Background
Age, gender, and education are among the critical factors that affect policies, how crime is viewed and the actual information that exists, about the crime rate. Crime policymakers put some factors into consideration while coming up with laws, rules, and regulations when setting new penalties, creating new criminal offenses and how these attacks will be administered and prosecuted. The level of criminal education of the citizens distinguishes between how individuals view crime versus the actual levels of crime rates in a country, region or even in their locale. This paper reinforces earlier research works into the relationship that exists between crime rates and criminal education in the Australian context. The paper will adapt similar method to writing article critique where previous studies will be analyzed, similarities and differences discussed as well as the key concepts in these literatures presented.
The objective of this study is to critically analyze related articles on the relationship that exists between crime rate and criminal education in the Australian setup.
This study will cover the analysis of at least three peer-reviewed articles related to the relationship that exists between crime rate and criminal education in the Australian setup. The materials will be critically analyzed to compare and contrast the literature. Also, critical arguments put across by authors of these texts will be presented while at the same time giving the similarities and differences that exist between these researches and the conclusion that each author has drawn at the end of their work. Finally, I will point out the potential gaps that will be identified in the literature that I am going to look at.
The first literature that this study will focus on is an article titled Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice authored by Brent Davis and Kym Dossetor which they published in the year 2010 (Davis & Dossetor, 2010). The fundamental idea behind this literature is to understand the misperceptions of crime in Australia. The paper states that there is a misperception in the Australian citizens when it comes to both the number of crime situations and the trends in crime rates. Reported crimes range from homicides to kidnapping in 9 years as indicated in Australian Bureau of Statistics of 2008. Citizens are said to have doubts about the decrease in crime rates and turn often believe that it is increasing. The false perception of the standards is argued to be created by illiterate, elderly and women as compared to the literate, young and men who tend to perceive accurate figures. In his book, Tyler introduces two theories which illustrate the procedure followed by citizens on matters involving crimes and their charges. They include experience and expressive theory. The first theory as the name suggests, from experience human perceive and worry of crime are due to past personal encounters of crimes and exploitation. Expressive theories, on the other hand, illustrate the social perception on the cultural interpretation of crime, the relationship between social practices and conditions that favor the occurrence of crimes (Jackson, 2004).
Objective of the study
Citizens’ perceptions of crimes are based on the bases of their opinions towards the status of the economic position, trust among fellow members in society as well as concerns towards children (King& Maruna 2009). It is argued that many people analyze the occurrence of crime rates solely on the interest of the crime in a given scope together with its importance to them.
A similar misinterpretation of the crime rates was identified by Hough and Roberts in Britain. Reported cases of juveniles are the most misunderstood levels according to them. Police said a commendable decrease in the rate of youth offenders despite the perceived figure of seventy-five percent increase. The general public over-estimate the fact of violent juveniles experienced in the region frequently considered them as the most violent and severe.
Modelling is the crucial aspect despite the facts of identification of misperceptions of levels crime. The primary objective is to model the social and geographical factors that influence these amazing views in general. It is not the probability of chance alone that drives these motives among people’s opinions but also there exist three factors that include:-education, age, and gender variables. To begin with, age factor was considered by being divided into seven age groups categories among respondents in the survey. As the age category increased, a perception of occurrence of crime levels declines. Younger respondents were observed to contain more accurate information as compared to their elder counterparts.
The third article tackles on the education of measures to eliminate sexual abuse among children. This article “A review of school policy and curriculum provision in Australia” authored by Walsh, K., and Berthelsen published in the year 2013 (Walsh & Berthelsen, 2013). By examination of events that happened forty years ago, Walsh argues that prevention measures against sexual assault among school kids have been incorporated into the school curriculum. This paper defines closure look on the efforts made by government and institution bodies for effect to eradicate such abuse in Australia through education initiatives.
The Council of Australian Governments formulated an object to help achieve a national target of substantial elimination of abuse as well as neglect of children over time in Australia. No reasonable agreement exists concerning an all-around acknowledged term to portray the instructive exercises that constitute school-based kid sexual manhandle aversion instruction. The word curriculum and curricula program is utilized as a part of this paper to allude to content created by school specialists that indicates what kids ought to realize as they advance through school. In the first place, open arrangement, as spoken to by school approaches and educational module, is a complex multidimensional marvel (Bennett, 1991).
Youngsters are arranged inside the many measurements of this open strategy setting, including the measurement made by formal tutoring and its bunch arrangements and an educational module that shape kids’ school encounter, including their well-being. In light of an open well-being model, sexual manhandle aversion can be actualized at primary, secondary or tertiary levels. Essential prevention activities concentrate on eliminating mishandle before it happens by tending to factors, for example, natural dangers and social standards. School-based sexual mishandle aversion programs coordinated towards youngsters are a piece of this approach (Lyles, Cohen, and Brown, 2009; Mikton and Butchart, 2009; Wurtele, 2009) and it has for some time been contended that schools should educate sexually manhandle counteractive action due to their capacity to ‘reach vast numbers of different kids in a generally cost-productive mold’ and their ability to ‘dispose of the disgrace of distinguishing particular youngsters or families as being in danger for sexual abuse (Wurtele and Kenny, 2010, p.108).
Project Scope
The motivation behind this examination was to survey and think about the substance of arrangement and educational programs records to better comprehend the extension and nature of kid sexual manhandle anticipation in Australian government educational systems. In planning an order for investigation, we drew upon the standards contained in three imperative essential counteractive action structures. The present investigation connected deductive subjective substance examination (Krippendorff and Bock, 2009) to dissect the details of Australian state and region training arrangements as well as educational programs records. The World Wide Web was utilized as the examine medium for information accumulation (Lee, Fielding, and Blank, 2008). The information corpus included just publicly available archives traceable through electronic means.s
This paper concludes with illustrations of the strengths and weaknesses of the above mention policies. International regulations recommend the sexual abuse education however little is done due to lack of awareness of the scope and responsibilities of authorities. This examination likewise has restrictions that ought to be talked about. To start with, it is discovered that some Australian locales have experienced late changes to youngster insurance strategy and procedures which may not be reflected in this sweep. An approach and educational modules can’t indicate how broadly or well educational programs, as well as strategies, are implemented.
The second literature that will be reviewed by this study is ‘The Relationship Between Crime and Electronic Gaming Expenditure: Evidence from Victoria, Australia’ published by Wheeler & Wilson on the year 2011(Wheeler, 2011). Betting in Australia is a unique financial movement. Use on its many structures is sizeable and has experienced maintained times of extension. At the same time, the structure of the betting business has undergone generous change, with the utilization of gaming offices in neighborhood inns and authorized clubs now speaking to a standout among the most overwhelming types of betting. Notwithstanding this, and the full global writing on the connections among betting and wrongdoing, there have been moderately few studies which look at the neighborhood of gaming foundations on wrongdoing in Australia.
Betting is a huge monetary movement in Australia. In 2006– 2007, Australians spent an aggregate of $A18.2 billion on every single authoritative document of betting, of which 55% was spent in inns as well as clubs on gaming machines (Productivity Commission 2009). In any case, genuine concerns have been raised about the harmful effects of gaming exercises in Australia (Borrell 2008). One zone of public argument is the connection between gaming machine pervasiveness, use, and wrongdoing. Individually, the potential neighborhood impacts produced by this type of betting are of crucial concern. Affected gamblers are characterized as the individuals who encounter extreme or direct issues given their betting dependence. In spite of the fact that issue card sharks make up just a little level of speculators in general in Australia [the most recent gauge for Victoria recommends 0.7% of Victorian grown-ups are issue card sharks (Hare 2009), their uses on betting constitute no less than one-third and maybe as high as 40% of all betting cash spent (Productivity Commission 1999; SACES 2005). The correct connection between betting and criminal action is conceivably perplexing. Also, there is no firm accord in writing. From one viewpoint, the presence of betting exercises creates a monetary movement which may negatively affect wrongdoing. In case, where betting exercises diminish joblessness rates, we may see a drop in levels of crime.
Literature Review
A standout amongst the most effective investigations here has been Grinols and Mustard’s (2006) investigation of the connection amongst gambling clubs and wrongdoing in the United States in the year 1977 to 1996. They discovered that the effect of betting on wrongdoing rates is low soon after a gambling club opens, however, develops extensively after some time because of issue betting, with around 8% of wrongdoing in gambling club regions in 1996 inferable from a club.
This investigation utilized genuine use on electronic gaming machines to display specifically its impact on wrongdoing in neighborhoods is a change in different investigations that have just taken a gander at cooperation issues. We likewise utilized a very itemized breakdown of wrongdoing offenses, 27 classes taking all things together, that enabled us to finely classify a wide range of violations into salary producing and non-pay creating subsets, and also pay and non-wage building breaches by individual, property and other. For case, a complete examination so far on the connection between club gaming and wrongdoing (Grinols and Mustard 2006) just approached seven sorts of wrongdoing offenses (bothered strike, assault, theft, kill, robbery, thievery, and auto burglary).
The third article tackles on the education of measures to eliminate sexual abuse among children. This article “A review of school policy and curriculum provision in Australia” authored by Walsh, K. and Berthelsen published in the year 2013 (Walsh & Berthelsen, 2013). By examination of events that happened forty years ago, Walsh argues that prevention measures against sexual assault among school kids have been incorporated into the school curriculum. This paper defines closure look on the efforts made by government and institution bodies for effect to eradicate such abuse in Australia through education initiatives.
The Council of Australian Governments formulated an object to help achieve a national target of substantial elimination of abuse as well as neglect of children over time in Australia. No reasonable agreement exists concerning an all-around acknowledged term to portray the instructive exercises that constitute school-based kid sexual manhandle aversion instruction. The word curriculum and curricula program is utilized as a part of this paper to allude to content created by school specialists that indicates what kids ought to realize as they advance through school. In the first place, open arrangement, as spoken to by school approaches and educational module, is a complex multidimensional marvel (Bennett, 1991).
Youngsters are arranged inside the many measurements of this open strategy setting, including the analysis made by formal tutoring and its bunch arrangements and an educational module that shape kids’ school encounter, including their well-being. In light of an open well-being model, sexual manhandle aversion can be actualized at primary, secondary or tertiary levels. Essential prevention activities concentrate on eliminating mishandle before it really happens by tending to factors, for example, natural dangers and social standards. School-based sexual mishandle aversion programs coordinated towards youngsters are a piece of this approach (Lyles, Cohen, and Brown, 2009; Mikton and Butchart, 2009; Wurtele, 2009) and it has for some time been contended that schools should educate sexual manhandle counteractive action due to their capacity to ‘reach vast numbers of different kids in a generally cost-productive mold’ and their ability to ‘dispose of the disgrace of distinguishing particular youngsters or families as being in danger for sexual abuse (Wurtele and Kenny, 2010, p.108).
The motivation behind this examination was to survey and think about the substance of arrangement and educational programs records to better comprehend the extension and nature of kid sexual manhandle anticipation in Australian government educational systems. In planning an order for investigation, we drew upon the standards contained in three imperative essential counteractive action structures. The present research connected deductive subjective substance examination (Krippendorff and Bock, 2009) to dissect the details of Australian state and region training arrangements as well as educational programs records. The World Wide Web was utilized as the examine medium for information accumulation (Lee, Fielding, and Blank, 2008). The information corpus included just publicly available archives traceable through electronic means.
This paper concludes with illustrations of the strengths and weaknesses of the above mention policies. International regulations recommend the sexual abuse education however little is done due to lack of awareness of the scope and responsibilities of authorities. This examination likewise has restrictions that ought to be talked about. To start with, it is discovered that some Australian locales have experienced late changes to youngster insurance strategy and procedures which may not be reflected in this sweep. An approach and educational modules can’t indicate how broadly or well educational programs, as well as strategies, are implemented.
Conclusion
To sum it up, all the authors of the studies reviewed were inspired by the fact that there exist a correlation between crime rate and other factors. Criminal education is an essential aspect in determining how crime rate data and information is relayed into the public. Australia citizens who are more educated or have the right information will have a view that is enlightened and that which depict the actual situation of the country in terms of crime trends and crime rates.
This study recommends that criminal education be a compulsory part of the fight against crime in the country. This is because it plays a crucial role just like any other factor that is considered in the fight against crime.
References
Bennett, C. J. (1991). Review article: What is policy convergence and what causes it? British
Journal of Political Science, 21, 215–233.
Borrell J (2008) Understanding problem gambling. The interaction of personal and structural processes. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller, Germany
Davis, B., & Dossetor, K. (2010). (Mis) Perceptions of crime in Australia. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, (396), 1.
Hare S (2009) A study of gambling in Victoria—problem gambling from a public health perspective. Report prepared for Department of Justice, Victoria, September 2009
Jackson J 2004. Experience and expression:Social and cultural significant in the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology 44(6): 946–966
King A & Maruna S 2009. Is a conservative just a liberal who has been mugged? Exploring the origins of punitive views. Punishment Society 11:147–169
Krippendorff, K., & Bock, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). The content analysis reader. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.
Lee, R. M., Fielding, N., & Blank, G. (2008). The internet as a research medium: An editorial
introduction. In N. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (Eds.), The Sage handbook of online research methods (pp. 3–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Lyles, A., Cohen, L., & Brown, M. (2009).Transforming communities to prevent child sexual abuse and exploitation: A primary prevention approach. Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute. Retrieved 19 March 2012 from https://www.preventioninstitute.org/component/jlibrary/article/id-31/127.html
Walsh, K., Berthelsen, D., Nicholson, J. M., Brandon, L., Stevens, J., & Rachele, J. N. (2013). Child sexual abuse prevention education: A review of school policy and curriculum provision in Australia. Oxford Review of Education, 39(5), 649–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2013.843446
Wheeler, S. A., Round, D. K., & Wilson, J. K. (2011). The Relationship Between Crime and Electronic Gaming Expenditure: Evidence from Victoria, Australia. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27(3), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-010-9123-5
Wurtele, S. K., & Kenny, M. (2010). Primary prevention of child sexual abuse: Child- and parent-focusd approaches. In Keith L. Kauffman (Ed.), The prevention of sexual violence: A practitioner’s sourcebook (pp. 107–119). Holyoke, MA: NEARI Press
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