Provisions Of WHS Legislation Relevant To Australian Workplaces

Managing risk to health and safety

Provisions of WHS legislation that is relevant to Australian workplaces

Managing risk to health and safety, including risk assessment and control– The Work Health and Safety Act applies to all the workplaces at South Australia. The Code of practice are also applicable. The duty to manage work health and safety risks under South Australia’s laws is placed on the persons who are conducting an undertaking or a business. The risk management process constitutes of four steps. Firstly, one has to identify the hazardous issues that could cause harm to the business or at the workplaces. Secondly, the risk must be assessed. One must understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazardous issues (Chan-Mok,  Caponecchia, and Winder 2014). It also depends on how serious the type of harm is and what damage it could cause at the workplace. Lastly, the control measures should be reviewed to ensure that the procedure is working according to the plan. Selected control measures must be applied to manage risk to health and safety.

Protecting people at work from injury and illness, including psychological injury– The concept of psychological injury occurs due to the work stress. To make sure that the psychological health and injury of work is maintained the workers should be given a clear job description, should be made aware of their roles and responsibilities, should not be over burdened with work, demonstrate zero tolerance of workplace harassment and bullying (Sarafino and Smith 2014).

Protecting the health and safety of the public in workplaces– The Work Health And Safety Act has provisions and rules for the protection of health and safety of the public in workplaces (Loeppke et al. 2015). Workers dealing with physical, chemical and biological risks are provided equipments that can be used.

Consulting workers and encouraging participation in maintaining WHS, including the establishment of health and safety committees – Employees must consult with the workers and the workers should encourage the participation of theirs in maintaining the work health safety rules. Committees must be established for dealing with the process of consultation.

Providing rehabilitation and maximum recovery for injured workers – The Work Health and Saftey Act provides rehabilitation and arrangements of recovery for injured workers (Hood, Hardy and Simpson 2016). Lump sum amount is provided for work related damage or injury. Rehabilitation programs are also given to the injured workers.

Training in safe operating procedures– Safety procedures must be provided to the workers when they are trained. Proper safe equipments should be used while carrying out the work.

Protecting people at work from injury and illness

Procedures for workplaces hazard – Procedures are followed for workplaces hazard. All employees have obligations and responsibilities to comply with the workplace health and safety policies (De Cieri 2015).

Emergency and evacuation procedures- Every workplace or organizations must have an evacuation plan that shows how to exit a building safely during an emergency. Every worker should be aware of the escape plan in case of emergencies.

Requirement for maintenance and confidentiality of records of occupational injury and disease– There are records of the occupational injury and disease in a workplace. These records must be maintained for further use if needed.

Identifying hazards – Hazard is something that causes injury or illness. Hazards can  be identified if a safety check needs to be conducted before the worker starts working with a new client (Coenen et al.2017). Information must be obtained about hazards from referring agencies, workers must be encouraged to report hazards and records of incidents or injuries must be checked.

Perform risk assessment for some risk– Risk assessment decides the level of risk that is associated with a hazard. The level of risk should be estimated. Consideration should be done on the nature of the hazard, how the nature of the hazard might affect the health and safety of the workers, location of the hazard and how long the workers are exposed to the hazards.

Risk control measures – Control measures are to be adopted to for decreasing the level of hazards (Salin 2015). Once hazards are identified, actions should be taken to eliminate the hazard and reduce the risk. The most effective measures should be adopted for controlling risk.

• Compliance information–  The business in Australia are required to comply with the Workplace Health and Safety legislation. According to the legislation, safe business premises must be provided, security risks are to be mitigated and measures must be implemented for promoting safety and controlling risks, facilities ensured must be secured and safe.
• Practical advice to organizations, employers and workers in specific industries to help them meet their obligations- Work health and safety obligations applies to all the workers in an industry. If the obligations are not met, it puts people’s health and lives at risk. Workers must be familiar with the laws of obligations.
• Practical guidance for people who have WHS duties– Practical training should be given to the people who have work health and safety duties (McInnes 2017). Without proper guidance, individuals will not be able to carry out the duties.
• Explanations of how to apply the standards required under the act– There are codes of practice that can be applied and approved under the Work Health and Safety Act. The WHS Act also provides for consultation and participation to further the objects the Act. The legislation of WHS differs across Australian states and territories.
• Explanations of effective ways to identify and manage risk– Effective measures should be adopted to reduce the probability of risks. Suitable aids for outdoor tasks should be provided to manage the level of risk. Risks can be identified by the nature and status of the work.

• Handling hazardous chemicals– According to the regulations of the Work Health and Safety Act, hazardous chemicals is referred to as a substance or mixture that satisfies the criteria of one or more globally classification of chemicals. It is generally a mixture of dangerous and harmful chemicals that are used in the workplaces or laboratories and harmful to people (Pohanish 2017). The WHS Regulations also has certain restrictions on using a few chemicals except in specified conditions.
• Acquisition, use, storage and disposal of chemical– Proper apparatus are used at workplaces to work properly and reduce the level of risk. Goods and other materials must be stored in a proper way in go down and storage (Omai, Kamanzi and Makori 2015). Dangerous chemicals should not be disposed off in such a way to harm the nature or individuals. Chemicals must be disposed or thrown away in such a way that does not harm anyone or anything.
• Alcohol and drug intoxication – According to the policies of WHS, managers of organizations need to take drug and consume alcohol training for the identification of related issues (Frone and Trinidad 2014). Drug and alcohol awareness is mandatory in every organization. Intoxicated drugs and alcohol are banned since it affects the brain of individuals.
• Consultative arrangements in the workplace– Consultative arrangements are made in the workplace so that duties and activities of individuals can be coordinated with other duty holders. For effective health and safety, consultation is necessary and has greater awareness and commitment. The result of consultative arrangements leads to what impact it has on health and safety (Mendelssohn 2017). The process of consultation takes place with the help of meetings. In the meeting, hazards, changes, feedback issues, review of WHS plans are discussed.
• Emergency and evacuation procedures– For emergency planning it is vital that workers have an evacuation plan. Emergency situation include security, medical, fire and motor vehicle (Butler 2016). Therefore, it is essential to include emergency procedures in the staff induction process. Training is also provided to them.
• Family friendly workplace arrangements– Working in an organization should not feel burdened. A workplace must have friendly arrangements so that the workers can work comfortably. Co-workers must be friendly, working hours should be same for every worker. No workers should face any kind of harassment or bullying at the organization.
• First aid and medical treatment– Effective medical treatment and first aid should be kept in a workplace if any worker is injured. Medical arrangements are kept ready at workplaces for emergency. Workers deal with hazardous chemicals and dangerous equipments which might hurt or injure them during the procedure. Therefore, first aid and medical treatment should be present in an organization.
• Hazard identification, reporting and management– Identifying any foreseeable hazard that can harm anyone in a workplace should be assessed and eliminated immediately. The cause, seriousness and risk of the hazard should be identified as well so that it does not occur again. The incident reporting and investigation program plays a critical role in controlling and preventing the injuries by giving a mechanism to identify trends long before they result in injury.  Although eliminating the risk is not always an option. Reporting and controlling it is more important (Reese 2015). The Work Health and Safety Risk Management Policy provide information legislative requirements, implementing the risk management, responsibilities and taking responsibilities. Every work related injuries caused due to chemical, physical and biological hazards in the workplace must be reported to the workplace supervisor.
• Risk assessment and control processes– The process of risk assessment consists of the results of someone being exposed to a hazard. A risk assessment determines how hazardous the risk is, whether existing control measures are valuable, what kind of action should be taken to control a risk and how immediately the action needs to be taken (Bahr 2014). A risk assessment should include identifying the factors that is contributing to the risk. Secondly, Health and safety information that is available from a source and is relevant to a particular hazard must be reviewed. Thirdly, the hazard must be evaluated and concluded on how severe the harm could be. It must also take into account the number of people exposed and the possible effects of the hazards. Fourthly, what kind of harm  can be caused to the workers must be evaluated. Fifthly, the likelihood of the occurring harm should be determined. Therefore, after identifying the actions, reasonable steps should be taken to control the risk of the hazards (Zhang60 2014). The records of the caused hazard must also be maintained. There are three steps of controlling the hazards after they are being identified. The first step is to eliminate the hazards. The second step is to substitute the hazard with something safer and better, isolate the hazard from people and decrease the risk through engineering controls. The third step is to reduce the level of exposure to the hazard using administrative actions.
• Incident investigations– For the Work Health and Safety Incident Investigation involves identifying hazards, risk assessment and controlling the risk. The WHS incident investigation course is set up to assist and participate in the investigation process of the incidents. It involves a two day course for investigation. The first day constitutes a training program designed to equip the basics of investigation in the workplace (Purser and McAllister 2016). It allows people to meet the legislative requirements and participate in investigations at the workplace. The second day includes a nationally certificate IV level unit of competency code. The training encompasses full assessment of the unit.
• Work life balance – The work life balance depends on individuals. The individual choices enable businesses and workers to supervise and interact between work and the demands of life that affects health, families and communities. The key of work life balance us to achieve flexible work and leave arrangements for every worker (Russo,  Shteigman and Carmeli 2016). For workers, the policies of work life balance makes managing work and life demands possible by allowing them to work in non-traditional work patterns and locations. The interests in the policies and practices that are addressing the work life balance is governed by demographic factors such as ageing population, shortage of labor and less participation in the workforce.

Companies and organizations must ensure that all the employees working understood the WHS policies, procedures or programs. If the workers are not aware of the policies and procedures, there will be probability of hazards at the workplace. In organizations, a prepared health and safety policy states that the objectives of health and safety and the commitment of the organization to improve the performance of health and safety (Mollison 2016). However, the health and safety policies differ from one organization to another. The policy statement point outs in clear and simplified terms of the company’s health and safety objectives. It should explain and define the arrangements to achieve those objectives that include the allocation of the roles and functions. Thereafter, the chief executive of the organization must give their assent and date on the policies (Cooper 2014). A policy is generally a statement about an issue in the workplace. If the workplace is going to be successful in the policies mentioned then all employees affected by the issue must be aware of the policies and understand them. A procedure refers to an instruction of step by step as to how to deal with the activities in the workplace. Certain activities have specific procedures that include working in restricted spaces, resolving issues and workplace inspections. When there are workplace hazards and risks to health and safety, the procedure sets out as to what measures should be taken in every stage of the activity. The procedures need to be tested before they are being implemented. Employees working in an organization must clearly comprehend and follow the written procedure.  

Protecting the health and safety of the public in workplaces

The ways in which teams can be regularly provided with information about hazards and risk assessment and control outcomes

• Meetings – Meeting refers to a discussion of all the employees and the workers of an organization. In such meetings, communication takes place between the company employees regarding the issues related to the organization. Therefore, the information about hazards and the results of risk assessments should be addressed at the meetings as a high priority item on the regular agenda (Reason 2016). Meetings are set up for these purposes. If the information of hazards are not provided at the earliest in a meeting, then the risk cannot be controlled.
• Inform the work team– Proper and relevant training must be provided to ensure that all the workers understood the Work Health and Safety information. The workers must also be aware as to how the training and information provided should be applied in the situations.
• Proposed changes to the workplace – Required changes to the workplace, work systems or substances. Alterations must be made for the benefit of the organization. The changes that will improve and be better for the companies must be changed and applied.
• Data about incidents, illness or injuries – The information  about incidents, illness and injuries should be disclosed to the supervisor of the organization. It should be done in such a way that it protects and secures the confidentiality of personal information (Jabbour 2015). Such information should be provided at the earliest since actions can be applied.

The key communication techniques to provide clear explanations about WHS legislation and regulations and organizational procedures.

The communication techniques used to provide proper and clear information about WHS legislation and regulations and organizational procedures is accessible through forums such as Work Health and Safety resources or consultation. It includes WHS internet sites, performances, hazard and incident reports and fire and emergency evacuation information. Individuals communicate with the help of internet in general (Potter, Dollard and Tuckey 2016).

The types of training a team may require that are related to WHS legislation, regulations and organizational procedures

A legal requirement exists to provide training in occupational health and safety. It is done to assist in obtaining the duty of care for the health, safety and welfare of the employees. Training related to the WHS legislation, regulations and organizational procedures. The training requirements include first aid training, safety committee training, manual handling training and construction induction training.

• Evaluation – The managers and supervisors of an organization needs to evaluate the skill, knowledge and competence of their workers. It is their duty to supervise their employees and to keep a check on how they are working
• Identification – Identifying the needs should be classified according to priority, indicating what needs are important and which ones are of lower priority. Proper training is the basic structure of a successful organization. Employees who receive the correct training deliver efficient production. Overall performance should be explored. Training must be identified in the entire organization. Individual assessments should be checked and verified (Chapman and Thompson 2016). Training boosts the productivity of the employees. However, different training programs were provided for different roles.
• Discussion– The training with both the management and the worker needs to be discussed and supervised. Without relevant training, the work cannot be done diligently or efficiently. Therefore, discussion among the workers and the employees are important. It is the duty of the supervisor to keep an eye on his workers and their production.
• Implementation – Training needs to be implemented for the workers. Proper relevant training will guide them through the entire process. Implementing the training is required in the correct zones and spheres for the betterment of the company. Worker’s training needs should be fulfilled.

Budget

The budget shows three types of cost borne during training namely, fixed cost, variable cost and semi variable costs. The cost of training to train administrative workers, and WHS consultants are variable costs. The training cost of WHS representative would come under the category of fixed costs. The printing of manuals also falls under the same category.

The costs of training workers under the risk management course are variable costs while the fees of attendance the firm bore for the participants come under fixed cost category. The salary of the guide of the hazard management trainer is fixed cost. The entire course fee is semi variable cost while the certificate fees is fixed cost by nature.

1^st part:

The cost of training of an administrative worker is $1000; the training cost of each WHS is $600 while the cost of training of each risk management worker is $420. The total cost of training per individual comes to $2020.

2^nd part:

 The average cost of training of each WHS worker is $736.364 as per the budget.

3^rd part:

The total training expenditure to train workers exclusively is $ 8100 which is approximately 67 percent of the total training expenditure. The total training expenditure is $ 12157.

4^th part:

The first section namely, development of an organisational WHS manual is approximately 58 percent of the total budget while the second section risk Management course for health and safety committee members is roughly 23 percent of the total budget. The third section, hazard management would take a mere 1 percent of the budget and the Certificate IV in work health and safety would take 18 percent of the total budget.

Consulting workers and encouraging participation in maintaining WHS

5^th part:

 The percentage of overall training of WHS professionals namely, WHS representatives and the WHS consultant is 25 percent.

• Biological hazards – This kind of hazards consists of exposure to harm or any disease associated working with animals, people or any plant materials. Workplaces that has such biological hazards are not limited to work in schools, colleges, day care facilities, universities and various outdoor occupations (Stave 2016). The biological hazards include bacteria, fungi, plants, insects and animals.
• Psychological hazard– This type of hazard affects the mental health of the workers by overpowering individuals. It provides opportunities to the individuals for developing and using their skills to form social relationships and to increase their feelings (Miller 2015). Risks to psychological health occur due to the work which should be viewed in the exact way as other health and safety risks.
• Ergonomic Hazards – This kind refers to the situation where the body positions and working conditions put strain on the body. It is difficult to spot this hazard as it is not usually noticed immediately (Kemmlert 2017). It includes poor posture, frequent lifting of goods, and improperly adjusted chairs.
• Chemical Hazards – When a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form. Form may be solid, liquid and gas. Chemicals are harmful and hence it causes skin and breathing problems. Pesticides, gasoline and explosive chemicals are examples of chemical hazards (Tyler and Ballantyne 2016).
• Work organization Hazards– This kind of hazard causes stress and strain. It is associated with the obvious workplace issues. For example, lack of control, workload violence, flexibility, sexual harassment and lack of respect.

Methods for hazard identification

• Job safety checks– Job safety is a procedure which helped to accept safely and health principles and practices into a task. The job selected should be analyzed, the job must be broken down into steps, potential hazards should be identified and preventive measures to overcome these hazards should be determined.
• Suppliers– Suppliers must be provided for identifying the methods of the hazards. Theses suppliers help to figure out or identify the type of hazard.
• Input from team members– Every worker or employee must work together in the teams. Team members who put joint effort should reduce the level of hazards. Team members must input equal cooperation for fulfilling the criteria.
• Safety audits– The Work Health and Safety audit program is generally prepared to focus on the three year cycle outlined in the Audit schedule (Jespersen, Hohnen and Hasle 2016).

Methods that can be used to identify, analyze and report inadequacies in existing risk control

There are methods that are used to identify the hazards. Firstly, a basic hazard survey needs to be conducted. Secondly, the hazard identified should be analyzed. Thirdly, safely data sheets should be used to identify chemical hazards. Fourthly, accidents and incidents must be investigated. Accidents are mainly preventable. A procedure is mainly developed to determine by whom the investigation will be done (Tetzlaff 2017). Fifthly, regular work inspections should be done to determine the hazard and eliminate or control the existing risk. Quarterly inspections are done by the employees who are trained in hazard recognition.

• Step 1:

The team leaders and departmental heads should gather information from all the team members regarding the workplace hazards they encounter. They should then categorise the hazards into different categories like chemical and biological. The managers should documents these hazards in the risk control file register (Luo et al.s 2016).

• Step 2:

The managers should compile the team report based on these hazards the employees have encountered in the past. They should also inform the senior management about these hazards and their impact on the company.’

The departmental heads should inform the relevant persons or bodies about these hazards and the urgency of these hazards. For example, if a worker has been wounded due to leak in the package of chemicals, the departmental heads must inform the manufacturer or supplier of the chemicals. This would help these organisations manufacturing the chemicals and suppliers supplying them to use appropriate packaging. This in turn would help the company avoid or at least minimise hazards due to chemical leakages (Oakman  and Chan 2015).

The departmental heads should monitor the hazard management steps in the organisation on regular basis based on a timeline. This would enable them to take appropriate steps to control and minimise hazards in the long run.

Examples of how outcomes of report can be promptly monitored when inadequacies have been identified

The managers of the different departments within an organisation can take prompts steps based on inadequacies in the hazard reports to minimise future accidents and result losses. For example, if a report says that a certain accident was caused due to lack of proper lighting, the managers can take prompt steps to ensure that the area with inadequate light has new illumination works. Thus, pointing out insufficiencies in hazard report enable mangers to take steps to check future hazards or

Providing rehabilitation and maximum recovery for injured workers

Aggregation of information and data or data aggregation is the process by which organisations gather information and analyse it. This helps the organisations to summarise the wide ranges of information they gather and filter the appropriate information to suit their requirements. This step then helps them to make important business decisions from the data collected and summarised (Bernard 2016).

Examples of  aggregate information and data

Organisations collect aggregate data, information and use them to make decisions. For example, they multinational companies gain information about new markets regarding macroeconomic conditions like political, economical and technological. They then summarise and analyse this information to assess the profitability and risk factors of the market to enter it with their products. This shows that collection and aggregation of data help organisations to take crucial business decisions (Rad 2016).

The legal responsibilities and duties of managers, supervisors, persons conducting businesses or undertaking (PCBUs) and worker in relation to WHS risk management in the workplace

The mangers, departmental supervisors, persons conducting businesses and undertaking (PCBU) should be responsible for enforcing work health and safety laws (WHS laws) in their organisations. It is their duty to train employees regarding WHS and ways to avoid accidents. They should either avail WHS consultation from external consultants or maintain an internal consultant (Salin 2015). It is their duty and responsible to maintain record of all accidents in the organisations and report it to the relevant authorities like governments. The apex management of organisations should comply with laws pertaining to areas like compensation of workers in events of accidents (Salim et al. 2017).

The importance of effective consultation mechanisms in managing health and safety risk in the workplace

 Effective consultation mechanisms can enable organisations to minimise and manage health and safety risks in their organisations more effectively (Coenen et al. 2017).  For example, consultation WHS specialists can help organisations to take necessary steps to minimise hazards to employees. This would in turn help them to minimise the loss they bear in case of accidents like loss of human resources and productivity (Vitharana, De Silva and De Silva 2015). Thus, effective consultation mechanisms can help organisations to manage health and safety risks and losses they suffer due to them.

Elimination:

 The organisations would be able to take steps to eliminate the sources of hazards like spillage and leakage of chemicals.  This can help them to prevent or at least minimise the accidents and loss of materials due to these leakages.

Training in safe operating procedures

Substitution:

The apex management of the organisation can substitute the risky ways of obtaining materials or doing activities with less risky methods. This would help to reduce the accidents due to these previously followed risky methods (Adgate, Goldstein and McKenzie 2014).

Isolation:

The apex management bodies or the departmental heads can isolate the risk operations to reduce the employee exposures to them and reduce accidents due to these exposures (De Cieri 2015). For example, the organisations can isolate their warehouses where they store chemicals from the main factory buildings. This isolation would prevent any fire in the chemical warehouse from spreading to the other parts of factory (Blaikie et al. 2014). Thus, isolation would also help the organisation risks management teams of fire fighters to extinguish the fire more efficiently.

Engineering:

 The apex management or project managers could physical changes in the building layouts or acquire more risk averting machineries to reduce the accidents and hazards. For example, they can have additional emergency exits constructed for employees to escape more quickly in case of accidents (Adgate, Goldstein and McKenzie 2014). Thus, physical engineering up gradation can help organisations to avert or reduce accidents.

 The organisation can install messages to control staff movements in accident prone areas like warehouses to minimise accidents. For example, they can install bright warning signing or maintain personnel on rotational shifts to warn people to stay away from risky areas like transmitters (Bernard 2016). Thus, administrative measures can help organisations to minimise accidents.

Personal Protective Equipments (PPE):

 The management and departmental heads should require and mandate employees to wear personal protective equipments or PPE while working in accident prone jobs or areas. For example, employees handling chemicals should wear chemical resistant goggles, gloves and other protection wearable while handling chemicals (Vitharana, De Silva and De Silva 2015). Thus, PPE can help employees to avoid accidents..

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Procedures for workplace hazards

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