Basic Concepts of Quantum Computing
The emergence of valve technology facilitated the boundaries of computer performance to be pressed more ahead. Additionally, since the beginning of valve technology in the course of to the ongoing development of Very Large Scale Integrated designs, the speed of hi-tech progression has continued persistently. Recently, the prime factor for mounting the computer performance has been the decrease of dimension in the transistors employed in modern microprocessors. These repeated cutbacks though, cannot persist for an extensive period. However, when the transistors turn out to be a great deal of smaller technology, the eccentric outcomes of quantum mechanics will start to delay their working capacity. It would consequently show that these outcomes offer a primary bound to our innovative computer technology (Wittek, 2014a).
Quantum computing is the discipline of computer technology and systems, which is focused on developing computer technology-based systems foundational upon the standards of quantum theory that clarifies the performance and characteristics of energy and material on the quantum (subatomic as well as atomic) stages. Additionally, the implementation of this idea, if realistic, would formulate abound in the direction of computing potential far superior as compared to the abacus a contemporary day super-computer, with performance improvements in the billion-fold area and so on. Also, the quantum computer, based on the rules of quantum physics, would achieve huge processing power in the capability to be in numerous conditions, as well as to carry out operations using all the probable combinations concurrently. In this scenario, the present institutes researching quantum computing comprise IBM, MIT, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Oxford University (Wittek, 2014b).
There are four central actions those can reveal the possible influence of quantum computation over traditional cryptographic techniques for example systems on which modern communications rely. In this scenario, Peter Shor at AT&T Bell Labs presented a quantum algorithm to divide large figures. A quantum computer coprocessor could utilize this rule to separate an integer of any size in a small number of intervals; this would put the systems in cooperation relying on algorithmic keys (Wittek, 2014c).
Also, in 1997, Lov Gover at AT&T Bell Labs presented a quantum algorithm intended for discovering all the records and entries in a casual database of some dimension separately as well as swiftly(Wittek, 2014a). In the year 1998, three scientists David Cory, Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac made use of the nuclear magnetic resonance to produce a three-qubit model quantum technology system. However, according to Neil Gershenfeld, only 1,400 qubits could hold the entire Oxford English Dictionary containing a massive amount of words (Menon & Ritwik, 2014).
Advantages of Quantum Computing
Moreover, at University College of London, Marshall Stoneham has recently been assigned an amount of £3.7m by EPSRC to construct a quantum technology-based computer by integrating qubits into silicon chips that could work at average temperature. He aims to encompass a quantum co-processor after the year 2010. Furthermore, the computer algorithms to devastate the fundamental design of present communications safety systems broadly expect the flourishing establishment of a quantum coprocessor. Additionally, it is anticipated that this will take place shortly. However, the moment it occurs is indefinite. Also, some confident researchers predicted 2010; however, the authors would not support this idea. When the concluding advancement does happen, it could take place suddenly with little or no awareness (Feitosa, Vizzotto, Piveta, & Du Bois, 2018)
The research was based on an in-depth and critical review of past literature. Quantum computing being a new field of study and having few materials available, keywords such as quantum, quantum computing, quantum physics were used to search for information on the topic.
Digital libraries such as EBSCOhost and ProQuest were instrumental in finding relevant information on the topic of quantum computing.
As compared to standard processing bits, qubits can exist at the same time as zero and one, with the likelihood for every condition specified by an arithmetical coefficient or constant factor. Stating a two-qubit quantum computer consequently necessitates four coefficients. Generally, n-qubits require 2n-numbers that quickly turn out to be a large size group for more significant values of n bits. For instance, if n equals to 50, regarding 1050 numbers are needed to explain the entire likelihood for the whole of the probable conditions of the quantum mechanics, an integer that surpasses the capability of the standard primary computer. Also, a quantum computer assures to be enormously influential/powerful capabilities for the reason that it can be in superposition as well as can perform overall its potential conditions at the same time. Therefore, a quantum computer could logically carry out countless processes in parallel, with merely a single processing component (Biswas et al., 2017).
When we think a memory register of 3 given qubits, we are able to observe that if every bit is in the logical state or else superposition, the entry is able to imply the entire numbers ranging 0 to 7 at the same time. In this scenario, a processor that is able to utilize registers of qubits will be capable to carry out calculations with the entire probable values of the given input registers at the same time. This process is acknowledged as quantum parallelism, as well as is the inspiring power at the back of research being performed in quantum computing technology framework (Li, Qiu, Li, Zheng, & Rong, 2017).
Challenges in Developing Practical Quantum Computers
Moreover, quantum computers are beneficial in a sense that they encrypt a processing bit as a fundamental element of information. In this scenario, a binary digit 1 or 0 is used to identify the condition of a bit in a traditional digital computer. Quantum systems have the power to carry out some calculations those can be billions of times quicker as compared to a computer system designed on the base of silicon technology (Michielsen et al., 2017). In this scenario, the traditional desktop computer systems operate by controlling and multiplying bits and producing resultant digits that are binary (for example that can either have a value 0 or a 1)
A quantum computer works in a different way from traditional computer system. Since in the conventional model of a network, the majority of primary element is a memory bit that is able to only exist in one of two separate conditions, like ‘0’ or ‘1’. However, in a quantum computer the policies have been modernized. Here qubit not only is able to demonstrate the classical zero and one conditions however it is also able to be in a superposition of these two objects immediately. In this logical condition, the bit is present as a zero and a one in an exacting way (Sinitsyn, 2018).
If the practical quantum computers could be developed, they will be useful in factoring large size integers, and consequently very practical for encrypting and decrypting secret data and information. However, if a quantum computer were to be developed nowadays, no piece of data over the web would be secure. On the other hand, our present techniques of encoding and decoding messages are easy to implement and can be contrasted with the complicated methods probable with the help of quantum computers. Additionally, quantum computers could as well be utilized to find out the right information from vast databases in a minimum time limit as compared to the traditional network. Additional uses of these systems could comprise methods of quantum computers to learn quantum mechanics, or still to develop other quantum computers. However, quantum computing is yet in its early phases of development, as well as a lot of computer scientists still think that the technology required to produce a practical quantum computer is beyond the reach. Furthermore, quantum computers need to encompass as a minimum numerous dozen qubits to be capable of resolving complicated issues and consequently offered like a feasible computing technique (Bandyopadhyay, 2005).
Quantum Computing and Cryptography
Fig 1: Distance-two surface code
There exist some causes that scholars and researchers are making extreme efforts on this paradigm to build up a realistic quantum computer (Lougovski & Peters, 2018). In this scenario, the first reason is that the atoms alter energy positions exceptionally rapidly, a great deal more quickly as compared to the best computer processors. After that, known right kind of problem, every qubit can obtain the place of a whole processor. It has been revealed by researchers and theories that a quantum technology and computer will be capable of performing all the operations that a standard machine can accomplish. On the other hand, it does not necessarily indicate that a quantum computer will affect the utilization of a traditional computer for all kinds of jobs (Gardas & Ptok, 2018).
Quantum communication arrangements authorize a sender and receiver to choose a code without even face to face meeting. In this scenario, the ambiguity standard, which is an inevitable feature of the quantum technology, makes sure that if a snooper attempts to check the transmission signal during transfer, it will be shared in the same manner that the source and destination are attending (Ho, McClean, & Ong, 2018). The predictable potential of quantum computing assures significant developments in the world of data hiding and cryptography. Irreverently the similar technology as well pretenses present cryptography methods in an area of troubles. Also, they will produce the capability to smash the RSA coding structure which will make approximately all the present modes of communication unprotected (Reiser et al., 2016).
The 21st century is considered as an era of quantum computing so that some developments will be expected. The operational frameworks developed so far approach nowhere close to their theoretical power. Still factoring 2-digit numbers remains beyond their competence. Additionally, the primary capable technique until now is a spin-off from the medical innovative and realistic technology of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) imaging (Aumasson, 2017). In this scenario, the systems are molecules in a liquid substance, as well as data and information are encrypted in tiny nuclei inside the atoms. In its place attempting to charm outcomes of a small number of delicate qubits, the method is foundational upon influencing or, effectively, programming, vast numbers of nuclei by means of radio-frequency signals as well as then apply the rules and formulas of statistics to extract the correct responses (regarding one outcome in a million) out of the backdrop of noise (Tabakin, 2017).
Current Research in Quantum Computing
The quantum computer’s fundamental problem is the quantum decoherence. In this scenario, the qubit technology based calculations are carried out as the quantum wave function is lies within a condition of superposition among conditions that is what permits it to carry out the processing with both 1 & 0 states at the same time. Though, when some operation is performed to a quantum system, de-coherence collapses, and the wave function crumbles into a particular position. Consequently, the computer has to carry someway on doing these processing functions without encompassing some dimensions formulated until the correct time, as it is unable to stop of the quantum position, include an assessment unavailable to interpret its outcomes; which afterward moved through the remaining technology structures (Vizzotto & Du Bois, 2011).
Moreover, the physical needs of assessment of a system over this level are significant, moving on the enhancements of nanotechnology, superconductors, quantum electronics, and others. All of these are refined disciplines those are yet being completely engineered, consequently attempting to combine them everyone together into a practical quantum computer with great power (Possa, Gaudio, & Freitas, 2011).
With the emergence of multi-core computer processors, software programmers and designers are more and more thinking of making use of design patterns that employ reliability, particularly when the software is performing numerous things simultaneously. Additionally, the parallel characteristic of quantum computing as well necessitates novel design patterns that implement steadiness that could result in foremost changes in the area of software design. On a lower level, a typical procedural approach programming language intended for quantum computers has earlier been planned as well as applied (Rycerz, Patrzyk, Patrzyk, & Bubak, 2015). In addition, this is extremely significant while moving from typical environment to quantum computer systems for system programmers it permits for the accomplishment and imitation of quantum algorithms. It as well demonstrates that typical techniques of programming affects as well to quantum computers. Generally by means of quantum software that will not be widely considered in anticipation of quantum hardware turns out to be veracity and consequently, at this level, we are able to simply wonder how software design would modify its capabilities by means of quantum computing framework (Imre, 2014).
Everyone has the same opinion that the influence of quantum computer on people’s daily life will be huge. A lot of professionals still assess that the influence on this technology would possibly be as huge as the influence of the transistor. According to researchers, the possible influence of quantum computers technology can have numerous speculations of the technological influences, a number of them even far, away from realism (as a minimum to us). Moreover, it is discovered about the impact of quantum computing that it will be stimulated further into quantum cryptography. However, in case of emergence of quantum computing we will remain no more secure because the processing technique of quantum computing algorithms can quickly break the strong passwords we have today. These all aspects lead to less effective performance of the technology which we need in our daily life (Zhou, Wang, Sun, Kulicki, & Castiglione, 2018).
Conclusion
Conclusion
Quantum computing is the discipline of computer technology and systems, which is focused on developing computer technology-based systems foundational upon the standards of quantum theory that clarifies the performance and characteristics of energy and material on the quantum (subatomic as well as atomic) stages. Quantum computing is a result of a combination of mathematics domain, physics discipline and computer science knowledge, and it has been developed in the previous two decades from creative thoughts to an imperative charming domains of quantum mechanics. A quantum computer works in a different way from traditional computer system. Since in the traditional model of a computer, the majority of basic element is a memory bit that is able to simply exist in one of two separate conditions, like ‘0’ or ‘1’. However, in a quantum computer the policies have been modernized. Here qubit not only is able to demonstrate the classical zero and one conditions however it is also able to be in a superposition of these two objects immediately. Nowadays we are having practical quantum computing systems. The majority highly developed quantum computers nowadays encompass 7 qubits, it outlines that they are yet at the “1 + 1” position. If the practical quantum computers could be developed, they will be useful in factoring large size integers, and consequently very practical for encrypting and decrypting covert data and information. The 21st century is considered as an era of quantum computing, so a number of developments will be expected. This paper has presented a detailed analysis of some of the main areas and aspects of quantum computing that is expected to take place of traditional computing in near future. Furthermore, it is expected that the quantum computing will bring a great deal of high processing power that can facilitate the individuals and business.
References
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