Background of Aviation Industry
Aviation encompasses all the activities related to mechanical flight as well as the airplane manufacturing business. Stationary and rotational aircraft, as well as 3-dimensional wings and aircraft range of motion, as well as lightweight devices like as parachutes and airships, are all examples of aircraft. The invention of the helium balloon, an equipment capable of atmosphere movement by buoyancy, signaled the beginning of air transport in the eighteenth century. Among the most important developments in aircraft industry began with Otto Lilienthal’s regulated gliding flight in 1896; then, with in 1900s, the Orville and Wilbur wright built the world’s first powered aircraft, which was a tremendous step forward in importance. Because of the advent of the jet engine, aviation has seen significant technical advancement and has been a key mode of transportation around the globe since then. This paper will answer specific questions in the aircraft industry in an attempt to provoke understanding of the processes which take place in the industry.
a. Research and compare the differing requirements of a Class 1 medical certificate and a Class 2 Medical certificate and the associated examinations and assessments for a 45-year-old pilot.
Pilots who fly commercial aircraft are obliged to have a first-class health certificate. The medical criteria for this accreditation are the most stringent available. Applicants for licenses and permits must be psychologically and physically healthy in order to utilize the rights of their respective licenses and permits in an appropriate manner.
JAR-FCL 3 outlines the medical qualifications for obtaining a JAR pilot’s license in the armed forces (Medical). (JAR) are a set of rules that apply to the entire aviation industry and have also been or are presently working by the European countries that are members of the (JAA). These rules take the role of regulatory requirements, resulting in a unified set of norms that is implemented throughout all states. With this agreement, the JAA nations will be able to seamlessly exchange aircraft, activities, training, and license across their borders, allowing for the mobility of aviation workers between them.
The following requirements are mandatory for a class one medical certificate; a class one medical certificate must meet the conditions listed below; Physiological evaluation of the cardiovascular system; Systolic and diastolic pressure being component of the vascular system. Additionally coronary artery disease a condition that affects the cardiovascular system must also be examined Disruption of the rhythm or conduction of the pulmonary circulation and finally The Cardio System – The Pulmonary System in General and Disorders of the airways
Physiological evaluation of the pulmonary circulation
Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure which are components of the cardiovascular system.
Coronary artery illness that affects the heart and lungs.
Disruptions in the rhythm and conduction of the cardiovascular system
The Cardiac System – The General Respiration System – The General Pulmonary System – Disorders of the Arteries
Symptoms of the gastrointestinal process – General Digestive system
Disorders of the metabolism, nourishment, and endocrine systems
blood health
System of the urinary bladder
Allergies and illnesses spread via sexual contact
Obstets and gynecology are two branches of medicine.
Overview of Class 1 and Class 2 Medical Certificates
The needs of the musculoskeletal system
Standards in terms of mental health
Needs for the nervous system
The qualifications for ophthalmology
Prerequisites for visual appeal
Color perception is a subjective experience.
Prerequisites for otorhinolaryngology practice
Prerequisites for hearing
Needs in terms of psychology
Dermal needs must be met.
In this section, you will be asked questions concerning any past illnesses that you have disclosed on your registration form. It is crucial to have any records of your personal physician if you have had a significant sickness in the past, since the inspecting physician will inquire for them during the examination. Simple ailments such as gastritis or a fractured limb are not considered to be severe illnesses
The most prevalent source of difficulties during the test is poor eye vision. The complete criteria, as well as a system allows form, may be found at JAR Class 1 Visual Norms: System Allows Form.
The capacity to see markings of writings on a chart at a length of 6 m in height (evaluated by your potential to see, in this particular instance, lines of writings on a graph at a length of 6 metres) should be 6/9 in each eye individually and 6/6 using all eyes , even without reading glasses, in order to be considered for this position (correction)The refraction error (the degree of correction required) must not be more than +5.00 dioptres for hypermetropia or -6.00 of myopia if you need vision correction. This is in the highest ametropic quadrant in the whole system (keeping in mind astigmatism). The amount of astigmatism allowed cannot exceed 2.00 dioptres. There must be no more than 2.00 d discrepancy in adjustment between the two eyes between them. These concepts will be explained in further detail by your ophthalmologist.
You should be capable of reading the N5 printing between Thirty and Fifty cm as well as the N14 print at 1 meter on the normal near eyesight eye chart, with or without corrective lenses, on the normal near eyesight eye chart.
Glasses – As a commercial pilot, you are permitted to use contact lenses, but they should be monofocal, nontinted, and designed for distance vision (not to correct near vision). It is necessary to bring any contact lenses with you to the assessment.
Surgery on the eyes – Refractive surgery is associated with unfitness. Phacoemulsification, retina surgical intervention, and cataract surgery are all procedures that need unsuitability. The AMS may take into consideration a fit evaluation. The Ishihara Test Plates will be used to determine whether or not you have normal color perception . If you fail these tests, you will be required to pass an authorized lantern test (a succession of street lamps that you must properly identify) in order to get a JAR Class 1 certificate in the future.
Eye Functioning – You must be able to see well throughout a normal field of vision. You must not have double vision at all times. Exophoria (extraocular mismatch) in excess of the following thresholds may need additional assessment by an eye specialist: 8x exo, 10x eso, or 2x hyperphoria measured at 6 meters; and 12x exo, 8x eso, or 1 hyperphoria recorded at 33 centimeters (measured at 6 meters). Acute or chronic illness in the eye or surrounding tissues must be absent in order to be considered. Physical assessment – a thorough check to ensure that everything is operating properly. The lungs, heart, hypertension, stomach, limbs, and central nervous will all be covered in this course.
Mandatory requirements for Class 1 Medical Certificate
Ears – The most basic hearing test utilized through JAR-FCL 3 is the capacity to hear conversations dialogue when examined with every ear at a length of 2 metres away and with his backside turned more toward the AME, as seen in the video below . This test is performed at every medical checkup for pilots, whether they are commercial or private.
An further exam known as an audiogram is necessary for commercial pilots as well as private pilots who have earned an instrument rating. The audiologist is a test in which you are asked to indicate whether or not you have heard noises of various frequencies. Perfect hearing is defined as the absence of any deafness (0 decibel – 0 dB) at a certain frequency range. Reduced hearing is seen as a percentage loss (10,20,30,40 dB) at a certain regularity (10, 20, 30, 40 decibels). The following are the minimum needed audio levels, as well as the permissible limits losses:
|
Frequency |
Allowable loss |
|
500 Hz |
35 dB |
|
1000 Hz |
35 dB |
|
2000 Hz |
35 dB |
|
3000 Hz |
50 dB |
b. Discuss the content of the different tests required and when the test will have to be repeated. ECG stands for echocardiogram, and it is a test that examines the electrochemical stimulation that flow throughout your heart. It may reveal problems with the heart’s rhythms or the transmission of electrical impulses, and it can also reveal a shortage of blood feeding the heart tissue in rare instances. In the odd case that these alterations are detected on your ECG, more testing and a report from a physician will be required. This exam measures your capacity to breathe deeply and release air from your airways, and it is also known as spirometry. The hematocrit blood test is a finger prick serum test for the presence of oxygen that can be carried by the blood. A low hemoglobin level is referred to as Anemia, and it will need additional study. The same knuckle prick as per above is used for the saturated fat blood test. There is no dismissible saturated fat level, but your physician will discuss the potential health risks associated with having a high total cholesterol during your examination. Chest X-ray – Although this enquiry is not considered necessary for JAR Class 1, it may be needed if clinical or etiological evidence indicates that it is necessary. Urine test – primarily for the detection of sugar (diabetes), nutrients, or increased urination.
c. For the two certificates, what illnesses might stop the pilot from flying?
Constraints listed as dismissing health issues in the rules and regs include the ones listed below. Nevertheless, in so many cases, if the disorder is handled appropriately, the FAA would then initiate based on a systematic on the ailment that periodic reports are submitted to the FAA.
- Angina pectoris a type of heart attack.
- Mood disorder (bipolar disorder)
- Replacement of the cardiac valve
- Cardiovascular disease which has been managed or, if left unaddressed, has manifested itself as actually a symptom or clinically meaningful
- Diabetes necessitating the administration of hypoglycemic prescription drugs
- An alteration in consciousness that cannot be explained satisfactorily.
Here is a METAR (current weather) status.
METAR: EGBB 280850Z M2SM 30018G22KT WS R1800M +TSRA TCB 11/09 Q0999
|
Code |
Explanation |
|
EGBB |
Station ID 4 character ICAO airport identifier |
|
280850Z |
Date and Time Day: 28; Time: 08:50 UTC |
|
M2SM |
Station ID 4 character ICAO airport identifier |
|
30018G22KT |
Wind Direction and Speed Wind Direction: 300 |
|
WS |
|
|
R1800M |
|
|
+TSRA |
Heavy(+) Thunderstorm(TS) Rain(RA) |
|
TCB |
Station ID 4-character ICAO airport identifier |
|
11/09 |
Temperature: 11 °C Dewpoint: 9 °C |
|
Q0999 |
Altimeter setting Air pressure is 0999 hpa |
Decode and explain each element. EGBB runways are at 330° and 150° so which runway would you use and what is the cross wind?
b) Here is a TAF (Terminal Area Forecast) for JFK airport in New York. Decode and explain each element
Other medical evaluations and assessments
TAF: KJFK 251350Z 2515/2615 05004KT 7000 NSC BECMG 2515/2517 CAVOK PROB30 2521/2606 8000 BECMG 2606/2609 3000 BR BKN003 PROB40 2607/2613 0300 FG BKN001 BECMG 2613/2615 8000 NSW BKN008 PROB30 2614/2615 9999
|
Code |
Explanation |
|
KJFK |
Station ID 4 character ICAO airport identifier |
|
251350Z |
Date and Time Day: 25; Time: 13:50 UTC |
|
2515/2615 |
Valid Time Period Starts at Day:25; 15:00 UTC |
|
05004KT |
Wind Direction and Speed Wind Direction: 050 |
|
7000 |
Visibility 7000 meters. |
|
NSC |
No significant cloud (NSC) |
|
BECMG 2515/2517 |
Becoming Group Conditions are expected to change gradualy between Day:25; 15:00 and Day:25 17:00 UTC |
|
CAVOK |
Ceiling and Visibility OK No cloud below 5,000 ft (1,500 m) or the highest minimum sector altitude and no cumulonimbus or towering cumulus at any level, a visibility of 10 km (6 mi) or more and no significant weather change. |
|
PROB30 2521/2606 |
Probability Forecast 30% chance of weather event between Day:25; 21:00 and Day:26; 06:00 UTC |
|
8000 |
Visibility 8000 meters. |
|
BECMG 2606/2609 |
Becoming Group Conditions are expected to change gradualy between Day:26; 06:00 and Day:26 09:00 UTC |
|
3000 |
Visibility 3000 meters. |
|
BR |
Mist(BR) |
|
BKN003 |
Broken (BKN) 300ft AGL |
|
PROB40 2607/2613 |
Probability Forecast 40% chance of weather event between Day:26; 07:00 and Day:26; 13:00 UTC |
|
0300 |
Visibility 0300 meters. |
|
FG |
Fog(FG) |
|
BKN001 |
Broken (BKN) 100ft AGL |
|
BECMG 2613/2615 |
Becoming Group Conditions are expected to change gradualy between Day:26; 13:00 and Day:26 15:00 UTC |
|
8000 |
Visibility 8000 meters. |
|
NSW |
No Significant Weather |
|
BKN008 |
Broken (BKN) 800ft AGL |
|
PROB30 2614/2615 |
Probability Forecast 30% chance of weather event between Day:26; 14:00 and Day:26; 15:00 UTC |
|
9999 |
Visibility 9999 meters. |
a) If you want to fly at 3000 ft near to an airport, what sort of license would you need, what sort of airspace is it, and what sort of permission would you need from ATC?
b) What are the rules regarding which aircraft gives way to another, if the aircraft involved are: a Boeing 747, a Cessna 152, a glider, and a hot air balloon.
Right-of-way. During the course of the flight, the aircraft with right of way must retain its position and velocity. In order to comply with the preceding regulations, a plane that is required to remain out of the path of another flight must avoid going over, beneath, or next to the other plane unless it flies far clear and considers the impact of aircraft severe turbulence. When two planes are approaching each other at nearly the very same altitude, the airplane that has another one on its right must yield, with the exception of the following situations: Gliders and balloons must give space to airships, gliders, and balloons; gliders must make way to balloons; and energy aircraft must give space to aircraft that seem to be dragging other planes or objects must yield to airships, hot air balloons, and gliders
c) Explain RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation Minima) at altitudes above 28,000ft and the rules to be followed for an aircraft to be able to use it.
In order to lower the vertical distance above cruise altitude (FL) 290 by 2000 feet to 1000 feet, the RVSM system was adopted. In addition to allowing helicopters to securely fly more optimal profiles, it also provides for fuel efficiency and a boost in available airspace occupancy. For the operation of safely altering the vertical separating standard, a study was conducted to evaluate the true results of aircraft users underneath the previous vertical separation level of 2000 feet and the projected productivity under the large vertical separating standard of 1000 feet. This research was performed in 1988 by the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Assessment of Generic Principle of Separating Panel (RGCSP), which found that the safe application of the 1000-foot separation criterion was technically achievable. In the following years, RVSM was adopted, and now RVSM is recognized as a global standard for 1000-foot vertical distance.
d) What is the semicircle rule and what does it dictate?
By adhering to the semi-circular criterion, an IFR aircraft may reduce the possibility of colliding with another aircraft approaching from the reverse directions by maintaining a 1000ft spacing between the opposing west/east lanes on the flight path.
a) When communicating with ATC, discuss items that mustbe repeated and read back to ATC and explain why they have to be read back. The following aspects are of importance when communicating with ATC and must therefore be read back and repeated for emphasis and double checking that the information conveyed is correct and accurate. clearing out of the way
Visual Requirements for Class 1 Medical Certificate
directions on how to hold, any journey and clutching point that has been stipulated in a taxi release request. Any clearances, contingent clearances, or guidelines that have been granted, clearances on the strategy, a flight path that has been assigned, Desires for the altimeter and
SSR codes are a type of code that is used to identify a specific system.
b) Explain how the text-based ATC system known as CPDLC (controller pilot data link comms) works and the advantages and limitations that this has over voice communications.
Radio transmissions with aircrew are used by atc to keep track of the flights in their allocated area and to interact with them. [3] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imposes traffic isolation guidelines to guarantee that every airplane retains a minimal level amount of wasted interior everywhere at all occasions in place to avert collisions. In very many regions, air traffic control (ATC) offers services across all aircraft, including secret, armed services, and civilian planes, that fly within its aviation. The category of flight and the classification of airspace determine whether ATC issues instructions that flight crews are obliged to follow or bulletins that pilots may choose to ignore at their own risk. During an emergency situation, the chief pilot is the sole decision for the secure aircraft and has the jurisdiction to depart from ATC guidelines to the degree necessary to preserve the proper functioning of their aircraft.
c) What would you do if you were a pilot and you had total communication radio failure in flight?
If the rf check reveals that there is a breakdown in radio transmission. To reenter the STAR process, I will shou choose the shortest and yet most effective path feasible, taking into consideration the ATS path and touchdown orientation.
a) Discuss what each item on the fuel list, eg reserve, alternate, block, taxi etc. means
Reserve Fuel: reserve gasoline is the minimal fuel necessary to retain pace for thirty min at 1500 ft just above alternative airfield or at the terminal airfield if no other is necessary.
Alternate fuel : Alternative fuel + Ultimate Reserve fuel = Reserved fuel
taxi fuel : Pre-takeoff fuel usage includes pre-start APU, motor start, and taxi gasoline. Taxi gasoline is normally pre-measured for a certain trip. Nonetheless, local factors at the departing airport should be considered, such as typical taxi time, usual land waits, and expected deicing slowdowns.
Extra fuel: Gasoline supplied at the Pilot’s or dispatcher’s choice.
Block fuel: Block gasoline is the aggregate of Taxis, Trips, Contingency, Alternative, Final Reserves, Supplementary, and any Additional fuel carried.
compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of
a. the conventional (modular) route to becoming an airline pilot, ie doing a PPL, CPL, Multi Engine, Instrument Rating, ATPL exams and a type ratingA PPL enables passenger transport.
A CPL lets you to be compensated to transport goods or people. Commercial flights need an ATPL under FAR 121. An ATPL is required to work for any regular airline. Also, ratings: It permits users to fly in conditions when VFR limits and visibility are below. Inter ratings are required for inter aircraft. Aircrafts with a maximum lift capacity exceeding 12,500# or turbojet propelled need type ratings. They are issued for a certain aircraft type and need appropriate training and testing. A Sea Rating permits you to operate liquid aircraft.
Surgical interventions and restrictions
Then there’s recommendations: cross state celebrity endorsers are necessary for flights beyond 25 miles from the departing airport. Air travels a tail tire aircraft requires a Tail Roller affirmation. Sophisticated authorization necessary for extendable gear, wings, or variable – pitch engine aircraft. Any plane with more than 200 hp needs a high performing endorsement. High pressure aircraft need a high elevation endorsement.
And then there is the FAA tangible: Non-commercial aircraft require a third class. Length of a 3rd physical varies by age. A compensated physical needs a second-class physical. It lasts a year. A 6-month first class physical is necessary for booked airline flights.
b. the Multi Pilot License whereby the student mainly does their learning on an airliner simulator and ends up with an airline type rating.
The MPL “enables a pilot to use the rights of a co-pilot in corporate civil aviation on multi-crew aircraft.” It allows the airline business to effectively prepare pilots to co-pilot roles. Initiate airline flight training with this license. Starting with MPL trainings, multi-crew environments, risk & failure monitoring will be introduced. It expands the use of flight simulators and mandates upset instruction.
a) Explain the difference in the two types of radio navigation beacon: a VOR and an NDB and how they can be used for navigation.
Because NDB broadcasts mimic the coriolis effect, they may be heard at far lower heights than VOR. Nevertheless, NDB transmissions are more influenced by meteorological pressure, hilly terrain, coastline refraction, and lightning storms.
b) What is a DME used for?
DME is an artificial diesel substitute used in internal combustion of diesel engines. it is a hydrocarbon at normal circumstances. It is widely used in chemistry and as a jet activator.
c) Explain how you could find your location using two VOR beacons or a VOR and DME
Navigating via wireless aids refers to steering using the airplane’s VOR, ADF, and DME systems. This data comes from terrestrial radio transmitters
Flying a straight route from VOR or NDB transmitters on or near the target path is the basic example of navigating (see Figure 1.) That’s the steering method used on ordinary airways. Once this transmitter is found, the geomagnetic path and altitude between them are determined, and the computed heading is followed with wind adjustments. It is either read through DME or estimated by compass bearings
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