Maximising Teamwork Quality In A Dispersed Team Environment

Identify at least three key issues, concepts (ideas), propositions or theories that have been discussed in the literature review.  How have these issues informed or influenced the current paper and its research questions? (Paraphrase – i.e., use your own words)

1. Cha, Park and Lee (2014) point three key issues in the article. The first concept that the authors visit in the article is psychological of team members to the team and the impact of the teamwork. The article points out that physical distance and low rate of involvement in the team activity result in failure of projects. This is an issue because failed team performances ultimately lead to failure of projects   which have detrimental effect on the delivery of projects to customers.

The second issue or concept which the article visits are the component of team which either render success to teamwork or render it fruitless. Teamwork is effected by the factors shared vision, communication between team members, the rate of participation and negotiation rate between team members in case of conflict of interest.

The third issue which the articles visits through the article explores is the necessity of communication and collaboration between team members to ensure psychological proximity between them. The psychological proximity among team members stem from understanding and transparent flow of communication among them. The article further goes not point out that the managers and the departmental heads should measure the teamwork quality to ensure that the team members are psychologically aligned with the team. They should also take appropriate steps to enhance team work like encourage more communication among team members on the social media platform. The team work measurement tool consists of six components namely, communication, cohesiveness among team members, mutual support, effort, coordination among the team members and legitimate contribution of the team members.

 The issue of psychological proximity among team members have strong influence on the current discussion. It clearly shows that high degree of psychological proximity among team members lead to more coordinated team activity. This proximity among workers motivate them to participate in every step of performance right from making strategies to executing them. This motivation among employees drives team performances which in turn lend effective achievement of targets.

2. The key concepts which Shin et al.(2015) visit in the article are leadership, organisational outcomes and ethical issues, all of which play important roles in international performance management of business leaders. They point out that ethics and justness in leadership have significant impact on the psychic of employees. They further go on point out that since ethical leadership impact the morale of the employees, it also effects their psychological proximity to the organisation and respective departments and teams.

These three concepts namely, leadership, organisational performances and ethics are intricately related to international performance management. They are also intricately linked to the research question. Ethics have direct impact on the morale of employees and their performances. Scandals which arise due to lack of ethics in leadership of management of international organisations have detrimental impact on the goodwill and performance of the business organisations. Thus, it can be asserted on the basis of the discussion that ethical leadership enforces the outcomes of the organisational performances which is their high business performances in the global market.

3. The article by Jackson, Schuler and Jiang(2014) deals with three main key concepts whicyh are intricately linked to international performance management. The first concept which the article visits is the aspirational framework of strategic human resource management. The article while discussing this concept points out the collaboration between the HR professionals and line managers in international business organisations in achieving higher degree of talent management.

The second concept which the article brings into light is that employees in international organisations today play active and significant roles in implementation of human resource systems.

The third concept which the article points out is that stakeholders of international business organisations have active say in the human resource management.

4. The article by Dhar (2015) in order to get deeper insight into international performance management, points to out to two main concepts. The first concept is that training results in the role of training in achievement of high organisational performance in the service sector.

The second concept visited in the article is that when employees perceive that their employer organisations would provide them with training, they are motivated to offer better services to customers. These two findings have been dealt with in respect to service sector by taking tourism as the example.

5. The article Kroll and Moynihan (2015) delves into the concept of training of employees. However, instead of looking into training from the point of view of employers, the article studies training from the point of the view of employees.

The second concept the article explores that the perception about training and its benefit to their performance is subjective. Some employees perceive that trainings boost their performance while others perceive that trainings make no significant impact their performance.

6.The key concept dealt with in the article is that motivation is important for performance boosting in technical positions.

Discuss the data collection and analysis methods:

1. The researcher has adopted primary data analysis to gain in depth knowledge into the topic studied in the article which is psychological proximity and team work. He has used snowball sampling method to analyse the data he has collected by surveying information technology professional who have experiences in working on IT projects. The researcher has also used partial least squares or PLS path modelling method to analyse the data he gained by surveying the IT professionals.

2. The article has used hypothesis to explore the importance of ethics, leadership and business outcomes to delve into international performance management of multinational business organisations.

3. The article exhibits secondary analysis of the data collected and explained throughout the length and breadth of the article.

4. The authors in order to gain in depth knowledge about the subject conducted questionnaire method data collection. They questioned customers and front office customers in tourist hotels.

5. The data collection used in the article was three surveys involving federal employees.

Who was studied in this research? (Paraphrase – i.e., use your own words)

1. The research of the article by Cha, Park and Lee(2014) studied the psychological proximity of IT professionals who have taken part in IT projects.

2. The article studied the leadership of managers belonging to both apical and middle levels in global companies in this research.

3. The article has studied HR practitioners and managers working the multinational organisations. The article instead of merely explaining the SHRM concepts, point out how the international organisations apply them in achievement high level of performance globally.

4. The study involved customers and customer contact employees in hotels.

5.The study involved federal employees.

6. Descriptive research design.

List and describe the research findings: (Paraphrase – i.e., use your own words)

1. The study of the article by Cha, Park and Lee (2014) point out to several relevant findings which can be applied in the field of international performance management. This is because international business companies have their businesses spread across several nations and employ scores of team in different lines of business. Psychological proximity among the members of these teams results in high productivity which ultimately transforms into the high performances of these organisations. ‘

The second finding from the discussion is that communication and social media enhances team performances. Transparent communication enhances the understanding between team members which boosts psychological proximity.

The third finding is that managers can make use of social media to enhance team cohesion. They can encourage their members to communicate on the social media platforms which would enable them to communicate more freely with each other. This would automatically boost team cohesion.

2. The article by Shin et al.(2015) uncovers several salient findings about the role of ethical leadership in achievement of business outcomes in international business organisation.

The first finding is that ethical leadership have great positive impact on the performances of international business organisations.

The second finding which actually stems from the first finding points out that ethical leadership acts as a motivating factor for employees. Ethical leadership enhances employee performances.

3. The article points out to several salient findings relating to strategic human resource management. The first finding is that the SHRM is a framework that links the various organisational processes to high level of performance. The second finding of the article is that employees today lead the human resource framework in organisations. The third finding is that today human resource systems are dependent heavily on the external environmental factors and the fourth finding is that stakeholders have strong interests and say in the SHRM practices applied in the MNCs.

4. The first finding of the article is that training has positive impact on the customer services in the hospitality organisations.

The second finding is that training motivates employees to deliver higher level of customer services.

5. The findings have great significance as far employee performance is concerned. Business organisations should aim to create strong perception about training among their employees.

6. Motivation is significant in achievement of performance.

How has this research study contributed to knowledge of your chosen topic? (Paraphrase – i.e., use your own words)

1. The research study has contributed immensely to topic of international performance management. The managers leading teams or departments in multinational companies require to ensure high level of psychological proximity and cohesion among team members to ensure high performance.

2. The research study Shin et al. (2015) have strongly contributed to the understanding of international performance management. The article succinctly showcases the importance of ethical leadership in achievement of high level of international performance in multinational companies.

3. The research clearly shows that SHRM in MNCs contribute greatly towards international performance management in the corporate organisations. The companies need to integrate SHRM with all the other business processes to gain high level of market performance.

4. The findings from the research are intricately connected to international performance management with more attention to the service sector. This is because the service sectors in emerging global giants like India are playing significant role in the revenue generation of the top international hotel chains which are situated in the west. Thus, they concentrate on training their employees deployed in the eastern markets to ensure high performance and delivery of quality services to customers.

5. The findings point out that as far as international performance management is concerned, training plays a significant role in boosting performance. It is also important for organisations to create strong positive perceptions among employees regarding trainings to gain their active participation.

6. Organisational managers should motivate their employees to boost their performances.

What suggestions/recommendations are made for future research: (Paraphrase – i.e., use your own words)

1. It can be recommended that the future research works should incorporate roles which leadership and motivation play in international performance management explicitly and then go on to link the discussion with psychological proximity within teams.

2. It can be recommended that the future research should point out that ethical challenges which managers face while making business decisions.

3. It can be recommended that the future research can also incorporate the concepts like motivation while studying SHRM in MNCs.

4. It can recommended that the research should also expand its scope to encompass the need for training employees in the manufacturing companies as well.

5. It can be recommended that the future research works should try to study how trainings can be aligned to the needs of the organisations. 

6. Future studies should also include leadership.

References 

Cha, M., Park, J.G. and Lee, J., 2014. Effects of team member psychological proximity on teamwork performance. Team performance management, 20(1/2), pp.81-96.

Dhar, R.L., 2015. Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, pp.419-430.

Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), pp.1-56.

Kiruja, E.K. and Mukuru, E., 2018. Effect of motivation on employee performance in public middle level Technical Training Institutions in Kenya. IJAME.

Kroll, A. and Moynihan, D.P., 2015. Does training matter? Evidence from performance management reforms. Public Administration Review, 75(3), pp.411-420.

Shin, Y., Sung, S.Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2015. Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), pp.43-57.