Dynamic Routing Protocol Configuration for a Network Diagram
Network communications require particular protocols and components for a communication to be complete. Some of the main components include but are not limited to recipient, sender, message to be delivered and medium of communication (Odom, 2013). List of activities that take place at the sender’s side in preparation of a message to be delivered are:
- Application layer is the departure of the message to be send. The message travels down the OSI or TCP/IP protocols.
- The packet heads downwards to TCP/IP layer. TCP protocol allocates packet port number. Port number allocation is vital since several programs make use of TCP stack while sending messages. In case port assignment is not done, it would be confusing to the receiving end to differentiate which message targets which device. This therefore implies that port allocation performs unique identification of messages role. In our example above, 1020 is the port number that is assigned to the packet.
- The packet enters IP layer after passing through the TCP layer. IP layer allocates receiver’s IP address as the destination address. The packet that is leaving PC-1 directed to remote server will be allocated server’s IP address. This will be destination address. After the packet has been allocated an IP address together with the port number, it will be complete for dispatch off the Internet. Data link and physical layers convert the packet into electrical signals.
- At the receiving interface of the router, the router will perform routing functionality examining the destination address and sending it to the recipient PC on the right.
- Finally, the packet arrives at the server. The packet is acknowledged at the lower TCP stack then it is directed upwards.
- The routing information attached to the packet is detached during the process of upward TCP stack movement of the packet.
- Once the packet reaches the TCP stack top, it is assembled back to the original message.
Procedures taken to keep trace of outgoing and incoming traffic:
Once a packet reaches the router sourced from the switch, the router detaches layer two header information (physical address) present in the packet. It also examines the destination address inside the packet. In this process, the router will discover the route prefix. In case the prefix matches with information present in the routing table, it will allocated the its other interface as the exit physical address to seem like source address. The packet is afterwards directed to the exit interface. In case routing information is missing in the routing table, the packet is automatically dropped (Teare, et al., 2014). Below is how our routing table will look like.
|
Origin IP address |
Next node IP address |
Destination IP address |
Origin Physical address |
Next node MAC address |
Destination MAC address |
|
192.168.10.7 /24 |
192.168.10.1 /24 |
server IP address |
PC-1 physical address |
Router’s interface Fa0/0 physical address |
Router’s interface Fa0/0 physical address |
|
209.165.200.226 /27 |
Internet Service Provider’s receiving interface |
server IP address |
Router’s exit interface physical address |
Internet Service Provider’s receiving interface physical address |
Internet Service Provider’s receiving interface physical address |
|
Internet Service Provider’s IP address |
server’s default gateway |
server IP address |
Internet Service Provider’s exit interface physical address |
server’s interface that has default gateway |
Remote server’s physical address. |
Frame forwarding and IP routing technique that delivers ICMP.
IP routing and frame forwarding process takes the following steps:
A ping request is out to 200.10.4.59 /27 by PC-A.
ARP works hand-in-hand with IP protocol to decide where ping request is forwarded. This activity will attained by examining the IP address and provide mask of node PC-A. The packet is at this moment forwarded to router for the router will route it to the corresponding remote network computing device.
As soon as PC-A has released the packet to router, the pc has to know the physical address of the interface of router that is connected to the section of the network.
On the other hand, router has to identify the released IP address. It will reply to this IP address acknowledging receipt of the message. The router replies to router PC-A. During the process, ARP will take some time to submit the information in inquiry effort to ask the recipient to respond. In some cases, the ARP request is timed, and time out will imply loss of packet due to expired TTL(Carrell, et al., 2013).
The router sends out a reply with the MAC address of the interface that directly connects to the segment of the network. The data link layer will be assigned the packet by network layer. At this juncture, a packet entangled with ICMP inquiry is generated. This packet consists of ping ICMP ECHO request, source IP and destination address.
A frame is generated by PC-A’s datalink layer at this point. The frame contains source physical address and destination physical address. CRC information is engulfed to the frame to make sure that receiving workstation discards destroyed frame.
The datalink layer forwards the frame to physical layer. This layer transforms the frame into digital signal zeros and ones. The digital signals are send out of the physical layer to the space (WAN).
The router receives the frame, it checks existence of errors in the frame.
Data and Acknowledgement Exchange using Stop-and-Wait Protocol
From the time when destination MAC address of the arriving frame is recognized, the router submits the message packet to the IP.
The Internet Protocol will search for destination address making the decision of forwarding the packet.
It is necessary for the router to generate a frame that forwards to PC-B. this is the destination address.
PC-B will send a reply with its MAC address information. ARP information is included in the reply. The router has now received the information it required to forward the frame. It releases the frame towards PC-B.
Receiving end node PC-B receives the frame. It checks presence of errors. If error are present, the packet is dropped and if vice versa, the frame is accepted.
PC-B will create a PING reply packet. The reply packet sets its journey off towards PC-A taking backward route. All the processes above will be repeated in opposite direction.
- Open-Shortest-Path-Fast, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and Routing Information Protocol version 2
- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and Routing Information Protocol version 1
- Demo:
Open-Shortest-Path-Fast, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and Routing Information Protocol version 2 make use of classless addressing scheme. In classless routing scheme, subnet masks of the network are together with their updates. This scheme allows Variable Length Subnet Masks. In our given network design example, network sections A and B are intertwined, their masks are given as 255.255.255.0. If classful network routing was to be used, the above network segments will take 255.0.0.0 and the other takes 255.255.0.0 as their subnet mask. This implies that inappropriate information will be routed. Hence, use of classless routing protocols will be the best for this kind of network design.
10.10.0 will be the network address in the WAN interface. 172.16.10.0 on the other hand will be network address on Fa0/0 of router interface whereas 172.16.20.0 will be on Fa0/1 of the router.
Convergence factor is important during routing process, that is, the faster the convergence the better the routing process. Open shortest Path Fast converges fast as the fasted as compared to any other routing protocol. Faster convergence factor is as a result small divisions that OSPF uses to group routing devices. The small divisions converges on their own and updates send to the entire network.
Stop and wait works hand-in-hand with automatic repeat request for information to regulate process embedded stop and wait control flow protocol. In case an error is encountered by the recipient, the recipient drops and will send a NAK requesting the sender to do a resend. If the message does not reach the recipient, the sender has a timer that timeout in the cases where there is a delay. The frame will be required to be resend again. It is noted that a timer at some point may introduce a challenge in that, resend may be done but in the real sense the receiver indeed received the frame (Grimes, 22 Apr 2016). For this case, a frame and an acknowledgement are grouped. The grouped acknowledgement will uniquely identify whether frame was indeed received by the recipient or was lost on the way for the resend to be done.
References
Carrell, J. L., Chappell, . & Tittel, ., 2013. Internet Control Message Protocol. In: Guide to TCP/IP. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp. 292-295.
Grimes, B., 22 Apr 2016. CTS-D Certified Technology Specialist-Design Exam Guide. Pennsylvania Plaza New York City: McGraw Hill Professional.
Odom, W., 2013. CCNA Routing and Switching 200-120 Official Cert Guide Library. Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
Teare, D., Vachon, . & Graziani, ., 2014. Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE). Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
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