Misinformation About Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Among Women Of Childbearing Age In The US & UK

The paper is focusing on discussing the misinformation about Human papillomavirus (HPV) among women of childbearing age in the US & UK. This study aims to examine the levels of accurateness and misinformation regarding the vaccination of HPV. It will first examine the impact of HPV among women of childbearing age in the US & UK and then examine the misinformation about the vaccination of this disease.  

HPV is a contagious infection which can be passed on to other people through skin contact. HPV is a viral infection that has over 100 varieties and among these 100 over 40 of them can be spread between people through sexual contact, for instance, through their throat, genitals, or mouth (Biggers, 2021). HPV is one of the most common STIs that was an infection which was sexually transmitted. It is very common that even if the sexually active person has very few sexual partners, they can get some variety of HPV (Ferrand et al., 2020). In some cases of genital HPV infection, there may not be any health-related issue but in some varieties of HPV, there can be major health issues such as genital warts. It can even cause cancers of the throat, anus, and cervix (Milondzo et al., 2021).

In addition, childbearing age is the duration when a woman can technically get pregnant and bear a child from adolescence when they start getting their menstrual period to the pause. This pause is menopause which comes when a woman gets pregnant. On average, the age group of 12 to 51 is the duration which is known as the reproductive years for women (Ferrand et al., 2020).

Furthermore, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. However, if the virus passes on to the child during delivery, the child may get a condition which is known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. In this, the child will get HPV related lumps in their airways or throat (Victoria et al., 2020).

HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection, so it states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction, like the oral sex, anal or vaginal. Moreover, it is also possible that a person has multiple variants of HPV even though they do not show any symptoms of it (Barnack-Tavlaris et al., 2016).

The HPV vaccine was first introduced in the US in 2006. This vaccine was taking so much time to resolve the issues of HPV but after various testing, it has been examined that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have gotten vaccinated. This vaccine was only introduced to females and young adults at the initial level. But after three years in 2009, the vaccines were also getting available for other teenage and males (Bednarczyk, 2019). 

This study aims to examine the levels of accurateness and misinformation regarding the vaccination of HPV. It will first examine the impact of HPV among women of childbearing age in the US & UK and then examine the misinformation about the vaccination of this disease. The study has set objectives that will help in meeting the aim of the study and further contribute to resolving the research questions as well:

• To discuss human papillomavirus among women of childbearing age
• To analyse the misinformation about HPV and its vaccination among women of childbearing age 

• What are human papillomavirus and its impact on women of childbearing age?
• What misinformation about HPV and its vaccination among women of childbearing age has been spread? 

Types of HPV, Transmission, and Health Risks Associated with the Infection

HPV infection can become a serious health issue if it does not get cured itself which involves warts inside the throat and also genital warts. Vaccination for HPV first came to the US in 2006 for female teenagers and young adults, and in 2009 for male teenagers (Bednarczyk, 2021). Even after that, the uptake of the HPV vaccine is less in comparison to other teenage vaccines because there were many myths and misinformation about the HPV vaccination have been spread among the people and this is the reason that people get hesitant in getting the dose of the HPV vaccine (Biggers, 2021).

This misinformation involves HPV vaccination can cause death, these vaccines are new, pap smears can cure HPV issues, HPV vaccines cannot cure cervical cancer, and many more. The spread of these myths and misinformation was creating trouble and people were avoiding taking vaccines (Ferrand et al., 2020). The reason behind the thinking of people was because earlier the HPV vaccines were only made tested for pre-cancers as cancer related to HPV takes so much time to develop. However, after continuous testing, it has been observed that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have to get vaccinated (Sonawane et al., 2021).

Therefore, this is the reason that the researcher has chosen this particular topic and aims to examine the levels of accurateness and misinformation regarding the vaccination of HPV. It will first examine the impact of HPV among women of childbearing age in the US & UK and then examine the misinformation about the vaccination of this disease. It will help in resolving the research issue.  

This paper is consisting of five different chapters that are categorized as the research components. These chapters are having different roles in the research paper because they help in accomplishing the study’s aim. The 1^st part of the research is the introduction of the research topic, the understanding of its context, and the purpose of conducting the study. 2^nd one is reviewing the literature those are related to the subject and contributes to supporting the primary data further. Next is 3^rd chapter, which will discuss the methods and select them accordingly in relevance to resolving the research concern. 4^th chapter will discuss the results and analyse the outcomes which have been gathered for this study. At last, the 5^th chapter will conclude the results and provide implications for future research. 

There is various literature discussed in this chapter for providing effective knowledge about the research matter. This section is effectively providing knowledge about human papillomavirus, its impact on males and females, about its treatments, preventions, causes, tests, and more. This section also elaborates on the knowledge about the misinformation which was spread about papillomavirus among people. Similarly, this chapter also purposes to examine the levels of accurateness and misinformation regarding the vaccination of HPV. It will examine the impact of HPV among women of childbearing age in the US & UK and then examine the misinformation about the vaccination of this disease. The study has discussed the relevant literature and it will support discussing the primary data further.  

The Role of Vaccination in Preventing HPV

According to Shapiro et al. (2017), HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection. These contagious diseases spread from social contact which was increasing fear and panic among people. Consequently, states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction, like oral sex, anal or vaginal.

Moreover, it is also possible that a person has multiple variants of HPV even though they do not show any symptoms of that. For instance, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. However, if the virus passes on to the child during delivery, the child may get a condition which is known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. In this, the child will get HPV related lumps in their airways or throat (Jit et al., 2015).

Considering the study of Zimet et al. (2013), it has been found that various nations are suffering from HPV disease and the rates of vaccination are suboptimal. Due to some misinformation regarding the vaccination, people were avoiding getting vaccinations. In addition, the highlights of this study show that the spread of mistaken beliefs among the people is constantly increasing and this is influencing people to avoid the vaccination for this disease. In simple words, the spread of misinformation is leading to lowering the rates of vaccination.

Coles et al. (2015) studied that HPV viral infection does not have any specific or visible symptoms or does not cause any specific health issue. It is also been observed that out of the 10 HPV infections, only 9 of them can get cured on their own in at most two years. But even though it gets cured itself, the infection is in the body of the person during these two years, and that person can spread the HPV to another person without having any idea about it.

HPV infection can become a serious health issue if it does not get cured itself which involves warts inside the throat and also genital warts (Jit et al., 2015). These kinds of warts which are caused by HPV are different from the one that develops cancer (Zimet et al., 2013). Therefore, if the person has warts which are developed from the HPV it does not mean that the person will get cancer from it. 

The study of Harder et al. (2018) states that many of the males who have HPV infection and even some of them may have genital warts, do not show any symptoms of it. Consequently, if any men have shown any of these things like unfamiliar lesions or bumps on their anus, penis or scrotum they must consult their doctor.

Moreover, Bergman et al. (2019) also highlighted that some variants of HPV infection can develop throat, penile, or anal cancer in males. Some males are at high risk of getting cancer related to HPV which involves the males who have weak immune systems or have done anal sex. The HPV variant that causes cancer is not the same as the one that develops genital warts. 

Spread of Myths and Misinformation Related to HPV Vaccination

It has been observed that almost 80 per cent of females have gotten at least one variant of HPV infection in their life (Bergman et al., 2019). Similarly, to males, females also do not have any specific symptoms at the time they have HPV and mostly the HPV get cured after some time without causing any health issue (LaJoie et al., 2018).

According to the study by Lewis et al. (2018), some females might have noticed that they have genital warts which have been caused because of the HPV infection and they grow inside the vagina, on the vulva, or in the anus. It is also suggested to females that if they saw these uncommon bumps on their genital parts, they must consult a doctor.

Moreover, same as male for females also some variants of HPV infection can cause the cancer of the throat, vagina, anus or cervical cancer. For women, regular check-ups can help to notice the changes related to cervical cancer, other than this DNA test on cervical cells can help notice the variants of HPV related to genital cancers (Lewis et al., 2018; Kesheh and Keyvani, 2019). 

HPV is a contagious infection which can be passed on to other people through skin contact. HPV is a viral infection that has over 100 varieties and among these 100 over 40 of them can be spread between people through sexual contact, for instance, through their throat, genitals, or mouth (Biggers, 2021).

According to the study by Pandey et al. (2019), it has been studied that even if the women have HPV, it does not mean the chances of getting pregnant will reduce. Usually, if the women are pregnant and have HPV, they want to avoid treatment before delivery but in that case, the HPV infection can cause some health problems. 

Similarly, Zacharis et al. (2018) believe that at the time of pregnancy, hormonal changes occur and if the women have HPV those changes can grow genital warts and even in rare cases that genital warts may start bleeding. If these warts are increased and spread widely, they can make vaginal delivery problematic. 

Following the study by Liu, Yang, and Chu (2019), it has been examined that people who have any kind of sexual contact with anyone have a chance of getting HPV. There are some other points which can increase the risk of getting HPV for people which are as follows- a person has many sexual partners, have a sexual partner who has HPV, or has a weak immune system.

In addition, Chen et al. (2021) highlight that there are factors that can increase the risk of developing cancer from HPV in people. The people who have HPV are having some symptoms like – a weak immune system, a person is suffering from other sexually transmitted infections like herpes simplex, gonorrhoea, or chlamydia, people can develop cervical cancer if they have many children, or also from doing oral sex for a long time. People can develop anal cancer by doing anal sex, and throat cancer from chewing tobacco. 

Factors Impacting Uptake of HPV Vaccination among Teenagers

As per the study of Ntanasis-Stathopoulos et al. (2020), it has been examined that 90 percent of the HPV variant gets cured by itself over time, so there is no specific treatment for the HPV infection. Even though the doctor recommends having a repeat check-up over a year to detect if any changes occur due to HPV which may need any treatment or to check if the HPV infection is preserved.

Husein-ElAhmed (2020) states that genital warts can be cured by prescribed medicines, by freezing with liquid nitrogen, or by burning with an electric current. However, getting rid of these warts does not mean that HPV infection is also cured, and these warts can also develop again.

HPV related cancers can be cured using some of the methods which include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation energy in some cases more than one method is also used. At present time there is not any natural treatment for HPV infection which is medically approved. For detecting, curing, or monitoring cervical cancer regular check-ups for HPV infection are important (Ciccarese et al., 2019; Ntanasis-Stathopoulos et al., 2020).

One of the simplest techniques found by the study by Goldstein et al. (2019) to prevent HPV infection is to use a condom while having sex and by practising safe sex. By getting the HPV related vaccinations, and also receiving the Gardasil 9 vaccine which prevents cancer and genital warts developed because of HPV.

In addition to this, the vaccine also protects the body from almost 9 types of HPV variants which are related to genital warts or cancer. It is recommended to take the HPV vaccine at the age of 11 or 12, at that time 2 doses of the vaccine are given with a time gap of 6 months. Moreover, the people aged 15-to 26 receive 3 doses of HPV vaccines and the people from the age group of 27 to 45 who have not received any HPV vaccines previously are eligible to take the shot with Gardasil 9 vaccine (Pieralli et al., 2018).  

Tests of HPV infection are different for both males and females.

Poljak et al. (2020) highlight that in the US, females are suggested to conduct their first Pap smear or pap test when they turn 21 irrespective of the beginning of sexual activity. Doing pep tests on a regular basis will detect the unusual cells in women, which can further identify the other HPV related issues or even cervical cancer.

Females belonging to the age group of 21 to 29 years must have their pap test regularly with a gap of 3 years. However, females from the age group of 30-65 years must follow the following things – have their pap smears every 3 years, detect the HPV variant with a high risk that must have their HPV infection test every 5 years, and also, they can do the co-testing which means can have their both tests every 5 years (Chrysostomou et al., 2018).

In addition, it has been examined by Reich, Regauer, and Kashofer (2020) that if the women’s age is less than 30 years and has received the abnormal pap test results their doctor will recommend them to receive an HPV test. Moreover, there are more than 14 variants of HPV which can cause cancer and if the women have even any one of those variants, the doctor will recommend having regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes. 

Research Components and Methodology

As per Reisner et al. (2018), DNA tests to detect HPV related genital cancers are only available for women and they are not applicable for males. There are no available FDA approved tests for detecting HPV related cancers in males currently. Moreover, regular check-ups for penile, anal, or throat cancer are also not recommended for males.

In some cases, doctors might conduct pap tests on males who have high risks of getting HPV related cancer if they have the HPV variant in them, this involves males who have done anal sex or the men suffering from HIV (Chrysostomou et al., 2018). 

Vaccination for HPV first came to the US in 2006 for female teenagers and young adults, and in 2009 for male teenagers. Even after that, the uptake of the HPV vaccine is less in comparison to other teenage vaccines. As there are many myths and misinformation about the HPV vaccination that have been spread among the people and that is why they hesitate in getting the dose of the HPV vaccine (Bednarczyk, 2019). Some of the misinformation and myths are as follows –

• HPV vaccines cannot cure cervical cancer, they were only made against pre-cancers: People think so because earlier the HPV vaccines are only made tested for pre-cancers as cancer-related to HPV takes so much time to develop. However, after continuous testing, it has been observed that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have to get vaccinated (Massey et al., 2020).
• Pap smears can cure cervical cancer what is the need for HPV vaccination: Pap smears can indeed cure cervical cancer and have efficiently decreased the rate of cervical cancer in the US. However, the HPV vaccine can preserve people from other cancers as well not just cervical cancer (Sundstrom et al., 2021).
• HPV vaccination can cause death: There are reports of people dying after getting vaccinated for HPV but there is no proof of them dying because of the HPV vaccine. It is also been observed that after getting any vaccine there are so many young adults and teenagers who have died, in less than a year, but after getting vaccination there are not any fixed ways of their death (Sundstrom et al., 2021).
• HPV vaccines are new: People think that HPV vaccines are new and they should wait for some time to get vaccinated for HPV. But the truth is that HPV first came into use in 2006 at the same time as two very famous and common vaccines for teenagers so the HPV vaccine is not new (Massey et al., 2020).
• Many varieties of HPV vaccines can get cured themselves, so the people do not need the HPV infection: Most of the HPV variants get cured themselves, as humans have a strong immune system, but even after that, there are many females who cannot cure the HPV itself. As it is not clear who is not or who is strong enough to cure the HPV itself, the HPV vaccination is required for teenagers to keep themselves safe (Massey et al., 2020).
• The 11- or 12-years age is very young to get vaccinated for HPV: People think that if they get vaccinated at an early age the effect of vaccination will disappear at the age when they became sexually active. But the fact is the effect of vaccination remains for up to 5 to 10 years and also that the vaccine works better for the younger ages (Sundstrom et al., 2021). 

The gap has been found in this study that there is a lack of information available about HPV among women of childbearing age. It is necessary to understand their point of view as well rather than just estimating their situation and resolving problems. Therefore, to fulfilling the gap in this study, the researcher has decided to conduct a survey among women of childbearing age, 25 to 65 years. They will provide effective, current, and relevant information on the particular research matter. 

The entire discussion in this chapter is based on the nomination of valid methods. The study has selected accurate methods in this chapter and discusses the role of these methods in conducting this study. In addition, these methods have to be chosen as per the research matter which can contribute to meeting the objectives and questions of the research. In this paper, the researcher is aiming to examine the misinformation about HPV among women of childbearing age. Considering this, the researcher has made some choices that are discussed below:

The paper is aiming to use the interpretivism method of philosophy to determine the experience, views, beliefs, and understanding of the respondents in this research study. In this, the investigator is not only using this method but also linking it with the research matter because the use of realism and positivism philosophies are incorporating highly structured methods and focuses on developing hypotheses and doing tests. Besides this, the use of interpretivism is the opposite because it aims to interpret data subjectively (Ryan, 2018). It will assist this study to acquire reliable outcomes while examining the misinformation about HPV among women of childbearing age while gathering data from potential participants.

Moving towards the selection of approaches, then inductive and deductive are two of them, from which the author has to choose one. The usage of both these approaches is significant as per their role but considering the matter of this paper, the researcher is choosing the inductive approach to flexibly accomplish this study. The role of the inductive approach is satisfactory with the interpretivism philosophy. Hence, inductive has been used instead of deductive. The use of deductive helps in testing variables which have no requirement in this study. For resolving the concern flexibly, the researcher has chosen an inductive approach (Woiceshyn and Daellenbach, 2018).

Literature Review

The study is aiming to know about the misinformation about HPV among women of childbearing age. For understanding this theory and gain knowledge about this concept, it would be better if the researcher goes with the use of quantitative design. The designs of the research are having two types: qualitative and quantitative. On one side, qualitative acquire observational information and on the second side, quantitative acquire numerical data. By this, the qualitative method is rejected because it focuses on providing detailed information and is not specific. Hence, quantitative design has to be used for collecting numerical information and resolving the issue (Bloomfield and Fisher, 2019).

Moving toward the types of research methods, exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive are different methods. According to this research paper, descriptive is an accurate method to meet the research requirements. It will enable the paper to gain an insight into the misinformation about HPV among women of childbearing age. This method of descriptive design will support a collection of opinions and perceptions of participants while addressing research questions (Siedlecki, 2020).

In this study, the researcher is making effective and adequate choices related to the matter of this paper. There are various strategies that are tangled in the methodology like questionnaires, experiments, case studies, field research, interviews, focus groups, literature review, systematic literature review, and more (Atmowardoyo, 2018). For doing this study, the investigator is aiming to use a survey strategy in order to acquire their opinions, views, understanding, knowledge, and experience on the particular matter. Additionally, for collecting responses from the participants, the researcher is making a questionnaire of 10 questions for acquiring information about the HPV disease, its causes & effects, and its impact on women of childbearing age. The use of an online questionnaire approach is effective for acquiring knowledge about this particular concept. It also enables the researcher to attain feasible and adequate information in less time and cost because as an academic writer, it is difficult for the researcher to collect through physical mode and put a high amount of time, effort, and money into the data collection procedure. Therefore, using online platforms like GOOGLE FORMS is an effective technique for collecting data while maintaining social distancing and with less duration.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of HPV disease on the women of childbearing age who are between the age group of 25 to 65 years. This is a suitable age for getting pregnant and giving birth to a baby. In this study, the researcher is focusing on using the primary data collection method to conduct a survey and gather information from the participants. However, the use of the secondary approach is also effective for acquiring data from credible sources like articles, peer-reviewed journals, books, previous magazines, articles, websites, news, reports, online sites, and more. These methods are also effective for accessing data from reliable sources and acquiring information on the misinformation spread about HPV among women of childbearing age. But in this study, the researcher is aiming to collect information from the participants and collect current data on the research matter (Johnston, 2017). It will provide more reliable and credible outcomes in this study because it is necessary to fulfil the gap in this study. It has been found that there is a lack of information available about HPV among women of childbearing age. It is necessary to understand their point of view as well rather than just estimating their situation and resolving problems. Therefore, to fulfilling the gap in this study, the researcher has decided to conduct a survey among women of childbearing age, 25 to 65 years. They will provide effective, current, and relevant information on the particular research matter. Therefore, the usage of the primary data collection method is accurate for this study and it will aim to resolve the research matter of this study (Fowler, 2013).

Targeting population is a very vital role in the study and the researcher has to choose a potential targeting audience for a paper that can contribute a reliable role in resolving the research problem. The researcher is doing self-selection in this paper for targeting participants. For this, the non-probability sampling method is accurate for doing self-selection because it is complicated to target a large size of participants in this research paper (Etikan & Bala, 2017). For this, the sample size of the study is 52 and the participants are women of childbearing age who are having 25 to 65 years. For collecting responses, the use of an online questionnaire approach is effective for acquiring knowledge about this particular concept. It is difficult for the researcher to collect through physical mode and put a high amount of time, effort, and money into the data collection procedure. Therefore, using online platforms like GOOGLE FORMS is an effective technique for collecting data while maintaining social distancing and with less duration.

According to Zook and Pearce (2018), it has been examined that the analysis process comes after acquiring data for the study. It is necessary to analyse the collected data for attaining results that can solve the research query and issues. In this, various methods are involved for analysis can analyse the data like discourse, conversational, statistical analysis, descriptive, thematic, content analysis, narrative, and more. Different types of studies require different kinds of analysis methods because it helps in attaining feasible outcomes.

In accordance with this study, the researcher is aiming to use statistical analysis for presenting the data in the way of tables and charts. It helps in understanding the quantitative data which has been gathered from the participants. In addition, this study has chosen statistical analysis because a survey has been conducted and the researcher collected quantitative data from the participants.

According to the guiding principle of the university, the researcher has done the entire work on their own and also involved the data from secondary sources in a literature review, methodology, and more, but this is not copy-pasted. The researcher has used their own language for writing the views and findings of different studies and provided them effective credits while putting in-text citations and references. Other than this, there are 52 participants involved in this study; therefore, it is necessary to maintain the safety of their information because every individual has filled the form while trusting the researcher. For avoiding ethical limitations, the researcher took care not to use any kind of demographic question which can reveal the identity of the participants (Connelly, 2014).

The researcher has conducted primary research while collecting data from the participants and in comparison, to secondary sources, the primary collection of information involves more limitations. It was very difficult to target potential participants, find them, and influence them to fill out the form and take part in this study. It took time and effort, but the researcher has done this. 

This chapter is analysing the results which has been gathered from the participants while distributing online questionnaire through Google forms. The study has involved 10 questions for acquiring information about the HPV disease, its causes & effects, and its impact on women of childbearing age. For this, the sample size of the study is 52 and the participants are women of childbearing age who are having 25 to 65 years. Moreover, statistical analysis has chosen the researcher for presenting the data in the way of tables and charts. It helps in understanding the quantitative data which has been gathered from the participants because a survey has been conducted and the researcher collected quantitative data from the participants. Below illustrated are the presentation of survey data and its interpretation: 

Table 1: Question 1

Age
25 – 35 years	65.4%
36 – 45 years	21.2%
46 – 55 years	9.6%
56 – 65 years	3.8%

Figure 1: Question 1

According to the above question, the researcher has asked about the age of the participants. Considering the responses of the participants, it has been studied that most of the participants are belongs to 25 to 35 years of age. These are women of childbearing age and the age of 25 to 35 years is the healthy and safe age for bearing a child. These are 65.4% of the total. In addition, it has been observed that 21.2% of the participants are having 36 to 45 years of age, 9.6% of the participants are having 46 to 55 years of age, and the rest of the 3.8% are having aged between 56 to 65 years of age. These are the women of are sharing their views, perception, and opinions in this study on the disease HPV those are bearing children.  

Table 2:Question 2

For how long have you been having HPV?
Less than a month	36.5%
1 – 3 months	44.2%
4 – 6 months	7.7%
More than 6 months	11.5%

Less than a month 1 – 3 months 4 – 6 months More than 6 months

Figure 2: Question 2

The researcher has asked about the duration from which the participants are having HPV. The participants who are involved in this study are all having HPV and they are women of childbearing age. In accordance with the above response, it has been examined that 36.5% are having HPV for less than a month. They are new and have less knowledge about this disease. But this disease is harmful and causes various problems. In addition, 44.2% are having this HPV disease between 1 and 3 months, 7.7% are having this HPV disease between 4 and 6 months, and the remaining 11.5% are having more than 6 months.  

Table 3:Question 3

Do you know that HPV causes cervical infection?
Yes	67.3%
No	32.7%

Figure 3:Question 3

The researcher has asked about whether HPV causes cervical infection or not. It has been found from the responses that 67.3% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they know about the consequences of HPV and they know that it causes cervical infection the who are having HPV. Although, there are also 32.7% of participants who are not aware of this that HPV causes cervical infection because there are various people who are unaware of the consequences of HPV.

Table 4:Question 4

Are you taking preferring routine screening for preventing your cervical cancer?
Yes	34.6
No	50%
Sometimes	15.4%

Figure 4:Question 4

Considering the above responses, it has been observed that 34.6% of participants are taking preferring routine screening for preventing their cervical cancer; although, the majority of the participants are not taking preferring routine screening for preventing cervical cancer as 50% have chosen the ‘no’ option. Other than this, 15.4% have chosen the ‘sometimes’ option because they sometimes visit for routine screening to prevent cervical cancer.

Table 5:Question 5

Do you visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes?
Yes	57.7%
No	42.3%

Figure 5:Question 5

The researcher has asked about whether they visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes or not. It has been found from the responses that 57.7% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes. In addition, there are also 42.3% of participants do not visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes but there are various consequences of this disease, thus, the majority of participants visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes.

Table 6:Question 6

Do you know that child has no risk during pregnancy if you have HPV?
No, I am not aware of this	63.5%
Yes, I know this	25%
I was not sure	11.5%

Figure 6:Question 6

According to the above table and chart, it has been observed that 63.5% believe that they are not aware of this and that the child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV. On the other hand, 25% have chosen the ‘Yes, I know option’ because they are aware of this statement and 11.5% have chosen ‘I was not sure’. It has been found that the majority of participants are not aware of this and that child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV.

Table 7:Question 7

Are you aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV?
Yes	44.2%
No	44.2%
Maybe	11.5%

Figure 7:Question 7

Considering the above responses, it has been observed that 44.2% of participants are aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV; although, the same number of participants i.e., 44.2% are not aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV because they are believing the myth which has been spread among people that vaccination of HPV is affecting the health of people. Other than this, 15.4% have chosen the ‘maybe’ option because they are not sure whether proper misinformation they get or not.

Table 8:Question 8

Do you think HPV vaccination has consequences?
Yes	55.8%
No	44.2%

Figure 8:Question 8

The researcher has asked about whether they believe HPV vaccination has consequences or not. Although, there are no consequences of this vaccination and this was the misinformation spread by the people among themselves. Similarly, it has been found from the responses that 55.8% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they believe HPV vaccination has consequences. In addition, there are also 44.2% of participants did not believe that HPV vaccination has consequences, but a majority of participants believe that HPV vaccination has consequences.

Table 9: Question 9

Do you ever try to get vaccinated for preventing the cause of HPV, so that you can do safe pregnancy?
No, I never tried	48.1%
Yes, I thought about it	44.2%
Yes, I am vaccinated	7.7%

Figure 9:Question 9

In accordance with the above table and chart, 48.1% have chosen the ‘no, I never tried’ option because never try to get vaccinated for preventing the cause of HPV so that they can do safe pregnancy. The reason behind such action is misinformation spread about the HPV vaccination. Moreover, only 7.7% of the participants get vaccinated for HPV and the remaining 44.2% have only thought about getting vaccinated for preventing the cause of HPV so that they can do safe pregnancy. This was only thought, they never get vaccinated.

Table 10: Question 10

Do you know that the vaccination of HPV has cured most of the cases?
No, I am not aware of this	51.9%
Yes, I know this	36.5%
I was not sure	11.5%

Figure 10:Question 10

According to the above table and chart, it has been observed that 51.9% believe that they are not aware of this and that the vaccination of HPV has cured most cases. On the other hand, 36.5% have chosen the ‘Yes, I know option’ because they are aware of this statement and 11.5% have chosen ‘I was not sure’. It has been found that the majority of participants are not aware of this and that vaccination of HPV has cured most of the cases.

According to the findings, it reveals that the women have shared their views, perception, and opinions in this study on the disease HPV in those who are bearing children. The researcher has asked about the duration from which the participants are having HPV and the findings show that 36.5% are having HPV for less than a month, 44.2% between 1 and 3 months, 7.7% are having this HPV disease between 4 and 6 months, and the remaining 11.5% are having more than 6 months.

Other than this, it has been found that HPV is a contagious infection which can be passed on to other people through skin contact. It has been found from the responses that 67.3% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they know about the consequences of HPV and they know that it causes cervical infection the who are having HPV. HPV is one of the most common STIs that was an infection which was sexually transmitted. It is very common that even if the sexually active person has very few sexual partners, they can get some variety of HPV. In some cases of genital HPV infection, there may not be any health-related issue but in some varieties of HPV, there can be major health issues such as genital warts. It can even cause cancers of the throat, anus, and cervix (Milondzo et al., 2021). In addition, it has been found that HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection. These contagious diseases spread from social contact which was increasing fear and panic among people. Consequently, states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction, like oral sex, anal or vaginal.

Considering the above responses, it has been observed that 34.6% of participants are taking preferring routine screening for preventing their cervical cancer; although, the majority of the participants are not taking preferring routine screening for preventing cervical cancer i.e., 50%. Moreover, it is also possible that a person has multiple variants of HPV even though they do not show any symptoms of that. For instance, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. Therefore, it is necessary to go and visit a doctor for consulting.

HPV viral infection does not have any specific or visible symptoms or does not cause any specific health issue. It is also been observed that out of the 10 HPV infections, only 9 of them can get cured on their own in at most two years. But even though it gets cured itself, the infection is in the body of the person during these two years, and that person can spread the HPV to another person without having any idea about it.

It has been found from the responses that 57.7% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes. In addition, there are also 42.3% of participants do not visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes but there are various consequences of this disease, thus, the majority of participants visit for regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes. The results reveal that 63.5% believe that they are not aware of this and that the child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV. On the other hand, 25% have chosen the ‘Yes, I know option’ because they are aware of this statement and 11.5% have chosen ‘I was not sure’. It has been found that the majority of participants are not aware of this and that child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV.

Concern with this, it has been found that people are suffering from HPV disease and the rates of vaccination are suboptimal. Due to some misinformation regarding the vaccination, people were avoiding getting vaccinations. In addition, the highlights of this study show that the spread of mistaken beliefs among the people is constantly increasing and this is influencing people to avoid the vaccination for this disease. In simple words, the spread of misinformation is leading to lowering the rates of vaccination.

Other than this, it has been found that females are suggested to conduct their first Pap smear or pap test when they turn 21 irrespective of the beginning of a sexual activity. Doing pep tests on a regular basis will detect the unusual cells in women, which can further identify the other HPV related issues or even cervical cancer. In addition, there are more than 14 variants of HPV which can cause cancer and if the women have even any one of those variants, the doctor will recommend having regular check-ups for detecting cervical changes. In some cases, doctors might conduct pap tests on males who have high risks of getting HPV related cancer if they have the HPV variant in them, this involves males who have done anal sex or the men suffering from HIV. HPV related cancers can be cured using some of the methods which include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation energy in some cases more than one method is also used. At present time there is not any natural treatment for HPV infection which is medically approved. For detecting, curing, or monitoring cervical cancer regular check-ups for HPV infection are important.

People think so because earlier the HPV vaccines are only made tested for pre-cancers as cancer-related to HPV takes so much time to develop. However, after continuous testing, it has been observed that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have to get vaccinated (Massey et al., 2020). Other than this, People think that HPV vaccines are new and they should wait for some time to get vaccinated for HPV. But the truth is that HPV first came into use in 2006 at the same time as two very famous and common vaccines for teenagers so the HPV vaccine is not new (Massey et al., 2020).

Similarly, it has been found from the responses that 55.8% have chosen the ‘yes’ option because they believe HPV vaccination has consequences. In addition, there are also 44.2% of participants did not believe that HPV vaccination has consequences, but a majority of participants believe that HPV vaccination has consequences. It has been observed that 44.2% of participants are aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV; although, the same number of participants i.e., 44.2% are not aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV because they are believing the myth which has been spread among people that vaccination of HPV is affecting the health of people. Other than this, 15.4% have chosen the ‘maybe’ option because they are not sure whether proper misinformation they get or not. Although, it has been found that the vaccine also protects the body from almost 9 types of HPV variants which are related to genital warts or cancer. It is recommended to take the HPV vaccine at the age of 11 or 12, at that time 2 doses of the vaccine are given with a time gap of 6 months. Moreover, the people aged 15-to 26 receive 3 doses of HPV vaccines and the people from the age group of 27 to 45 who have not received any HPV vaccines previously are eligible to take the shot with Gardasil 9 vaccine (Pieralli et al., 2018). But misinformation among people was forcing them to believe the myth and they avoid getting a vaccination. HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection, so it states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction, like the oral sex, anal or vaginal. Moreover, it is also possible that a person has multiple variants of HPV even though they do not show any symptoms of it (Barnack-Tavlaris et al., 2016). However, if the virus passes on to the child during delivery, the child may get a condition which is known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. In this, the child will get HPV related lumps in their airways or throat (Victoria et al., 2020). Furthermore, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. In addition, childbearing age is the duration when a woman can technically get pregnant and bear a child from adolescence when they start getting their menstrual period to the pause. This pause is menopause which comes when a woman gets pregnant. On average, the age group of 12 to 51 is the duration which is known as the reproductive years for women.

Additionally, the increase in the risk of developing cancer from HPV people. The people who have HPV are having some symptoms like – a weak immune system, a person is suffering from other sexually transmitted infections like herpes simplex, gonorrhoea, or chlamydia, people can develop cervical cancer if they have many children, or also from doing oral sex for a long time. People can develop anal cancer by doing anal sex, and throat cancer from chewing tobacco.

In accordance with the findings, 48.1% have chosen the ‘no, I never tried’ option because never try to get vaccinated for preventing the cause of HPV so that they can do safe pregnancy. The reason behind such action is misinformation spread about the HPV vaccination. Moreover, only 7.7% of the participants get vaccinated for HPV and the remaining 44.2% have only thought about getting vaccinated for preventing the cause of HPV so that they can do safe pregnancy. This was only thought, they never get vaccinated. It shows that people were unaware of the consequences of HPV and also less aware of the prevention techniques of vaccination. They were believing in the myth which was spread that vaccination is causing limitations on health. HPV infection can become a serious health issue if it does not get cured itself which involves warts inside the throat and also genital warts. Vaccination for HPV first came to the US in 2006 for female teenagers and young adults, and in 2009 for male teenagers (Bednarczyk, 2021). Even after that, the uptake of the HPV vaccine is less in comparison to other teenage vaccines because there were many myths and misinformation about the HPV vaccination have been spread among the people and this is the reason that people get hesitant in getting the dose of the HPV vaccine (Biggers, 2021). This misinformation involves HPV vaccination can cause death, these vaccines are new, pap smears can cure HPV issues, HPV vaccines cannot cure cervical cancer, and many more. The spread of these myths and misinformation was creating trouble and people were avoiding taking vaccines. The reason behind the thinking of people was because earlier the HPV vaccines were only made tested for pre-cancers as cancer related to HPV takes so much time to develop. However, after continuous testing, it has been observed that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have to get vaccinated.

It has been studied that even if the women have HPV, it does not mean the chances of getting pregnant will reduce. Usually, if the women are pregnant and have HPV, they want to avoid treatment before delivery but in that case, the HPV infection can cause some health problems (Pandey et al., 2019). This was panic and anxiety among the women of childbearing age but the reality is that even if the women have HPV, it does not mean the chances of getting pregnant will reduce. Usually, if the women are pregnant and have HPV, they want to avoid treatment before delivery but in that case, the HPV infection can cause some health problems. At the time of pregnancy, hormonal changes occur and if the women have HPV those changes can grow genital warts and even in rare cases that genital warts may start bleeding. If these warts are increased and spread widely, they can make vaginal delivery problematic (Zacharis et al., 2018). The females might have noticed that they have genital warts which have been caused because of the HPV infection and they grow inside the vagina, on the vulva, or in the anus. It is also suggested to females that if they saw these uncommon bumps on their genital parts, they must consult a doctor.

According to the findings, it has been found that 51.9% believe that they are not aware of this and that the vaccination of HPV has cured most cases. On the other hand, 36.5% have chosen the ‘Yes, I know option’ because they are aware of this statement and 11.5% have chosen ‘I was not sure’. It has been found that the majority of participants are not aware of this and that vaccination of HPV has cured most of the cases. In addition to this, the vaccine also protects the body from almost 9 types of HPV variants which are related to genital warts or cancer. It is recommended to take the HPV vaccine at the age of 11 or 12, at that time 2 doses of the vaccine are given with a time gap of 6 months. Moreover, the people aged 15-to 26 receive 3 doses of HPV vaccines and the people from the age group of 27 to 45 who have not received any HPV vaccines previously are eligible to take the shot with Gardasil 9 vaccine (Pieralli et al., 2018). HPV related cancers can be cured using some of the methods which include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation energy in some cases more than one method is also used. At present time there is not any natural treatment for HPV infection which is medically approved. For detecting, curing, or monitoring cervical cancer regular check-ups for HPV infection are important.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• Considering the discussion of results, it can be concluded that women not aware about benefits of vaccination and they were not doing routine screening in HPV disease. They do not even know about the cervical cancer chances majorly increase due to HPV. Although, they thought about vaccination but majority avoided taking it.
• It can be summarising that HPV is a contagious infection which can be passed on to other people through skin contact and HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection. These contagious diseases spread from social contact which was increasing fear and panic among people. Consequently, states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction, like oral sex, anal or vaginal.
• The responses shows that 34.6% of participants are taking preferring routine screening for preventing their cervical cancer; although, the majority of the participants are not taking preferring routine screening for preventing cervical cancer i.e., 50%.
• For instance, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. Therefore, it is necessary to go and visit a doctor for consulting.
• People believing that this disease can be cured by its own, but even though it gets cured itself, the infection is in the body of the person during these two years, and that person can spread the HPV to another person without having any idea about it.
• The people are suffering from HPV disease and the rates of vaccination are suboptimal. Due to some misinformation regarding the vaccination, people were avoiding getting vaccinations. In addition, the highlights of this study show that the spread of mistaken beliefs among the people is constantly increasing and this is influencing people to avoid the vaccination for this disease. In simple words, the spread of misinformation is leading to lowering the rates of vaccination.
• It has been found that the majority of participants are not aware of this and that child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV. The results reveal that 63.5% believe that they are not aware of this and that the child has no risk during pregnancy if they have HPV. On the other hand, 25% have chosen the ‘Yes, I know option’ because they are aware of this statement and 11.5% have chosen ‘I was not sure’.
• At present time there is not any natural treatment for HPV infection which is medically approved. For detecting, curing, or monitoring cervical cancer regular check-ups for HPV infection are important.
• The vaccination was not effective as per the viewpoint of people and they were thinking this because earlier the HPV vaccines are only made tested for pre-cancers as cancer-related to HPV takes so much time to develop. However, after continuous testing, it has been observed that the HPV cancer rate has been reduced among the people who have to get vaccinated.
• People think that HPV vaccines are new and they should wait for some time to get vaccinated for HPV. Similarly, it has been found from the responses that majority believe HPV vaccination has consequences because they are not aware of the misinformation spread regarding the vaccination of HPV because they are believing the myth which has been spread among people that vaccination of HPV is affecting the health of people.
• It shows that people were unaware of the consequences of HPV and also less aware of the prevention techniques of vaccination. They were believing in the myth which was spread that vaccination is causing limitations on health. HPV infection can become a serious health issue if it does not get cured itself which involves warts inside the throat and also genital warts.
• In addition, misinformation among people was forcing them to believe the myth and they avoid getting a vaccination. HPV can be caused even without intercourse as it is a skin-to-skin infection, so it states that a person can get an HPV infection even through direct sexual interaction. Moreover, it is also possible that a person has multiple variants of HPV even though they do not show any symptoms of it.
• Furthermore, when pregnant women get the HPV infection, in some cases the infection can be passed on to the child at the time of delivery but the chance of this happening is very rare. In addition, childbearing age is the duration when a woman can technically get pregnant and bear a child from adolescence when they start getting their menstrual period to the pause.
• Additionally, the increase in the risk of developing cancer from HPV people. The people who have HPV are having some symptoms like – a weak immune system, a person is suffering from other sexually transmitted infections like herpes simplex, gonorrhoea, or chlamydia, people can develop cervical cancer if they have many children, or also from doing oral sex for a long time.
• The females might have noticed that they have genital warts which have been caused because of the HPV infection and they grow inside the vagina, on the vulva, or in the anus. It is also suggested to females that if they saw these uncommon bumps on their genital parts, they must consult a doctor.
• HPV related cancers can be cured using some of the methods which include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation energy in some cases more than one method is also used. At present time there is not any natural treatment for HPV infection which is medically approved. For detecting, curing, or monitoring cervical cancer regular check-ups for HPV infection are important.
• At last, the study concludes that the information spread about the vaccination was not accurate and the vaccination of HPV is effective for overcoming the causes of cervical cancer and keeping the people safe.

The study recommends some suggestions to the women those are having HPV and also in their pregnancy duration, they have to take vaccination. The misinformation about the vaccination of HPV was only the myth because they were unable to cure the people at first time. But the results are effective and people should take vaccination for cure and keep their pregnancy safe. Although, this disease will not harm the baby, but it can create problems during the delivery. Therefore, the women those are pregnant or those will be going to pregnant, they should take care of their health.  

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