International Cooperation and Theories
The states have opted for co-operation in various areas which was beyond merely allocation and the regulation of the sovereign rights. The international law is expression of the co-operation existing in between states and it can be used as a tool for achieving the mutually beneficial relations that can drive the co-operation. The states have to co-operate with each other and it has been brought about owing to rising interdependence and globalisation of the global markets (Mingst, McKibben & Arreguin-Toft, 2018). The international law refers to set of the rules and it helps to bind the relations existing in between states and the nations. This essay discusses how realist, liberal and the constructivist approaches perceives possibility of the international co-operation and assumptions in regard to nature of the international relations.
The international co-operation exists when the states adopt the behaviour which is consistent with preferences of states for achieving the common objectives. The states act as the sovereign actors and there does not exist world government that forces co-operation or prevents the states from carrying out attacks on each other. The realists believe that international co-operation cannot be achieved as the states lay emphasis on the relative gains. The states lay emphasis on the relative gains as anarchic international system aids in the creation of self-help world. The states can depend on their own power for defending themselves from the coercion by the other people. The states are hesitant for engaging themselves in the co-operation as benefits of the co-operation is found to be unevenly distributed among the various participating states. For example, in the event of two states being the trading partners one of whom is able to gain $ 3 million from the trade and $ 1.5 million from the others the two states are being able to gain in the absolute terms. It has been brought out with the aid of the following line:
“A gain in power for one state relative to another means it is better able to coerce that other state” (Mingst, McKibben & Arreguin-Toft, 2018).
The realists conceive that survival of state is dependent on having more amount of power that is relative to the other states that can help them to make profits. The realism and the power transition theory refer to well-known approaches for the study of the international politics. The realists believe that international system has been hierarchically ordered and dominant power exists at top which is instrumental in sustaining international order. The new powers are rising regularly in the present times and risk of war is found to be highest within the situation in which dissatisfied rising power reaches parity or they have overtaken declining dominant power. It brings out that power preponderance of the single state or coalition of the states is not desirable as preponderant actor will engage themselves in the aggressive behaviour. The realists lay great stress to the egoistic passions and “tragic presence of evil” that helps to dictate actions of the actors in the realm of international political order. The human nature is found to be tamed by the hierarchical political authority and the rule and anarchy helps to explore worst aspects of the human nature. There exists the problem of lack of ideologies and it aids to make co-operation difficult as one party is involved in cheating the other side. The achieving of co-operation can be difficult as the sides possess incentive for cheating instead of upholding side of the co-operative outcome. The conflicting ideology of the nations make it difficult for the members to arrive at co-operation and it creates the way for co-operation problem. The neoliberals helps in accepting the fact that international system has been archaic and states act as unitary actors for pursuing self-interest in the rational manner. There exists self-interest in the cooperation and it rises from the fact that states continue interaction and they should have opportunity for reciprocating co-operation or the non-cooperation. The power of international institutions can provide the states with the information which have to be adopted by the states which is critical so that the reciprocity is effective. The constructivist approach brings out that identities play a crucial role for the constructivist accounts of the international co-operation. The constructivists can point forward to shared identity of the democracies and it can help to explain the co-operation. It talks about democratic decision-making process and how they are governed by the norms for the establishment of non-violent and the compromise-oriented resolutions to the conflict. The norm of the co-operation in between states can be instrumental in furthering co-operation. The strategic reciprocity can sustain the co-operation across the time and norms of the co-operation have to be developed in between the states over course of the time that can help to maintain power balance within the international order.
Realist Perspective on International Cooperation
The states want to co-operate in different areas and it can be useful for regulating sovereign rights. The international law can express co-operation in between the states and it can be used for achievement of mutually beneficial relations for driving co-operation. The world government does not exist that can make the states co-operate or prevent states from attacking each other.
The accelerated rates of the globalisation has created a negative effect and it has unequally affected the process of immigration. The economic and geopolitical trends have reinforced need for consolidation of regional institutions and they have been instrumental in developing global regime for the management of migration. The growth in the global trade has affected the source countries and economic development can act as long-term solution that can aid to deal with emigration pressures. This essay discusses about how accelerated rates of the globalisation has created negative effect on emigration and policy solutions which have to be adopted that can aid to deal with accelerated rates of the globalisation.
The boundaries in between domestic matters and the global affairs have become blurred and local developments bear enormous global consequences. It has been found that there exists clear connection in between globalisation and the population movements in various places of the world (Mingst, McKibben & Arreguin-Toft, 2018). Globalisation has caused migration and migration has contributed to intensification of the socio-economic relations across the borders. Globalisation has been instrumental is dislocating millions of the people and it has set in motion the population movements which cannot be controlled by the nation-states. The states have not been able to enforce the immigration laws and they do not have resolve for its implementation that have created problem for the various nations within the world. The fragmented nature of present international system has allowed creation of the “black holes” which have proved to be adverse for the migration patterns within the nation-states. It has brought about demographic pressures which have produced relentless urbanisation and the social strains. For example, EU has to face difficult predicament owing to demographic trends and retired population have to be funded by the shrinking workforce. It has exerted enormous amount of pressure on the public pensions and the healthcare systems in various parts of the world. It has however made competition with the other developed economies for attracting the skilled migrants more difficult and the citizens of EU regard the migrants to be economic competitors and not the contributors owing to the high rate of unemployment.
There are various policy solutions which can be adopted that can help to deal with accelerated rates of the globalisation in the future. The population flows can be reduced with the aid of timely provision of the developmental assistance to the various countries of the origin and it has to be combined with the efforts for promoting good governance. The national controls have to be imposed on the multi-national corporations and power of the taxation can be used for controlling repatriation of the profits and for the imposition of currency controls. The states can take any action necessary for their survival and it can help to protect self-interests of the nations. The radicals think that political power can be altered and the international regulations can aim at redistribution of the wealth in the present times. There exist larger economic and their policies which leave a great influence on migrants and the refugees. There can be flexible labour markets for minimisation of displacement effects and governments can enact the policies for improving flexibility of the labour markets. It can help to entail lowering of minimum wage and it can aid in the institution of active labour market policies. The policymakers can consider various ways for enabling immigration which can help to meet labour needs and enable complementarity of the workers.
Liberal Perspective on International Cooperation
The war has developed from traditional to the nuclear and it has helped to reflect understanding of the security. The wars were in the past fought between two individuals and they had been chosen and trained for attacking or defending against the counterparts within political communities. The conventional wars were fought with the aid of which a nation tried to assert their superiority over the other nations. The unconventional warfare is fought in the present times and restrictions are flouted on the legitimate targets of the violence. This essay discusses how wars have developed from traditional to the nuclear and how they have changed over the course of time and how it reflects understanding of the security.
The wars were fought by the male who had been authorised for attacking or defending the counterparts within political communities. The World War I and the World War II have helped to challenge the conventional war which is standard way of fighting the war. World War I was witness to large scale usage of the chemical weapons on battlefield. German forces had been responsible for unleashing 168 tons of the chlorine gas against the respective French positions (Mingst, McKibben & Arreguin-Toft, 2018). World War II helped to pose challenges in regard to usage of the conventional weapons that acted as standard tools of the war. The evolution of the strategic bombing have created the way for large-scale harm to the non-combatants and for re-examination regarding concept of the “non- combatant”. The unconventional warfare lays stress on usage of the guerilla warfare and it was designed for countering technologically advanced adversary for reversing conventional relationship existing in between soldiers and the civilians. The revolutionary guerrilla warfare has been used in the event of one party being in a conflict with the other powerful party. This kind of conflict existing in between powerful party and the weaker party is called asymmetric conflict which acted as challenge for conventional understanding of the war. It have undercut significant proposition of conventional warfare and the nuclear war. The confrontations take place in between the states and it takes place in between states who are equal in terms of military strength. The asymmetric conflicts are conducted between the parties having unequal strength and weaker party wants to exploit weakness of the opponent. There were string of the unexpected defeats like the asymmetric conflicts in regard to the advanced industrial powers and they lost their wars against the “weak” adversaries. The guerilla warfare was one of the strategies which were used by combatants for overcoming materially powerful incumbent and the allies. Another strategy which was made use of was the non-violent resistance and it placed ordinary people at great risk of the harm in pursuit of the political objectives. The terrorism is indicative of asymmetric conflict and it is held to be serious international security within the world. The terrorism is held to be strategy of weak and terrorists harness power of the ideas and they justify violence by the usage of immortality imagery. The conventional war can help to overturn security of the nations as the civilians have to face threats to their life. The non-violent resistance places the ordinary people at great risk of the harm after pursuing the political objectives. The prevention of the terrorist activity has become difficult as perpetrators possess network of the supporters within resident populations. The protection of populations from acts of the violence can be impossible owing to availability of guns and the bombs within international marketplace. The threat of terrorism has been brought out with the help of following line:
“Pressure on governments is very strong because people worry disproportionately about terrorism, even though it kills a relatively small number of people, and because many people believe a violent response by state security forces will help protect them” (Mingst, McKibben & Arreguin-Toft, 2018).
The males had been authorised for attacking counterparts within the framework of political communities. The unconventional warfare talks about using guerilla warfare and it can help to face advanced adversary that can aid in the reversal of conventional relationship taking place in between soldiers and civilians. The populations are protected from violence on account of availability of the guns in the global marketplace.
References
Mingst, K. A., McKibben, H. E., & Arreguin-Toft, I. M. (2018). Essentials of international relations. WW Norton & Company.
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