Leadership And Culture In Arabia In Relation To Engineering Management

The Importance of American Entry to the Arabic World

Leadership and culture in Arabia is an extremely important factor in relation to the management of engineering in the country (Taylor, 2015). Engineering management is actually controlled and vied by the evolution of producing management and education of the country (Smith, 2015). Initially the management of engineering had not taken substantial growth in the country simply because of the culture, due to this, the American people came up with a special design to find and ascertain the extent to which the country can practice engineering (Dean, 2008). To make this more viable, a survey was conducted in different organizations based on the association which promotes Engineering management in South Africa both at a university level and at practice level. The study was meant to be actually used to establish Engineering management in universities. The study results have been used to establish a curriculum in the universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia. Before the integration of the United States engineering management, the governments of Arab countries faced a high job unemployment rate in the engineering field and many young graduates were not able to get employment (At-Twaijri, 2009).  The traditional engineering methods used by these countries were the key reasons why the rate of engineering unemployment in the countries was not showing any improvements (Abdulkadroglu, 2017). Research showed that more than 40% of the young graduates were unemployed because of lack of industrial skills needed by the government (Panneerselvam, 2014). This trend put more pressure to the governments to introduce American engineering management to bring up skilled workers in the countries (Cooper, 2016, 288-301).

Before the introduction of Anglo/American Engineering management, the social and leadership issue was more focused on the practices and leadership attributes of the country that in turn focused on the eastern society according to House (2008, p.3-10). The natural boundaries based on the utilization of cultures boundaries and preconceptions. Data collected from these countries shows the advancement of the engineering course was not very much adopted by the countries and this means that there was a gap in the way engineering and other related courses were managed (Gubar, 2009). There are many methods the United States government used to enhance indirectly the engineering in the Arab world. In reality, there are so many Arab countries that now understand the English spoken by Americans and for this reason, the Americans must not have a translator to ensure that the system is well understood by the users (Mackey, 2015). The Americans have released funds which have been used to solve so many problem such as low payment rate and buying equipment for the Arabian institutions. The current situation in Arabia shows that more than ten universities and technical colleges offer engineering management.  From these universities, there are 80% students and experts who are already practicing engineering (Humphries, 2017). There are 76% experts who are in the public sector and over 16% who are in the private sector (Tchen, 2007). The developing of the American culture is as a result of the huge demand of engineering in the country which is at 3300 per the agreement.

Policies Used by United States and Arabia in Engineering Management

The American world is always focused on taking advantage of every opportunity and offering solutions to processes. The current problem facing Arabia in engineering management is the low performing student institutions which has served as an indicator of low quality and institutions (Kimball, 2007). Americans have resolved to produce high performing institutions which are geared towards offering successful education. American culture views engineering as a discipline where a high repetition should be of a great concern (Neuman, 2016). The major objective of the American society is to bridge the gap between the Arabian culture and the United States culture. In trying to achieve this the issue of American dominance has cropped up and is the key concern of the Arabian government because in as much as the culture brings positive impact on engineering, it brings about matters which are not acceptable in Arab world (Alfauzan, 2009). The American culture handles issue of attrition in Arab colleges, differences between the colleges and the type of skills the students should get from this colleges.  The common problem that the culture tries to solve is the specific degree a student is doing and why they are doing certain courses. This is because most graduates who are doing this course should be eligible to go and work in any company in the world (Randeree, 2012). Given the requirements of the engineering course, the American culture shows that there is little training in the Arabic world and most students are not familiar with the engineering world even after graduating (Wang, 2015). The American culture argues that due to low quality of training in Arabia, the professionals are not able to recognize changes that takes place in the engineering field and this is the main reason why they are fighting for their culture to dominate in the Arab world (Hongsheng, 2015, p. 168-173).

The objective for this study is: To find out the effect of Anglo/American culture in Arabia engineering management.

• How does American culture affect the growth of engineering in Arabic Culture?
• What is the positive impact of the American culture on the Arabic culture?
• To what extent does the Anglo culture improve professionalism in the Arabic world?
• What is the impact of profitability on the growth of engineering management?

The study shows the importance of the American entry to the Arabic world and the benefits of their continued presence.  There many issue that the learner needs to understand about the culture of the Arabia and that of America. Those countries willing to established their culture in the Arab world must come to terms with the reality that they must learn the American style and culture (Tertnowski, 2015, p. 39-45). Apart from learning the American style and culture, they must ensure that the Arabic world accepts and appreciates what they are doing. It is important to note that unemployment among the Arabic youth has been contributed by the poor cultural management is the engineering field (Kratochwill, 2015, p. 13-26). This is one of the reasons why the Americans had to infiltrate the Arabic world.

This is study is also important because it exposes the policies used by both the United States and Arabia. This policies are responsible for the management of the engineering field. The integration of these policies is critical because they will yield fruits in controlling the engineering field (Reynolds, 2014). At this point, it is essential to look at the weakness and the strengths of both cultures and the funds that have been put together to improve the current culture. The study also puts together knowledge in which the concerned parties are able to analyze the proposals produced to support the engineering field.

Weaknesses and Strengths of Both Cultures

Apart from the United States government, there are non-governmental and foreign governments which have also made some tremendous steps to infiltrate the Arabic culture. These groups provide opportunities for employment and in the process introduce their own culture in the Arabic world (Al-gahtani, 2007). Finally the study will help in giving vital information about government and non-governmental organizations that are now infiltrating the country and influencing their engineering management cultures.

This research has been carefully conducted in the Arabian countries and has American and Arabian citizens involved.  Due to this, the study majorly focuses on the effect of Anglo/American culture to the Arabic engineering management.  It also looks at the areas where the American culture has impacted positively in the Arabic world. The study period for this particular study is three months and the specific time period for specific tasks has been specified.  The study narrows down to four key variables which are the performance measure, the work culture change and the countries effects to the wider market.

One key limitation in this study will be uncooperative respondents, there will be lack of cooperation due to suspicions on the research motives. Some respondents may think that the research motives are not good and choose not to respond at all.  Most of this suspicious respondents may be from groups which have not seen any change in culture or those people whose experience with the American culture has been very bad according to House (2008, p. 3-10). The second limitation will be the budget constraint and this is because the researcher will fund the research on his own. Walking to find the respondents will be a serious problem for the researcher because the transport in some of the areas to be covered will be expensive and some of the areas may be uneasy to access. For this to be overcome, the researcher has to use different means of transport which has always proven very effective in the past.  We also have to note that some respondents will have to maintain their confidentiality when responding to some of the questions.

The researcher may encounter respondents who over declare or under declare the extent of their figures. The researcher may meet respondents who will give false information and those who will give true information.

Many researchers define engineering management as the process of accountability, and responsive production of engineering services to a country. In this regard, the Arab culture supports the engineering that the world needs and this has made the country to achieve massive improvement in the engineering sector (Brinkmann, 2014, p. 1008-1010). The entry of the American culture has changed the ways engineering is done in the Arabic world and most of the practices that are experienced in the Arabic world today is based on the correctional jurisdiction of the American world. For instance, the United States takes into great consideration the number of graduates who are qualified but are not employed. After taking this into consideration, they act in accordance to their culture and find a way to provide employment for these youth (Downey, 2005). Ensuring that the sector has employed more than 70 percent of the youth graduating from the local universities. Apart from guaranteeing employment and providing a good education culture, many countries are now sending donations to enable proper and smooth running of the engineering area (Walliman, 2017). This is to makes sure that nothing goes wrong while trying to make sense of the entire sector (Bijker, 2007, p. 143-151).

Conclusion

The researcher is guided by the theory that engineering must be guided by certain rules and regulations put in place by the government. In relation to this, the country that benefits must have a clear understanding of their culture and how this culture affects their engineering world (Wiegers, 2006). To help deal with their cultural and management challenges, Arabic culture must be streamlined to match that of United States (Kunda, 2009). American culture is therefore aimed at ensuring that culture has not negatively affected the country to an extent that they cannot make any tangible difference to the country.  To achieve this, the engineering sector in the country is expected to expand and conform to the American style and culture. This will make the sector get more profit and attract more investors into the country (Leonardi, 2013).

As most firms embrace the American Engineering culture the number of youths who join engineering field increases and this improves the product of the engineering firm basis (Seely, 2013). A growth in the market share means that most of customers and investors who were buying their products previously from different firms in the world are now coming to the Arab countries to buy those goods. This means that the integration of the cultures has helped to certain extents (McCusker, 2015, p. 537-542). This also means that the country is now having a larger market compared to other countries (Seely, 2013).

Arab can grow their market in so many ways. The first way is to increase the revenue given to certain engineering firms.  When the firms have more resources, they may actually give the best to their trainees and customers.  Research done in the year 2013 shows that resources can be used to open up a closed culture and many people may be able to appreciate the type of effort the government is putting forward to improve the quality of service in the country according to Hewling (2009, p. 337-356). At the same time, the business growth is possible through carrying out advertising and sales of products to the outside world. Culture requires a high level of brand awareness to curb competitiveness that emerge from different companies (Cainkar, 2009), since most of the customers of Arab products are known to give priority to the best product produced.

The entrance of American culture should not only be seen as the reason for the increasing number of customers purchasing on the Arabian firms but should also be viewed as an advantage to help the engineering sectors grow in terms of financial management and skills distribution (Cech, 2014). Apart from coming up with different tools many researchers have noted that another way the two countries can successfully integrate is through joint acquisition of information. For joint ventures, the companies can join hands with other expertise to seek new ventures in other parts of the countries and especially where traditional culture and believes dominate (Cech, 2014, p. 42-72). Apart from creating branches in different parts of the country, the American culture can also work to the best interest of experiencing market share in terms of providing the additional channel of expansion (Straub, 2012, p.92-134). For example, the diversification of most programs can be done in each and every branch mostly for goods and services, this will help retain most of the investors in the country (Hacker, 2011).

On the other hand, most researchers warn that too much integration of the two cultures can result to massive negative results and may cause serious problems to the indigenous because the culture may water down the beneficial tradition culture of the indigenous (AlHaija, 2011). This is because American culture does not only come with the skills but also comes with certain life styles that may not be acceptable in the Arab country (Lamont, 2012). One of the non-skill culture that may be promoted is religion. In most cases, American firms integrate every aspect of life with religion. When this happens, the Arab world may seriously oppose this and all the effort to improve engineering management may not bare any fruit (Lamont, 2012).

This is a diagrammatical representation of the relationship that exist between the dependent variable and the independent variable. Research has shown that this representation breaks down the relationship in a way that is really understandable. Through this representation, the researcher is able to look at and interpret the refined relationship produced by the two variables. The research is therefore better when the two variables can be correlated effectively. For this study we are going to present the conceptual framework and try to explain the same for the researcher to interpret correctly.

The coverage of the study does not presents the limitation of the cultural integration between the two countries. It is evident that technical skills have a great impact on the entrepreneurs in terms of infrastructure improvement and due to this, we have had a positive impact with the introduction of the technical training brought by the Anglo culture (Neuman, 2016). While this is important to note, it can also be noted that the current studies are not providing a clear view of how the Anglo culture has affected the Arabic world directly. As we all understand, the Arab culture has always resisted American culture from time in memorial and the study does not explain how possible the Arabs accept American culture in their engineering world. One possible speculation that most researcher have given is the presence of American in Asian countries such as china and Arab countries (Lamont, 2012). In this regard, this research tends to be different from others. The second part of the critique is that there is possibility that the research could have adopted technical skill from unrelated organizations. Hence while the Arab country may not offer proper training as expected, the government has several micro finance institutions and banks that may help raise funds for proper training. This fact was not put into consideration. It is also possible that the beneficially from the culture change may not be from the Arab counties and may just be people who have visited the Arab country for studies (Lamont, 2012). This is because Arabs are very keen in adopting a foreign culture. It is also misleading to believe that Arab engineering is low than the Anglo cultural engineering management. This is because no enough research has been conducted to show this deficiency of American culture (Lamont, 2012).

Culture integration is an enabling thing for the growth of every country. If the every country is left to execute their culture on their own, there is a high possibility that there will be less development in such countries and no investors will be interested in visiting the country and invest there (Aldhuwaihi, 2012). Arab world has for a long time been experiencing a keen interest in the engineering sector but has not come up with a proper channel to work and make this a reality. Since the country has been facing certain constrains, most of culture have been watered down by the infiltration of the Anglo/American culture (Raynolds, 2014).

This part covers a number of areas such as the research design, the population that the study targets and the sampling design that is to be used in the study. This section also presents more information about data collection methods to be used in the study by the researcher, the procedure used in conducting the research as well as methods used to analysis the data collected. The research validity and reliability tests is also covered together with a mention of the ethical conversation. The reliability and the tests are also covered and the research ethical consideration.

A research design is based on the details of how the study will be conducted and more specifically the issues that have to be addressed from the beginning of the research up to the end of the research. Due to this, the research design that is adopted in the study must be able to help anticipate the kind of appropriate research decision that will have to mix the validity of the entire results according to Hassan Al Marzouqi (2011). The design also include the anticipated problems that may be faced during the study which allows the researcher to deal with the problems in a proactive way. Failure to handle problems as they occur will results to serious problems that may not yield expected objectives and processes (Cainkar, 2009).

For this particular research, the researcher has chosen a hybrid research design which is a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The Quantitative methods are aligned to the data that has numerical values while qualitative dealt with the research subject point of view (Tchen, 2007). It is noted that quantitative approaches alone are not able to assess how the change in different variable takes place (Abdulkadiro?lu & Pathak, 2017). It only tells us what given value is responsible of and how to improve the growth of engineering management and reduce cultural effects in the Arab countries. In relation to this, it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure that techniques are put in place to describe the relationship between the two variables and therefore the result of the relationships are presented. With mixed methods, it will be easy for the researcher to collect data and arrive at the finding effectively without facing any difficulties.

Another important point that we should note is that the research study is actually trying to compare two cultures and their effect on the engineering practice. To achieve this, the researcher must employ a casual research design. This casual design will help to establish the presence or even the absence of the course and effects of the two variables (Gubar, 2009).

The population to be considered in this study includes the set of individuals who have been in the countries and have been deeply rooted to Arab culture and have also practiced engineering management.  The researcher assumes that most of these people have common characteristics and experience. The researcher aims to study the engineering firm, institutions offering engineering course and several specialists in the engaging world. The target is 1576 individuals who have had both Anglo American culture and indigenous culture.

Sampling frame is defined as the list of main elements where th sample is drawn from (Ranney, 2006, p. 140-148). This is what other researchers refer to as the complete list of individuals to be sampled in a given population.  The research should have this list because it will reduce the time required to complete a research, it will help in cost cutting, and the researcher can arrange their plans in a more measurable manner (Cech, 2014). On the other and sampling frame can be a list of company’s databases which are to be sampled. The frame is made of physical representatives who come from the samples. When looked at a closer perspective, sampling frame is an accurate identification of the target population. It is important to note that sampling allows the researcher to attain the sample that is drawn from the population and therefore the study will have a total sampling frame of 1578 (Cech, 2014).

This research will use a multistage sampling technique. Each and every firm and culture will be identified in terms of it is specifics, the service they offer and the period they have been in place. The second stage will identifying the culture integration beneficiaries.  Putative sampling will actually be used in getting the people interested in the research and who will participate directly in the research (Seelt, 2013). The researcher is advised to target only the group that he feels have the knowledge and skills to give him answers related to engineering. Based on this expectation, the researcher will only be interested in collecting the data and information from those who have directly benefited from the cultural exchange according to Hongsheng and Dongchun (2015).  After all it is those people who have benefited positively that can be able to give correct answers to question the researcher will be seeking to get answers. Finally simple sampling will be used to identify the respondents who can answer the questionnaire correctly and in case anybody needs to participate at a later stage ten they can be included through this sampling method.

A well structure questionnaire will be developed to help collect quantitative data. Research has shown that a structured questionnaire are the best tools to use in collection of data simply because all the respondents are not given room to make comparison across the data given (Hostfede, 2009). Apart from a general use of questionnaire it makes it possible for the researchers to get information from an area distributed respondents.

Before data collection is done, the researcher must get permission to carry out research in the concerned companies (Hostfede, 2009, p.301-320). The permission is very important because the researcher will use this permission to introduce himself and since the Arab culture may be harsh to foreign culture, if he has permission he will not face hard times in terms of reception. This means that the permission gives the researcher the authority from the respondent’s point of view.  Secondly the respondents must also be informed that they have been chosen to participate in the research and they should be trained on how they will give answers without necessarily altering the type of answers they may be willing to give. This concept will give them the opportunity to either participate or not to participate in the research (Hostfede, 2009, p. 301-320).

 The reliability is a measure of the extent to which the instruments to be used in the research will be biased or unbiased. The researcher should test reliability because it will guarantee consistency the measurement to be taken (Tetnowski, 2015). The researcher should also make sure that the instruments measure what it is meant to measure not any different measurement. In different scenario, and in different conditions, the same instrument should be used and it should give the same results. This is due to the fact that the instrument in use is not ambiguous and it is measuring what it is meant to measure. The analysis of the plotted study is to use SPSS software to ensure that every condition and every threshold is met.

The validity of the instrument is an extent to which a researcher ensures that the instrument to be used is valid and is able to give an accurate measure. In this case the engineering management is a very sensitive field which need serious and accurate judgment. In this regards, an accurate instrument will help the researcher to identify a specific usefulness that is to be obtained by use of certain data and collection instruments (Riedl & Hevner, 2014). While the reliability is closely related to measurements and to the extent of which is to be measured, instrument validity is all about the instrument measure in a given scale. In the case of a particular research, instrument validity must give a certain emerging scale.  This will make the research more verifiable at a higher empirical level (Riedl & Hevner, 2014).

Data analysis is the procedure to be used to interpret the data which has been collected from the field. This process involves subjecting this data to an analytical in that the researcher should be able to gather trends in the data and also be able to get answers to the research questions that may have been raised (Hofstede , 2009, p. 301-320). Due to the demand and the nature of the research in question, a questionnaire will be used in collecting quantitative data (Wang, 2015). The Quantitative data collected from the respondents are discrete in nature. This value is numerical and it is based on the objectives of all the observations. The researcher begins data analysis by employing the analysis so that the reduction of data is done in a scale table. The researcher also uses data tables to ensure that there is redundancy or duplicates in the eliminating data and also to ensure that each and every question is unique (Wang, 2015).

The research also uses correlation analysis to ensure that all the relationships are tested. The relationship that exist in dependent variable and independent variable will be tested using correlation.  The value of correlating (R) measure that degree of association between different variable and independent variables (Wang, 2015). This research uses what is known as Pearson correlation which indicates the strengths and weakness of certain relationships. In this test, r will range between the value 1 and -1. In the case where r is 0, then it’s concluded that there is no relationship. Where it is positive, it means that the two variable have a significant increase or decrease.  When r is negative, it means that the two variables have an inverse relationship. Apart from a correlations test, chi squire test was also performed and five percent significant value will be found followed by a two tailed test (Wang, 2015).

References

Abdulkadiro?lu, A., Angrist, J.D., Narita, Y. and Pathak, P.A., 2017. Research design meets market design: Using centralized assignment for impact evaluation. Econometrica, 85(5).

Alfauzan, A.M., 2009. The impact of American culture on the attitudes of Saudi Arabian students in the United States toward women’s participation in the labor force in Saudi Arabia.

At-Twaijri, M.I., 2009. A cross-cultural comparison of American-Saudi managerial values in US-related firms in Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Studies of Management & Organization, 19(2).

Al-Gahtani, S.S., Hubona, G.S. and Wang, J., 2007. Information technology (IT) in Saudi Arabia: Culture and the acceptance and use of IT. Information & management, 44(8).

Al Haija, A.A., 2011. Jordan: Tourism and conflict with local communities. Habitat International, 35(1).

Aldhuwaihi, A., Shee, H.K. and Stanton, P., 2012. Organisational culture and the job satisfaction-turnover intention link: a case study of the Saudi Arabian banking sector. World, 2(3).

Bjerke, B. and Al-Meer, A., 2013. Culture′ s consequences: Management in Saudi Arabia. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 14(2), pp.30-35.

Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York.

Bijker, W.E., 2007. American and Dutch coastal engineering: differences in risk conception and differences in technological culture. Social Studies of Science, 37(1), pp.143-151.

Cooper, S.A., Desjardins, P.J., Turk, D.C., Dworkin, R.H., Katz, N.P., Kehlet, H., Ballantyne, J.C., Burke, L.B., Carragee, E., Cowan, P. and Croll, S., 2016. Research design considerations for single-dose analgesic clinical trials in acute pain: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain, 157(2), pp.288-301.

Cainkar, L.A., 2009. Homeland insecurity: the Arab American and Muslim American experience after 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation.

Cech, E.A., 2014. Culture of disengagement in engineering education? Science, Technology, & Human Values, 39(1), pp.42-72.

Dean, O. and Popp, G.E., 2008. Intercultural communication effectiveness as perceived by American managers in Saudi Arabia and French managers in the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14(4).

Downey, G.L. and Lucena, J.C., 2005. National identities in multinational worlds: engineers and’engineering cultures’. International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life Long Learning, 15(3-6).

Gubar, S., 2009. Racechanges: White skin, black face in American culture. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Al Marzouqi, A. and Forster, N., 2011. An exploratory study of the under-representation of Emirate women in the United Arab Emirates’ information technology sector. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(7).

Hacker, S.L., 2011. The culture of engineering: Woman, workplace and machine. Women’s Studies International Quarterly, 4(3).

Hofstede, G., 2009. Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of intercultural relations, 10(3), pp.301-320.

Hewling, A., 2005. Culture in the online class: Using message analysis to look beyond nationality-based frames of reference. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), pp.337-356.

Hodson, J.C., 2015. Lawrence of Arabia and American Culture. The making of Transatlantic Legend.

Hongsheng, X., Ning, X. and Dongchun, Y., 2015. Design and performance reaserch of a simple non-involute convex CPC condenser. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 36(1), pp.168-173.

House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. and Dorfman, P., 2008. Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of world business, 37(1), pp.3-10.

Humphries, B., 2017. Re-thinking social research: anti-discriminatory approaches in research methodology. Routledge.

Kratochwill, T.R., 2015. Single-case research design and analysis: An overview. In Single-Case Research Design and Analysis (Psychology Revivals) (pp. 13-26). Routledge.

Kimball, S.T., 2007. SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY*: AMERICAN CULTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 18(5 Series II), pp.469-484.

Kunda, G., 2009. Engineering culture: Control and commitment in a high-tech corporation. Temple University Press.

Lamont, M., 2012. Money, morals, and manners: The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class. University of Chicago Press.

Leonardi, P.M., 2013. The mythos of engineering culture: A study of communicative performances and interaction (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado).

Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S., 2015. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), pp.537-542.

Neuan, W. L. (2016). Understanding research. Pearson.

Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P.S., Shaffer, E.C., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. eds., 2014. Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier.

Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. Sage.

Riedl, R., Davis, F.D. and Hevner, A.R., 2014. Towards a NeuroIS research methodology: intensifying the discussion on methods, tools, and measurement. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 15(10), p.I.

Randeree, K. and Ghaffar Chaudhry, A., 2012. Leadership–style, satisfaction and commitment: An exploration in the United Arab Emirates’ construction sector. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 19(1), pp.61-85.

Ranney, A., 2006. “The divine science”: political engineering in American culture. American Political Science Review, 70(1), pp.140-148.

Seely, B., 2013. Research, engineering, and science in American engineering colleges: 1900-1960. Technology and culture, 34(2).

Straub, D.W., Loch, K.D. and Hill, C.E., 2012. Transfer of information technology to the Arab world: A test of cultural influence modeling. In Information technology management in developing countries (pp. 92-134). IGI Global.

Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

or, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

Tetnowski, J., 2015. Qualitative case study research design. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 25(1), pp.39-45.

Tchen, J.K.W., 2007. New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the shaping of American culture, 1776-1882. JHU Press.

Walliman, N., 2017. Research methods: The basics. Routledge.

Wang, K. T. (2015). Research design in counseling. Nelson Education.

Wiegers, K.E., 2006. Creating a software engineering culture. Pearson Education.