Network Requirement Analysis And Plan

History of Computer Networking

In the following assignment, the networks have been evaluated in a chronological manner. The human centric design have been analysed as per the GUI and the keyboard layouts. The present day technologies that are related to networking and used in the internet have been evaluated in the following assignment. A number of internet protocols as well as the routing mechanisms such as static and dynamic routing have been discussed and evaluated. The internet speeds of the past, present and future have been evaluated and assessed. The future networks of the computing networks have been discussed and a number of topics related to IoT, SDN and cloud computing have been assessed and evaluated.

Discussion of Chronological development

In 1940, the father of the modern computers, George Stibitz used a type writer which was electromechanical in nature (teletype) which was used to receive and send messages. In 1964, the IBM was called by American Airlines to release the reservation system of SABRE which resulted in the creation of the online transaction system [7].  Before this, the entire system was done manually.

In 1980s, ARPANET was born and the following year, the internet protocol was born. During this time period, the first network access was created by the US for education and research purpose to connect all the supercomputer sites. ISPs started to emerge during this time.

Figure 1: Client server paradigm (Source: [2]) 

In 2000s,the ADSL was launched by Telnet and broadband users started to grow. In 2005, personal and file sharing cloud service was launched by Box and was followed by AWS or Amazon Web Services

The OSI model or Open Systems Interconnection is a process of modelling the computer network with the help of certain abstraction layers. A number of communication technologies are grouped in similar logical fields which are collectively known as OSI model.

When Xerox introduced the first proper GUI system, it led to the creation of the mouse which had a ball below it that was used for navigating the UI. After 8 years, the Optical mouse was introduced that soon gained traction in the commercial market [1].

GUI helps users to interact with electronic devices in this case a computer through the help of visual indicators and graphical icons without the need for txt based interfaces, text navigation and command levels.

Table 1: Different applications and their internet usage (Source: [6])

Explanation of present-day technologies used in internet

Some of the technologies used in internet nowadays are cable modem access, broadband access and DSL access. Present day technologies usually use satellites and to provide 100Mbpas connections. In some areas laser technologies have provided the ability to beam internet through balloons and hovering drones [3].Broadband cables are also used extensively.

Table 2: Internet speed technologies (Source: [8])

Major internet protocols consist of TCP and UDP. TCP is one of the major internet protocols around and is usually implemented in the network layer where IP complements it. Hence it is also referred as TCP/IP protocol [5]. The form of routing in which a router uses the entry that is configured manually rather than using the traffic information from dynamic routing is known as static routing.

Human-centric Design Aspects of Networking

There are several advantages and disadvantages of both the routing processes. The advantages of static routing are that it uses less memory or CPU overhead. The configurations can become time consuming and the traffic cannot be rerouted once the link fails.

The advantage of dynamic routing is that the topology automatically changes to reroute the traffic automatically if it’s possible for efficiency. The disadvantage is that the routes depend completely on the current topology [8].

Comparison of Internet speed past, present and future

In 1984, the predecessor of the internet started at a mere speed of 50 kbps. In 1986, backbone of the internet known as National science foundation went online with a speed of just 56 kbps. In 1991, the same network was connected to a speed of 45 mbps.

Figure 2: Twisted pair cables (Source: [3])

The network was again upgraded in 1994 with a speed of 145 mbps before the private sector took control of the internet. Atthis speed, low quality music of the size of 3.5MB will take around 10 minutes to upload [6].  But a report introduced by FCC contradicts the report by stating that21% of the dial up network connections do not have proper internet connectivity [10].  The respondents that were taken for the previous survey only consisted of around 10% of the rural population. In 1996, the first broadband was introduced in Canada.  By the year 2010, the broadband speed has increased by 50% and saw an increase of 48% by 2003 [9].

For computer screens with inbuilt CPUs, the sitting arrangements of the screen should be directly facing or in front of them. The user’s eyes should stay at least 3 inches below the top of the screen and the viewing distance should be at least an arm’s length. The touch screens are designed to accommodate the finger size with the app interface thus leading to big icons and option list [8]. The mobile apps are also designed as such like metro interface of Microsoft and streamlining of the Google apps tofocus on the ergonomics of the modern day.

Table 3: Computer networks (Source: [5])

Discussion on future computer networks

The future networks will seamlessly connect all the different protocols of the network with a huge number of smart objects, machines, devices and terminals at the edge.  The users will be able to experience a lot of power due to shifting of the physical aspects of the network to the cloud domain [2].

IPV 6 will take over the entire network. The domain names will slowly become obsolete as websites will have the new capability to hover to sites with the help of touch interfaces, eye movements and voice recognitions.

SDN or Software defined networking is an emerging technology that is adaptable, cost effective, manageable and dynamic and makes it perfect to manage the dynamic applications. It is directly programmable, agile, centrally managed and programmable configured.

Figure 3: Cloud computing (Source: [4])

Cloud computing is the technology which enables the delivery of several computing services such as analytics, software, networking, databases, storage and servers over the internet. These services are provided by the cloud service providers and can be billed based on their usage [4].

IoT is also referred as the network of the physical objects such as home appliances, machines and vehicles and is used as APIs and sensors to exchange and connect over the internet.

Conclusion

To conclude the report, it can be stated that the network systems have been discussed in a chronological manner. The present day technologies have been discussed effectively and the various internet protocols have been assessed and evaluated. The routing protocols have been assessed and evaluated as per their pros and cons. The internet speed have been discussed and evaluated and the human central designs have been discussed as per the requirements. The future computer networks are discussed and certain topics including IoT, cloud computing and SDN have been assessed and evaluated. 

References

[1]J. E. Nuechterlein and P. J. Weiser, Digital crossroads: American telecommunications policy in the Internet age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.

[2] J. Thomas Leonardo and L. Misa, to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present. JHU Press, 2013.

[3] J. Lu, “Technology acceptance model for wireless Internet.” Internet Research 13.3: 206-222, 2013.

[4] A. Blum, “Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.” New York: Ecco, 2013.

[5] S. Deering and R.Hinden. Internet protocol, version 6 (IPv6) specification. No. RFC 8200. 2017.

[6] M. Huitema and L. Christian. IPv6: the new Internet protocol. Prentice Hall PTR, 2014.

[7] J. Fallows, “Networking technology,” Atlantic Monthly, Jul., pp. 34-36, 2016.

[8] A. Forouzan, B. Behrouz and S. C. Fegan. TCP/IP protocol suite. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015.

[9] L. Loo, J. L. Mauri, and J. H. Ortiz, eds. Mobile ad hoc networks: current status and future trends, 2016.

[10] E. Altberg “Methods and apparatuses to connect people for real time communications via voice over internet protocol (VOIP)”, pp. 9-10, 2014.

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