP has developed an online pre-screening tool where individuals feeling to participate can test themselves(Thorndike & Sunstein, 2017). The FNS SNAP pre-screening eligibility tool contains the general information where benefits are requirement are determined but does not act as an application form. FNS has established local offices where individuals can go and apply for SNAP. All application forms vary by State the person is living in. The local administrative offices are headed by the State Agency. If a person is not able to contact the State Agency, FNS has established a way in which an authorized representative can act on your behalf. Once the individual submits an application, the local Agency usually sends a notice after 30 days. During those 30 days, an applicant will need to pass eligibility interview and give a proof that the data provided is collect.
SNAP benefits are designed in a way the participants only receive the benefits in a given duration of time commonly known as the certification period. Each individual has different certification period with depends on the time of application and the eligibility criteria. However, the certification period can be renewed as provided by the law. A household is counted as everyone who lives together and prepares meals as a group. This includes spouses, all children under 22 years and the elderly persons. All children under 22 years who have kids with them are also categorized as the same. If there is an elderly person over 60 years and cannot cook for himself in the same house, that individual is counted as a different household. All resources that may have a worth of 2,250 dollars are included in the resources count. However, homes, individual with supplemental security income, and retirement pensions are not counted.
SNAP Data collection and Analysis (Eligibility Criteria)
SNAP foodstuffs are also available in accredited stores. The authorized stores must meet two basic staple food requirements. This includes the criterion A and B. The first categories include the staple food inventory and the other is the staple food sales(Steven Garasky et al., 2016). SNAP recognize that staple food is the most significant foodstuff in meals and are usually prepared and eaten at home. The stores must have the four basic food categories. These include vegetables and fruits, meat, fish or poultry, dairy products, and bread or cereals. Criterion A requires all food to be always in stock, be provided on a continuous basis, have a large quantity and have a variety of each of the four categories(USDA, 2012). Criterion B requires a store to have more than 50% of its total retail sales from the sales of staple food. In most cases, stores like butcher shops are usually authorized. SNAP does not allow participants to redeem points in hotels unless in special cases. Stores authorized by SNAP must be assessable and situated in areas where individuals have limited access to food.
While SNAP major objectives are to ensure that all Americans with low incomes have an access to better nutritious foods, the program also promotes responsibilities and importance of work to people. SNAP eligibility criteria require all participants to be working(Falk & Aussenberg, 2016). The only exceptions are to aged participants, children, or disabilities and other unique specific reasons. More than 45% of all SNAP participants live in a house that has people who are earning. Some of these participants are able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs)(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). All ABAWDs must meet required work requirements over the general work requirements in order to maintain their eligibility criteria. ABAWD are all individuals who are between 18 and49 years and are not disabled and have no dependents(Falk & Aussenberg, 2013). If ABAWDs fail to meet the required work criteria, they can only get SNAP benefits for three months in three years normally referred to as SNAP time limit.
To be eligible beyond this time limit, all ABAWDs must work for a period of 80hours per month, be a member of training activities or qualifying education for not less than 80 hours per month and complies with workfare program(Caswell et al., 2013). A workfare program is a type of a program that individuals work without pay through a special State-approved program. For a workfare, the benefits received per month go hand in hand with the amount of time a person had worked(Sayers, 2014). SNAP training and employment program is another way any ABAWD wishing to participate in the program can use to fulfill the work requirements. This three months’ time limit does not apply to individuals who have a mental illness, physical health reasons, caring for a child, or pregnant since they are excepted from general work requirements.
SNAP pilot studies
Currently, there are about 42.7 million participants in SNAP. Around 263, 105 retailer firms are authorized to participate in SNAP. 44, 764 firms are in the process of eligibility confirmation and 1, 618 firms have been reinstalled(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). In addition to that, about 20000 firms have been withdrawn due to failure to meet eligibility standards, non-redemption or voluntarily. Around 25,000 stores have been found to be violating the guidelines and over 8,300 stores are under investigation(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). As of the year 2013, direct farmers markets have increased by 81% were over 50% of this have been found to be from eleven States. More benefits have been redeemed through farmers markets. The FNS has also reviewed new strategies for improving the eligibility criteria.
In a report provided by Donald Trump on May 2017, A New Foundation for American Greatness, the report provided a full budget proposal for Americans. The proposal provided various deep cuts on many domestic programs which included 191 billion dollars for SNAP which was to be obtained by reduction of federal spending in the next ten years(Taillie & Poti, 2017). Currently, about two third of the people benefiting from SNAP are elderly, disabled and children under the age of eighteen years. The average benefits per month currently are 123 dollars per person as indicated in the fiscal year 2015(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). All SNAP benefits are currently 100% federally funded. However, all states have a shared responsibility in which they currently contribute to 50% of all the administrative costs with the federal government(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). The District of Columbia, Virgin and Guam Islands, and all the 50 states participate in the SNAP program. The current SNAP proposal is designed as a way of giving states flexibility in order to improve the administration of the program in the US. It is supposed to increase hunger alleviation, reduce poverty levels and support the county’s economy(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). The current proposal suggests that the 191 billion will come from making states contribute a given percentage of the benefits issued to individuals in the SNAP program. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the percentage contribution of the states will start gradually beginning by an average percentage of 10 % in the year 2020 and increasing up to 25 % by the year 2023(Food and Nutrition Service, 2017). Other than that, the Trump administration is aiming at making the eligibility criteria easier and adding more work requirements.
SNAP Structure
According to FNS, there are various main stakeholders of SNAP which include, the government, churches, family and one’s neighbors. The government is the major stakeholder which perform the biggest role in eliminating hunger(Trief, Sandberg, Dimmock, Forken, & Weinstock, 2013). According to the survey by the Department of Agriculture, 2016,79% of those interviewed placed the responsibility on the government for food supply, 8% thought that food pantries were responsible for enough food supply while churches, family, and neighbors scooped 3% on the responsibility in curbing hunger(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). The primary categories of SNAP customers and clients fall under the following; the general public who are low-income earners, the working poor, the elderly and the legal immigrants. There was also some special consideration to citizens living in the States especially in rural areas where access to recommended quality nutrition was a challenge(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). Some states have demonstrated to have more customers than the other due to poor performances(US Department of Agriculture, 2016). Other SNAP audiences include people with disabilities, families with children, veterans, rural residents and working households.
Since its inception, this program has had very many outstanding benefits to the American populace. Some of those advantages include; Generating economic activities-relying on federal government budgetary supply, SNAP has been able to spur economic growth into communities through benefits(Falk & Aussenberg, 2012). The overall monthly SNAP benefit in every household was around 272 dollars in the financial year of 2009(Mabli & Ohls, 2015). This, in turn, helps in the promotion of business between the beneficiaries and the traders dealing in food supply( Pomeranz & Chriqui, 2015). Those include supermarkets, grocery stores, farmers markets and other stores related to the food business(MacEwan, Smith, & Alston, 2016). This program also leads to recipients accessing other services like better healthcare as SNAP reduces the bigger burden on their income.
SNAP also acts as a protection to the overall economy. During the recession, a large percentage may lose income which enables them to purchase from the economy(Klerman, Collins, & Olsho, 2017). Therefore, when this initiative offers assistance to the affected, it increases their purchasing power thus keep the production taking place as there will be consumers of these goods and services produced in the economy. This prevents chain factors of recession which can lead to the collapse of the economy(Collins & Klerman, 2016).
Supporting work-the low-income earners are able to have self-dependency. This has enabled workers to have more dedication to work as a result of good nutrition. They are therefore less distracted by illnesses to them or their family members(Sonik, 2016). Companies are therefore to increase their production due to increased productivity by the employees(Sonik, 2016). Households are also able to gain financial stability which helps them to cope with harsh financial periods. Households under this program have seen an increase in income up to triple in recent years.
SNAP Eligibility Criteria
Before this program, many low-income households have been finding it hard to afford a better diet due to constraints on their income(Conrad, Rehm, Wilde, & Mozaffarian, 2017). This problem coupled with a lack of concern on the right diet has led to health problems like obesity and other nutrition-related illnesses(Taillie & Poti, 2017). Those problems, in turn, have an economic impact, for instance, obesity will lead to workers being less productive in addition to a budgetary constraint on income as one seeks medical help(Conrad et al., 2017). SNAP has greatly reduced this menace, therefore, low-income families have the chance to afford a good diet and avoiding those complications(Kim & Shaefer, 2015). It has also reduced the impact of hunger on the underprivileged who struggle to put food on the table.
This program has also enabled access to good nutrition to the vulnerable in the society. They include the aged and persons with disabilities. Such people may face stigmatization from other members of the society thus negligence on their wellbeing in terms of nutrition and healthcare. (Chang et al., 2017) Such people may rely on this program for their daily nutrition and thus reducing their dependency on other members of the society. The program also reduces the burden of the dependency related problems on the family income(Chang et al., 2017). The malnourished children have also been able to get a better education and increase their concentration in school.
The program targets the less fortunate in the society by helping them acquire the basic nutrition value, the level of poverty is greatly reduced as more are now able to concentrate on other factors which raise the living standard(Farson & Eslami, 2014). It has also come up with a formula whereby the families with the biggest financial challenges receive the biggest donations. Doing this will try to solve the challenges of income disparities(Farson & Eslami, 2014). Another benefit of this program is that it responds quickly to the economic crisis to the low-income households. This is well manifested in the number of enrollment during such periods. More people enroll during economic downturns and reduce during the recovery(Nguyen et al., 2014). This has a great social impact as it prevents vices associated with such phenomena such as crime as people try to find a way of earning a living to substitute for lost income(Falk & Aussenberg, 2013). Those families are able to cope with temporary periods of unemployment or family problems. SNAP is in the forefront whenever a disaster occurs(Falk & Aussenberg, 2012). Due to the occurrence of major disasters in the US like hurricanes, tornados, and terrorism, many citizens might find it hard to access food or have their sources destroyed, SNAP enables them to survive as they wait for help from the government and other disaster management bodies. This has been proved critical during emergencies for instance during Hurricane Katrina, Harvey, and Maria.
SNAP Benefits
SNAP has had a lot of success in the American society. Despite this achievement, there have been various shortcomings which threaten to undermine its performance(Mabli & Worthington, 2014). The first major challenge is a misconception by a certain section of the community(Mabli & Ohls, 2015). Some people view it as a relief program to the lazy members of the society. This creates stigma and many people may shy off from enrolling in this program to avoid being labeled as the lazy lot. Sensitization and proper education are needed to enable people to stop viewing it as a welfare program and view it as a nutrition-driven program.
Fraud has also been a major issue during the implementation of this program. Personnel executing this program have been largely blamed for receiving a bribe from SNAP beneficiaries in order to give preferential treatment and also purchase other items out of this program like liquor(Racine et al., 2018). This has a serious effect on the financial strength of the program thus unable to carry out its mandate in the most efficient way. The management of this program needs to have high integrity to avoid loss and maximize service delivery to the beneficiaries of the program(Racine et al., 2018). Despite covering a wider margin of the low-income earners in terms of nutrition value, there have been other commodities which prove vital(Chrisinger, 2015). They include diapers for children and since SNAP caters for food only, the low-income earners are finding it hard to improve their standards. Therefore the program needs to put into consideration those goods in addition to food as it constitutes to the welfare and wellbeing of every citizen.
Conclusion
SNAP is a government supplement program that enables Americans with low income to purchase highly nutritious diets. SNAP is regulated by the U.S Department of Agriculture through FNS. The participants must pass the eligibility criteria as provided by the law. The eligibility criteria include the income, resources and other nonfinancial standards. A household represents a home with a family that lives and prepares a meal together. All stores and firms approved by SNAP have to contain all required foodstuff. These majorly include the staple food. Households that are participants of SNAP benefit from the program since they are able to purchase proper diets in each and every month.
SNAP benefits should be increased in order to satisfy all low-income earners maximally. Most of the SNAP benefits cover around four dollars per meal in a family of three. Comparing to other families, this amount is small to cater for a full balanced diet meal. In addition, the current economy does not support this budget as the cost of most of the food items has increased.
Possible Program Changes
SNAP should offer incentives to its participants to encourage them to buy nutritious products for themselves and also for their children which makes little use of its buying power in encouraging a healthier food marketplace and limits on the type of foods and beverages that one can buy using SNAP benefits.
SNAP should put into consideration the geographic price variation. Food prices vary greatly across different geographic regions and especially between the rural and urban areas.SNAP should account for this variation to cater for needs of its participants.
Some SNAP participants have limited access to food outlets which affects their ability to buy a variety of healthy foods at an affordable price. SNAP should evaluate access barriers in terms of the degree to which and for whom the access barriers constrain its allotment that would be enough to reach the goals of the program.
Although SNAP encourages appropriate diets that help people have food security, it does not put into consideration managing weight and chronic heart diseases and diabetes. To help manage this, SNAP should remove sugar added drinks such as sodas which are clearly unhealthy.
SNAP should also remove the restrictions placed on households using the program that place a stigma on use of the program. This will encourage more people to use the program and help create food security in more households.
SNAP should create an educational infrastructure to support implementation and evaluation of the program and this would help combat food insecurity,diet-related diseases, obesity, and associated nutrition-related diseases.
Finally, although SNAP provides food security for many people with low incomes and provides significant health benefits it should not let go of opportunities for improving diet and health quality among its members. This is because of the relationship between nutrition, chronic disease and elevated costs of health care. Better nutrition leads to reduced diseases and reduced medical bills
The states should contribute to the contribution of SNAP benefits. Currently, all the SNAP benefits come from the federal governments which might be the reason why they have very stiff eligibility criteria. If the states can contribute towards the program and add a given percentage more participants are likely to be involved. Other than that, the states should take SNAP as its own program rather than federal program alone. This, in turn, will increase states administrative involvement and makes it easy for people to participate.
References
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