Characterization of the E. coli proteome
Discuss about the Use Of Proteomics In Characterizing E. Coli.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is considered as an excellent model in order to study the general features of the E. coli proteome. The study of the E. coli proteome leads to the revealing of the various physiological conditions, the dynamic range of expression and its various modifications (Soufi et al., 2015). The envelope of the E. coli is one of the complex and it consists of the inner membrane, periplasmic space and the outer membrane. The extracellular milieu and the cytoplasm creates a physical barrier. The membrane-embedded proteins are the main reasons for the pathogenicity and viability. It is important to note that the characterization of the functions is vital for the understanding of the operation of the E. coli cell. The entire map of the inner membrane of E. coli is yet to be reported. It is found that there are around 1133 proteins in the membrane, whereas there is 40 percent of the proteins that evaded identification (Schmidt et al., 2016). This study is based on the use of proteomics for the characterization of E. coli.
Proteomics can is defined as the study of the proteomes. Proteomes are a set of proteins that are produced within a biological context, system or an organism. The proteome is not a constant entity and it changes from one cell to another and also from time to time. The underlying transcriptome is also reflected by the proteasome. The activity of the protein is modulated by several factors and it also related to the levels of expression of a relevant gene (Choi et al., 2013).
Escherichia coli is gram-negative bacteria and the other important characters of E. coli are a coliform bacterium, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic. E. coli is generally found in the lower intestine of the organisms that are warm-blooded. Majority of the E. coli strains are harmless, however, there are certain strains that are capable of causing the food contamination. The harmless strains of E. coli are found in the gut and it helps the host with the production of the vitamin K2. The harmless strains of E. coli also help in the prevention of the colonization of the pathogenic bacteria (Doumith et al., 2012). Some of the E. coli can effectively cause diarrhoea, while there are the other strains of E. coli which is able to cause pneumonia, respiratory illness, urinary tract illness. There are other kinds of E. coli that are effectively used markers of water contamination, which is when present in water is not harmful to humans but it indicates that the water is contaminated. There are diverse groups of bacteria. The pathogenic strains of E. coli are called the pathotypes. The six major pathotypes are as follows: diffusely adherent Escherichia coli; Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli; enteroaggregative Escherichia coli; enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (Cdc.gov, 2018).
Escherichia coli strains and pathotypes
Importance of foodborne pathogen- E. coli can live in the intestine of a healthy cattle. During the slaughtering of the cattle, the beef becomes contaminated with E. coli when it is grounded. The bacteria that are present on the equipment or the cow’s udders may spread into the raw milk. Thus, eating the meat which is not cooked properly can lead to infection from the E. coli o157: H7 and it has potential to cause infection. It is hard to identify a contaminated meat because it looks and feels same. It is not well established as the quantity of E. coli is capable of causing infection (Robinson, 2014). However, it is considered that a small quantity of E. coli is required to cause disease. there are other sources of food which are considered as rich sources of infection are drinking water which is contaminated with sewage water, swimming in the sewage-contaminated water, unpasteurized juice, unpasteurized milk and consumption of salami, lettuce, sprouts. E. coli in the diarrheal faecal matter is also transferred from one person to another if the handwashing and the habits of hygiene are not maintained well and is inadequate (Stopfoodborneillness.org, 2018).
There are other complications with the E. coli and some of the victims that are young become susceptible and develop the complication related to the haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and this leads to the failure of the kidney and death. Within the seven days of the improvement of the diarrhoea, there is a chance of the development of HUS and that too within the average time of 7 days (Wong et al., 2012). The haemolytic uremic syndrome can lead to lifelong complications and in some of the older patients, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) can be seen as well. The neurologic symptoms can also be experienced along with the high blood pressure, diabetes and pancreatitis (Joly, Coppo & Veyradier, 2017).
According to a study conducted by Soufi et al. (2015), a total of 2300 proteins were identified and in the experiment, 88 percent of the expressed proteome of E. coli was found. The proteins were estimated by the by the protein copy numbers by using the Intensity Based Absolute Quantification (iBAQ). The protein expressed was of six orders of magnitude and it was approximately 300,000. The authors focus on the proteome genomics during the stationary growth phase. In the later stages of growth, an upregulation of the proteins was noticed and the responses to stress were noticed at this stage. Downregulation was observed in the methyl-directed mismatch repair system and it contained the MutL and the MutS of the E.coli that were growing in the cultures for a longer time. This confirmed that there is an increase of the genetic diversity and also in the survival of the E. coli and it is evident from the incidences of mutation. During the ethanol stress, certain known markers like the aldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase were used in the study and it worked as a validating the dataset. In this study, the authors used the super-SILAC approach for the investigation of the proteome dynamics of the E. coli during both the ethanol stress and the growth stage. Overall, the study revealed an absolute and the relative analysis of the bacterial growth during the ethanol stress and the growth stage. The level of proteome signifies that the E. coli proteome dynamics during the ethanol stress and during the growth stage is medium and minimal.
Foodborne pathogen of E. coli and associated disease
Membrane proteins significantly consist of the total proteome and it represents about 20 to 30 percent of the encoded genes among all other organisms. About 12 percent of the E. coli proteome is associated with the membrane that is peripherally docked on the membrane proteins and lipids. It is also important to note membrane proteins also play a major role in the different types of membrane functions like cell communication, protein secretion, solute transport and cell signalling (Papanastasiou et al., 2016). This information highlights the importance of the subproteome. Characterization soft the membrane protein is challenging due to the physiochemical properties of the membranes. It is also important to note that different types of the chemical and the detergents are also not compatible with the spectrometric analysis. While in the case of the soluble proteins, the membrane proteins require the usage of the organic solvents and detergents for the purpose of extracting the proteins from the membranes. The membrane proteomics workflows have certain limitations and this include lack of the stability of the transmembrane proteins and isolation of the proteins with the usage of the detergents. The study highlighted the usage of the surface proteolysis protocol for the proper identification of the membrane-bound and the inner membrane proteins. This process is fast and it is a reproducible method that is capable of sample characterization and it has been previously used for the membrane proteome characterization (Tsolis & Economou, 2017).
There are different types of the E. coli pathotypes and they are as follows:
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli- it is also called ETEC and in order to bind to the enterocyte cells that are located in the small intestine, the ETEC uses the fimbrial adhesins. This E. coli is capable of producing the two different types of proteinaceous enterotoxins. The first one is the LT enterotoxin and this one is similar both in function and structure with the cholera toxin. The second one is the ST enterotoxin and it leads to the secretion of the electrolyte and fluids into the intestinal lumen. This E. coli is capable of causing diarrhoea in the horse, dogs, cattle, sheep, humans (Fleckenstein, 2013).
- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)- similar to the ETEC, the EPEC has the potential to cause diarrhoea. However, the molecular mechanisms with respect to aetiology and colonization are different from the ETEC. The EPEC uses the intimin for the purpose of sticking to the cells of the intestine. The pathogens are found to possess a wide array of virulent factors that are very similar to the Shigella. The EPEC cells are mildly invasive and cause inflammatory responses within the body. The changes caused due to the changes in the ultrastructure of the intestinal cells results in diarrhoea. This E. coli also causes diarrhoea in the horse, cats, dogs, rabbits and humans (Meng et al., 2013).
- Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)- This is most virulent pathogen among the 5 types and this strain is also called the O15: H7. This pathogen causes the bloody diarrhoea which is accompanied by no fever. This pathogen also causes the haemolytic uremic syndrome along with the sudden failure of the kidney. In order to attach to the intestinal cells, the pathogen uses the bacterial fimbriae. This bacterium is mildly invasive and releases a toxin called Shiga toxin which is can elicit an intense inflammatory response. This pathogen is found in goats, cattle and humans (Goto & Shirano, 2012).
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)- this pathogen is causing infection along with the syndrome which is similar to the syndrome of shigellosis. Along with the high fever, this pathogen causes profuse diarrhoea. This type of pathogen is only found in humans (van den Beld & Reubsaet, 2012).
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)- it is named because it uses fimbriae and it is an aggregate of the culture of issues. EAEC is capable of binding to the intestinal mucosa and it causes the watery diarrhoea without any sign of fever. The EAEC is a non-invasive and it produces an ST enterotoxin and hemolysin which has similarity to that of ETEC. This pathogen is only found in humans (Elias & Navarro-Garcia, 2016).
- Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC)- it is able to replicate the intracellularly and invade the cells of the intestine. It has been found that the AIEC is able to grow at a faster rate when the host has some amount of defects in their innate maturity. This pathogen is associated with the Crohn’s disease in which the pathogen gets associated with the ileal mucosa. This pathogen is found only in humans (Lapaquette, Bringer & Darfeuille?Michaud, 2012).
The three pathotypes namely EIEC, EPEC, EHEC all employs T3SS in order to translocate the bacterial proteins that are known as effectors. The bacterial proteins are directly translocated into the cells of the eukaryotic host so that the cell processes within the host cell can be subverted. Considering the three pathotypes, the T3SS is the major contributor to the virulence, while it is not the only one. The non-T3SS dependent pathogens are the AIEC, EAEC and ETEC and the T3SS dependent pathways are seen in the EIAC, EPEC, EHEC. It is important to note that the non-T3SS pathways employ simple pathways of virulence. This requires the effective factors for colonization and is also followed by the secretion of the toxins that subsequently enter the host cell (Clements et al., 2012).
The T3SS pathway primarily remains extracellular, while considering the EIEC the T3SS is generally found intracellular. The non T3SS pathotypes use the bacterial fimbriae for the purpose of attaching to the intestinal cells. Although non-fimbrial adhesins are also noticed in the EHEC and EPEC. The EHEC factor for the purpose of adherence is seen in the EHEC strains and it plays a contributory role to the in vitro adherence. It has been reported that a membrane protein called the OmpA is found to interact with the cells of the human intestine. There is a growing list of the autotransporters that are found to be involved with the adherence in some of the EHEC/EPEC. The E. coli immunoglobulin protein binding protein called the EibG and the EhaA plays an important role in the attachment of the pathotypes with the host cell (Clements et al., 2012).
Membrane protein of E. coli and its characterization
The pathways relating to stress- at the temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, the major stress pathways are shown by the Rcs, Bae, Psp, Cpx and this are activated in strains like BC202. The temperature sensitivity of the BC202 the function of the protein DedA in the family of E. coli is taken account. To the extracytoplasmic stress, the E. coli responds via the different types of the known pathways like the Rcs, Bae, Psp, Cpx pathways. This helps the cells to detect changes and alterations in the envelope of the cell. It is also important to note that when challenged, plenty of conditions play a role in compromising the integrity of the envelope (Sikdar et al., 2013).
The prominent developments in the field of proteomics were seen 30 years ago when the first proteomic analysis took place. The exploration of the E. coli proteome can be divided into the three phases and it includes the gel-based approaches, non-gel based process and the usage of the bioinformatics tools (predictive genomics). Both the non-gel based and the gel-based approaches are based on the separation of the mixtures of protein in the non-gel and the gel matrices. The initial proteomic studies have been applied for the study of the E. coli and this was characterized by the preliminary identification of 1727 proteins through the non-gel and gel-based approaches. The gel based studies that were extensively carried out has led to the establishment of the 2-D gel databanks. It has also been seen that the recently the non-gel based approaches are able to identify the additional proteomic content of the E. coli (Stoesser et al., 2016).
Conclusion
Thus, from the above study, it can be concluded that the E. coli has both the virulent and the avirulent strains. The harmless strains are beneficial for the human body because it provides the vitamin K2 to its host (human body). The E. coli resides in the human intestine and it helps in preventing the colonisation of the harmful bacteria. The proteomic study deals with the study of the proteomes and the proteins of the biological organisms. The proteomic analysis has also led to the characterization of the bacteria due to large number of protein present in its outer wall and also in its genome.
References
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Proteomic approaches and advancements in E. coli research
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