Literary Criticism of Global Visions and Intercultural Communications
This is notable that number of significant people initiated the important encounters of East and West. The list of such initiators include travelers, journalists, travelers, poets, humanists, scientists, geologists, colonialists and other people who had the relevant professions. It is evident the bond was started taking place right since the periods of Marco Polo and Columbus. However, the communication did not expand and take proper shape until nineteenth century. It is an evident that the communication started having significance when the European Colonialism reached its peak. This can be said that the substantial quantity of literary articles highlight the international perspective and the encounters of East and West that have been documented in nineteenth and twentieth century. However, there has been a slight academic study that has been commenced of relevant literary expressions. This paper aims to evaluate the literary articulations of the international perspective and cross-cultural connections as documented in the write ups of the two significant writers Kipling and Perl Buck. This will also critically analyze The Good Earth by Buck and Kim by Kipling as these two books have offered the situations, circumstances and the impacts of the colonization in terms of perceptive.
This essay analyzes the poetic and journalistic criticism of global visions and intercultural communications. It is to be mentioned that these criticism were penned down by three Western writers- the mid-nineteenth-century American poet and journalist Walt Whitman; the late nineteenth-century British poet, novelist, and journalist Rudyard Kipling; and the late twentieth-century American writer and journalist Thomas Friedman. The number of criticism among them were involved with the East/West dynamics. This is notable that three of these individual writers wrote literary and journalistic works, which can be interpreted as the determination of communicating the messages across the cultures and races to project visions of possible global unity and to promote understanding and universal brotherhood, despite the abundance of natural and cultural barriers.
This is difficult to interpret Perl Buck’s thought correctly. She has been acknowledged for being the first Nobel laureate of China. It is notable fact that eventually she was the third one to win this Noble Prize after Rudyard Kypling and Rabindranath Tagore, who had deep bonds with Asia. Perl was definitely a writer with significance in her time. However, there are still number of different opinions regarding her acceptance. It is easy to claim where her words are being misinterpreted, misjudged, misunderstood, overhyped or underrated. However, it is possible to find out her position this way when she suits in the significant positions of the American writers.
Perl Buck and Her Literary Expressions of East-West Encounters
This is notable that her ‘The Good Earth (1931)’ can be recognized as significantly popular work. There are many critics who think this book has significant influence rather than the other Western book on China after ‘The Travel of Marco Polo’. However, there are also a number of other critics who believe it is one of the average books. The important quotation for the Noble Prize in Literature highlighted how this book talks about the primordially primeval farmers who led a constant existence through the centuries. There are significant Chinese intellectuals who have voiced their protest against the realism penned down by Buck. They perhaps wanted to hide the fact belonging from the outsider community that the Chinese farmers have also made love. They might hate the fact that an outsider or a foreigner has achieved Noble Prize for writing on their Homeland. However, the Chinese sold the translation of this particular book significantly further than that of the other foreign books. This is notable that the list of her readers includes a large number of women. It was the majority in women readership that has led made her work overhyped. However, the custodians denied that The Good Earth as the popular collective of Great American Literature. Their opinions have a patronizing and sexiest approach. There are actually number of justified reasons in their opinions. They stated that her fiction is conventional. They also suggested that there was no modern execution of complicated style of using irony or allegory. This is why her women followership could not protect her work from the crude criticism and this did not help her fiction to earn literary reputation. The women readership led her to be attacked with horrible sexist questions. The popular misogynist critic William Faulkner named Buck as Mrs. China Hand Buck (Woodside, Arch and Drew 2017). He stated that women who selected China as her background for the novel cannot write a serious stuff. ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ is one of the books written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that can be another example which also had to face number of criticism in spite of being acknowledged as a popular book in China since years. The American intellectuals have discarded this book and teased this one by stating it as ‘damned mob of scribbling women’. This criticism actually came from those American intellectuals who promoted the moral politics in order to support their country. Therefore, it can be easily suggested that those American intellectuals were not only sexists but classists too. There are popular critics who treated The Good Earth as a tool of earning empathy for China that generated battle with Japan (Shaffer et al. 2016). However, it is evident that this is a false allegation.
Kipling and His Literary Expressions of East-West Encounters
The set of books that Buck penned down before and after the transition period of leaving China forever and heading towards America can offer the insight to her purpose of writing. However, it is an evident that no Americans can contribute to China literature as much as Kipling’s Kim (Packard 2016). This is significantly worth reading. Buck’s simple stories can make the readers realize how brute Americans were to dominate China. It is important to critique American brutality and hostility during that time (Kipling 2015). This judgmental criticism can offer the readers the insight to comprehend the situation, circumstances and the impacts on third-world nationalism.
‘The Good Earth’ and ‘Kim’ can be termed as two significantly famous books that covered the situation of China and have got published before the battle. Therefore, there are important arguments that stated these two books as one the initiator of the war. The book called ‘Red Star’ highlighted Mao’s opinion that the only significant path in order to create a strong country and counterattack Japan was revolution. The revolution was to abolish the feudal civilization and to free the farmers. However, Buck discarded this argument and placed a counter argument in her book. It is interesting to mention that the Mao’s 1927 revolutions in Hunan exploded few hundred miles from the significant bungalow of Nanking University gave birth to her ‘The Good Earth’ (Chrisman, Laura, and Patrick 2015). Her novel introduced the protagonist who called himself ‘Wang Lung the farmer’. This particular book has offered the sense to understand that there is a difference between peasants and farmers. The peasants did exist in the feudal Europe. Buck did not observe the China as a feudal country (Buck 2017). Therefore, she mentioned the word farmer only in her significant works. It is to be mentioned that her ‘Wang Long’ did not look for revolution. He wanted to do hard work to keep his wife and sons safe and secured during the rain. This book can be identified as the good document of class and gender oppression (Lindert, Peter and Jeffrey 2016).
This is notable that Kipling’s Kim offers the readers the scope to have a different yet fresh perception in order observe the text and the contemporary world in a different way. There are number of significant critics who stated that Kipling’s political and ideological perception of seeing the world endures the logo centrism and racialism that indorses departure and oddness (Ramirez et al. 2014). This sort of thought of him can affirm that the sensible Indians essentially acknowledge the God-provided appropriateness of British majestic rule. According to significant popular critic Edward W. Said, ‘Kim’ is a brilliant work of imperialism. He highlighted this work as captivating yet awkward novel. The thorough reading of this text can offer the readers the sense of Kipling’s removal of Indian Mutiny of 1857 as insanity (Holmes 2015). It is to be mentioned that Kipling had a trust in the responsibility of the British in terms of colonization. This particular trust of him clearly replicated in the characterization of a significant native woman. This can be assumed that the lady stated that British are the perfect people to supervise justice without being biased. According to the lady the British knows the country and the responsibilities of the land. It can easily be predicted that it was Kipling’s faith on British that he highlighted by introducing the native woman thinking that way. However, there is a particular logic for such judgment. The logic is that the number of critics have been nurtured with the Western morals and ethics (Russett 2017). This is why the refection of such ethics and morals can clearly be observed in the significant perception that they highlighted. It is a classic example of the metaphysics of existence. It is evident that there are no such specific strategies that can be applied in order to analyze the specific approaches that it pursues in order to pen down the apt criticism. This particular dissertation take place on the basis of diplomatic study makes the approach constant to come up with the significant criticism. Kim by Kipling offers the readers the scope to expand their vision in order to analyze the contemporary situations and circumstances with their rational perceptive. This expanded vision can help the readers to ease the agreement with the wings of the birds as Rumi wrote (Bayly 2017). It was predicted that the wings of the birds will help the birds to combat with the wind by moving her wings up and down. However, the situation takes a different turn from the pre decided circumstances. The anxiety and tension of this turmoil led the birds to fly high. It can be said that in the similar way the utilization of Buddhist ideologies like the Law, the Middle Way and the Wheel help the contemporary readers to observe beyond the stereotypical thoughts of Kipling (Brettell, Caroline and James 2014). It helps the readers to receive the message of heart connections and love. This is important to understand that the readers wish to have good understanding in order to analyze their self-contradictions and complications. It is can be suggested that this understanding helps them to comprehend the gap that the Middle Way offers them.
Critical Analysis of The Good Earth and Kim
The significant and serious readers and observers can immediately identify the imperialistic philosophies and lenient method if they can interpret this text in a non-diplomatic method (Ignacio et al. 2017). It can be said that Kipling has made the scope to observe the East with a significant liberal method rather than a complicated and diplomatic approach. The particular readers and critics have the will to receive the inner connection of non-diplomats by observing the harmonies among people. It can be said that the bond the people of a community share in need to be discovered in order to use the differences in a positive way in order to access the variety (Mokyretal. 2015). This variety can increase the interest that went missing in the homogeneity. The significant readers can state that Kipling demonstrations as a wise reflection regarding the challenges of retaining national, cultural, and national limitations. It is notable that Kipling’s intense consciousness of the instability of the track separating colonizer and colonized, the Anglo-Indian and native, the white and black is complicated. This highlights his political dogmatism and his interpretation of majestic responsibility or the emotion he stated as ‘white man’s burden.’ It can easily be stated that Kipling and Buck has highlighted absolutely different dogma regarding colonization (Damon-Bach et al. 2014). Buck stated colonization as brutality of British and Kimling suggested this was the responsibility of white men.
It can be said that there is common notion to state colonization as brutal. However, there are significant writers and critics who argue on this and present colonization in a positive manner in front of the readers. This article has stated both of this argument and compare the opinions items from different and diverge perception. This is notable that ever since twentieth-century the global communications, cross-cultural communiqué in precise, study demonstrates under dissimilar background converted from transformation theory to socialeducations. It can be considered as the study of information society (Berberich 2016). These analytical attitudes reflect fictional literatures of the significant nineteenth century were increasing. It can be said that the specific concern regarding the social relationship between the East and the West. The list of people include Marco Polo or Ghenkis Khan, Mateo Ricci or Rumi, Columbus or Cheng Ho who ease the different ways of communication between the East and the West. The instance of Rumi can come into consideration. This is because he used to devote his life in writing in thirteenth century Afghanistan primarily. Then he went to the part of the Persian Empire, named for harmony of religions and philosophies. Therefore, he was started being acknowledging as a writer to create a bridge between the multiple different religions and cultures.
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