Research Questions
The report reflects on the topic that illustrates the aerodynamic unmanned aerial vehicles in context to CPD simulation. According to [2], unnamed aerial vehicle are defined as an aircraft that is controlled either remotely or by autonomously with the help software controlled plans that is present in their embedded systems.
This report reviews number of journal articles as well as papers for illustrating aerodynamic unmanned aerial vehicles in context to CPD simulation. The paper helps in providing number of research questions for clarifying the applications of Unnamed Aerial vehicle properly. The paper also provides layout of the UAV system, UAV in aerodynamics, UAV aerodynamics model, UAV programs as well as regulations related with the system.
The research questions include:
- What are the different regulations, which are associated with the Unnamed Aerial Vehicle?
- What is the usefulness of aerodynamic UAV in context to CPD simulation?
- What are the needs of CPD approach in aerodynamic Unnamed Aerial Vehicles?
An UAV system is considered as one of the prominent part of the entire system, which is necessary for flying an aircraft. According to [7], the aircraft is mainly controlled from the ground with the help of ground control system and so it requires a reliable link of communication from the aircraft. It helps in providing a working space for various instrument operators, navigators as well as pilot. On the other, [9] stated that the data which is received by the ground control system with the help of the instrument is either processed or forwarded to a processing center. This can also be done with the help of useful standards of telecommunication. It is analyzed that most of the functions that are combined with the help of remote controls are typical for unnamed aerial vehicle system, which is associated with remote sensing and mapping. In this case, all the data are stored on board, instead of transmitting them for the instrument.
According to [5], UAV are utilized by the military for various purposes, which include surveillance as well as shooting targets. Recently, proper development has been made in various activities of UAV, which is properly documented on the UVS international website. It is analyzed that UAV systems are growing and most of them are utilized in military fields only. In the year 2004, there are 362 UAV programs whereas in the year 2007 there are 491 UAV programs. This clearly reflects that the number of UAV are enhancing.
The dynamics of aircraft is very much complex. The Fs and Ms are the resultant force, which is generated with the help of the propellers. This last have different speeds of rotation if the option of the UAV on the axis is done [6]. The relative motion of the fluid around the structure provides an aerodynamic force FA that is applied to the aerodynamic centre CA.
It is analyzed by [2] that UAV is in stationary direction and both the wind as well as the amplitude is constant between the pitch angle as well as wind speed. From the measurement in wind tunnel, we extract various situations when of force of sustentation force Fsz is equal to the weight of the UAV and the horizontal force is measured with the help of balance is zero. In that situation, direct estimation of wind speed as well as direction is estimated as the function of the inclination angle [8].This angle is a combination of both the pitch as well as roll angles.
Aerodynamic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System
It is stated by [10] that aerodynamic model is one of the methods that are utilized for calculating aerodynamics forces on the fuselage of the UAV configuration. This procedure is very much successful in calculating the aerodynamics forces of ultra light vehicles and ultra light sailplanes in the presence of proper wind gradient. For deriving proper expressions of aerodynamic forces as well as moments considered that UAV is in a potential flow. It is stated by [12] that when the speed of the flight is equal to zero then the aerodynamic coefficients are not dependent on the angle of attack, which is generally undermined in the situation. The main advantage of the present model in context to database in the tabular form is fully dependent on the physical derivation that helps in permitting proper considerations for the physical aspects that helps in characterizing the aerodynamic forces which is acting on the airframe.
In this model, the aircraft is mainly divided into basic components that include wings, horizontal tail, vertical tail and propeller and for each of the components a separate model is developed for determining the contribution, which is created, by the total forces as well as components at each point [9]. For each component, the local relative flow is determined by taking into account both the speed as well as rotations together with the help wind, turbulence as well as aerodynamic interference effects. For most of the models, the component state is utilized for determining the related aerodynamic data coefficient. The final component of the dynamic pressure, aerodynamic data coefficient as well as reference area is utilized for determining both the forces as well as moments [11]. This basis approach is applied to various component models while in most of the cases, the additional step is taken or an entirely different approach is used that involves both analytical as well as empirical methods.
According to [2], development of mathematical model involves in derivation of various geometrical equation for BWB planform. Parameters including wing platform area, taper ration, span and chord for various spanwise locations is determined for each of the configuration. This mathematical model helps in translating the three-dimensional drawing in CATIA where BWB planform configuration is utilized in context to wing span. Second stage includes conversion of three-dimensional CATIA CAD model into CFD element for creating a meshing element [15]. The succeeded meshing models were exported to FLUENT for analysis. The result is presented in the simulation for various subsonic flows corresponding to Reynolds number.
According to [13], UAV aerodynamics in context to CFD study helps in providing a global understanding of the flow, which is mainly generated, with the help of six propellers. For proper analysis of CFD, a 3D scan of propeller is done and is introduced in the mesher. Patch independent procedure is utilized with the help of tetrahedral elements at the walls. Interface technique is mainly used for providing a rotational speed to the propellers without the requirement of remeshing the global volume. The solver that is mainly used is very much time dependent and it helps in utilizing a SIMPLE scheme. It is stated by [16] that the Spalart Allmaras turbulence model is generally selected and the mesh is adopted locally for getting y+ globally. It constitutes of approximately 15 million cells and it mainly requires 9.0 seconds of real time in order to establish the flow. The results of the flow around the UAV in context to pathlines, velocities and pressure on the body of the UAV are reflected. A detailed analysis helps in highlighting the performance of the aerodynamics performances of the UAV and then flight possibilities in context to payload, accelerators as well as speed [14] It is analyzed that the volume of air is mixed with the help of the drone, which is approximately a cylinder of 2 meter. The air helps the UAV in moving significantly and as a result, the jet is clearly visible. This dimension helps in representing spatial discretialization of the measurement system.
UAV in Aerodynamics
It is stated by [4] that low altitude system mainly flies under the air traffic and as a result they can be operated easily but generally within the vision of the pilot. This helps in limiting the area, which can be wrapped with the help of a particular mission. On the other hand, it is argued by [10], that car or truck can be utilized in order to bring to the area of survey. The systems are identified to be attractive for different research groups, which deal with various thematic as well as instrument design, as they are cost effective and they also utilize a flexible way for acquiring various data. A blimp or tethered balloon is mainly controlled but as the speed of the wind grows then it is impossible to control. The instrument, which is required to be carried out, must be adapted according to the mass as well as size of the instruments.
According to [11], blimps, which are free flying, are mainly considered as platform for survey as for the users to whom the blimps are provided. Airplanes with very much small micro UAV is mainly created with the help of aircraft designing schools. They fly at a considerable speed for creating proper amount of lift. It is a matter of concern if they fail at a very lower altitude. It is analyzed that in agriculture, low altitude aircraft with very much larger fixed wing are used. This system provides benefits, as they are capable of flying autonomously.
It is opined by [12] that aerodynamics UAV helicopters are of various types as well as sizes. For example, in Japan hundreds of UAV are utilized for agricultural purposes in order to carry out functions that include plough, sowing, spraying and many more. This type of helicopters consists of various imaging instruments for monitoring the growth of the crop, for detecting various diseases, and for providing water supply. It is argued by [13] that powered paragliders are quite interesting, as ground support needed by them is very much less. They may flow successfully in various areas, as it is not possible to address them economically with the help of proper survey equipment. In the civil as well as in technical community, medium altitude systems use is very much less. For this altitude, some of the systems of military are designed for providing exceptional endurance. Aerodynamics UAV systems are used for planning in Belgium for improving the monitoring of the territorial waters.
According to [15], the use of UAV’s has benefitted various applications of remote sensing. This is generally due to the cost that is related with the mission, due to the requirement of rapid response or due to the fact that observation must be carried out in such an environment which may be dangerous for the aircrew. For example, remote sensing adoption using UAV in archeology whose main aim is to provide a bigger picture of the archeological sites with the help of proper documentation. It has been reflected that utilizing a helicopter UAV as well as consumer digital camera provides a model of elevation, which are comparable to ground laser measurement. On the other hand, [12] opined that vegetation monitoring could be done significantly with the help of UAV. A Hale UAV is used generally for demonstrating coffee plantation in Hawaii and in Japan. This system is considered as an integral part of farm equipment. Response imaging by utilizing UAV has received a number of attentions, which has been illustrated for simulation of road accidents. A proper as well as final example of the flexibility of UAV is the use of unnamed Aerial Vehicle in traffic monitoring.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the entire assignment that the number of aerodynamic Unnamed Aerial Vehicle use has been raised in recent years in context to CPD simulation. They are present in all the different forms as well as sizes for flowing a multitude of the instruments which are related with remote sensing for various applications. Most of the work, associated with this, is still present in research phase and therefore there are very much less off-shelf system that helps in offering complete as well as proper solution to a user. helps in providing remote sensing, a new appeal for the scientist who are very much capable of conducting research in a very much flexible way. It is quite easier to forecast that when all the regulation which are related with the regulations of the aviation for including general airspace. It is analyzed that Unnamed Aerial Vehicle will became very much preferred platform for developing various remote sensing applications as well as instruments.
References
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