3.1 Research Approach
The management of major incidents and accidents are successful only if measured by ensuring operations are being conducted as intended and safety-related occupational health is being monitored. Research methodology is a set of specific procedures used to identify, select, process, and analyze information on developing a risk model for the management of major accidents. The paper describes the critical evaluation of the overall reliability and validity of the present studies. The paper describes the approach, philosophy, and design of the study to be done. A pilot study is conducted between the students to understand the small-scale feasibility of the approach. Next, the narration is given on the specific methods for data collection used. The complete study sample is done showing a sample taken from a wider audience. The justification is given on why the sampling procedure and the subject is selected. An explanation is provided on how the analysis of results is done. Verification and validation are described to validate the finding from the study. Finally, the potential limitations of the data collection method are narrated along with the description of the data collection tool.
The research approach concepts refer to the procedure or plan used in research spanning the steps from the assumptions made to the detailed data collection, analysis and interpretation. The plan of the research contains various decisions. These decisions involve the approach that can be used in the study. The research approach defines the essential characteristics in the studies through explanation (Dey, Tabucanon and Ogunlana 1996). Most research approaches fall under three categories of methodologies: inductive, deductive, or abductive. Deductive approaches are methods of data collection to be done first to support the research argument. Inductive approaches start from finding the argument for explaining the data collected. Abduction approaches are a procedure of licensing data migration to the argument. The management of major accidents in the offshore oil and gas industries is a problem statement found before and needs to be analyzed by a collection of facts. The deductive approach is conducted in 4 steps starting from a theory or topic selected. Next, a hypothesis is formed based on the theory. The hypothesis is checked next using data collection methods. Lastly, the data is analyzed to propose rejection or support the existing hypothesis. The pattern of the deduction approach is expected to test various observations to explain the hypothesis derived from the theoretical propositions.
The deductive approaches help understand the relationships of the variables and the concepts of the problem, measuring them quantitatively, generalizing findings of the research depending on certain objectives. The research is started as a general approach moving to be more specific with time. The final result of the approach type gives a conclusion to the initial premises. The correct deductive reasoning helps the research conclude and adhere to the present principle, rules, laws and guidelines. The approach helps answer the study’s effect derived from the causes. The approach initiates the research by providing extensive descriptions or statements that tend to be a fact and continuing the predictions made for specific observations to support the fact. A deduction is a basic approach that must start with a problem statement or hypothesis examining the probabilities and possibilities for reaching a specific conclusion to the research. The approach is top-down in method going from a general idea to a specific hypothesis. The findings and results in each step of the research get narrowed down to create a factual result. It is almost the reverse of the inductive approach finding a social theory to focus on and test the implications of the data. A deductive approach is selected for researching the major risks and incidents that can occur in the offshore gas and oil industry as it is a hypothesis that is needed to be explained using data collection and analysis (Tabibzadeh and Meshkati 2015). The theory has been posed to explain the barriers of health and safety, the weak points and disasters. The deductive approaches are the best practices associated with the scientific investigation of the theory set.
3.2 Research Design
The research design can be termed as the overall strategy chosen to be integrated to ensure that the evidence collected help in effectively addressing the research problem of this study. The research problem is the understanding of the risks of accidents and incidents that occur in offshore oil and gas organizations (Ward and Chapman 2003). The steps followed for an efficient research design starts from:
– Identification of the research problem statements clearly to justify the selection relating to the designs that may have been worked with.
– Information is collected by reviewing and synthesizing previously published pieces of literature that can be associated with the study and the research problem.
– The research problems are explicitly and defined that is central to the problem described
– Description is provided on the information gathered that is necessary for adequately testing the hypothesis, and an explanation is provided on how the data should be obtained for the research
– Description is given on the methods of analyzing the data collected for determining whether the hypothesis made are true or not
A proper design for research sets the steps for success in conducting the studies. The design provides unbiased and accurate insights for meeting all the characteristics. The main characteristics of design research are the sense of neutrality, validity, reliability, and generalization.
This research paper focuses on using a descriptive approach for research design. The descriptive approach in a research design aims for obtaining information for systematically describing a situation, population or phenomenon. This research design helps in providing answers for the questions made of what, who, were, when and how associated with the research problem described. The study cannot conclude assertive answers to the question of why. The descriptive approach facilitates collecting information that concerns what is currently happening due to the phenomenon, describing what exists along with the conditions or variables in the situation. The approach is regularly used as the pre-cursor to gain a general idea for giving valuable pointers determining which variables need to be tested quantitatively (Paul et al. 2011). Limitations are meant to be understood as a useful tool for developing a detailed study. The studies can help determine ways to effectively deal with rich data, leading to relevant solutions. The descriptive approach aims to collect a huge amount of quantitative data for detailed analysis. The variables in the study do not get manipulated or controlled; instead observed, identified and measured. The collection of data in the descriptive approach facilitates a foundation for conducting further research helping in obtaining a comprehensive understanding to describe the research question to be identified and defined appropriately. The descriptive approaches of research getting carried out generally through understanding cross-sectional studies to investigate the issue discovered (Liu et al. 2018). The cross-sectional study conducted is a typical sort of observational study that involves gathering vital information for the studies with various factors and variables in the individual. Level satisfying it in a given point.
3.3 Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is termed as the belief of how the data of a hypothesis or phenomenon can be gathered, analyzed or used. The philosophy is an association of the present assumptions, nature of the task and knowledge. The problem is dealt with in a specific manner by developing knowledge. The research contains assumptions that need to be addressed because there is a presence of various assumptions made based on knowledge and truth. Philosophy helps the research to be understood according to the assumptions made. The research philosophy focuses on dealing with the nature, source and development of knowledge in simpler terms. The research philosophy has various functions that are needed to be dealt with sating from demystifying hypothesis starting from exposing, explaining and criticizing the unmanageable assumptions, confusions and inconsistencies the problem might contain. The research is given enough information to understand their positioning in knowledge-producing practices to help them be aware of the opportunities to explore the topic. The philosophy gives a framework that helps in guiding the research conducted based on the ideologies on knowledge’s nature and reality.
There are four probable types of philosophies within the research scope: Pragmatism, realism, positivism and interpretivist. Pragmatism philosophy is termed the acceptance of relevant concepts only when actions are supported. This philosophy recognizes the ways of interpretation of the problem, and research undertook to define that none of the single points of view can describe the bigger picture and accept the presence of multiple realities. Positivism helps adhere to the fact that knowledge gained by observation, including the measurements, is trustworthy. Positivism is dependent on quantifiable observations leading to quantitative and statistical analysis. Realism philosophy adheres to the idea of real independence from human perspectives. The philosophy is based on the assumptions being a scientific approach for developing knowledge about the issue to be discussed. The interpretivist approach is the involvement of accessing reality through social interactions such as consciousness, language, instruments and shared meanings. The activity of the philosophy depends on critiquing positivism in social studies.
The research uses pragmatism philosophy being useful and relevant for a qualitative approach towards understanding the management of major risks from incidents that occur in offshore gas and oil industries around the world (Chauhan 2013). The pragmatism methodology is selected for the industries looking for risk management introducing solutions that can align with the current market requirement (Kujath, Amyotte and Khan 2010). Pragmatic approaches are useful paradigms utilized for qualitative research to understand organizational practices. This paper focuses on the pragmatic approach to understanding the risks in gas and oil industries focusing on aligning the technical, health, safety and related economic issues within operations (San Marchi et al. 2017). The principles followed in this paper for a pragmatic approach are emphasizing actions to gain knowledge, recognizing the effects of interconnectedness between knowing, acting and experiences and facilitating experiential inquiry.
Conclusion
A pilot study is a short form or a small-scale study conducted among a small demographic with the methods and practices to be used when the study would be conducted in a larger scaler. The pilot study aims to not test the effects the intervention has on the studies rather access the acceptability or feasibility, or the approach is taken that would be used on a larger scale. The feasibility is checked by conducting small-scale interviews to understand the company’s positioning. The pilot studies help in the design of the research questions testing it. The proposed study was conducted on the major risk factors from major incidents and accidents in offshore gas and oil industries. The study is conducted in the form of a Survey with a close-ended questionnaire to understand the participant’s perspective about the topic discussed. The questionnaire contains around 50 questions about the major risks and their effects on the oil and gas industry. The participants selected for this pilot study are a group of 50 Delphi and university students who would answer the questions given in the Survey. Interviews would be conducted to develop a clear knowledge of the participants’ perspectives. Adding the data collection done for checking the feasibility of the pilot studies helps facilitate the study to develop the best practices for enhancing the reproducibility and rigor of the research (Lim et al. 2017). During the conduction of the sample study, it is of utmost importance to set the quantitative benchmarks measuring the feasibility of being successful or unsuccessful.
Data collection is one of the most important aspects of the research for understanding the effects of risks from major accidents and incidents occurring in the gas and oil industries around the world. Data collection is collecting and measuring valuable information provided on variables or factors of interest in a rhythmic and systematic mannerism that enables the research question to be answered accordingly. The hypothesis is tested thoroughly, and outcomes are evaluated from the results obtained. The data collection process starts from defining the aim of the research discussed. Depending on the formation of the research problem or questions, decision is made on selecting the approach taken for the service. Mostly, measuring any data that involves numeric falls under the categorization of a quantitative method. Based on the data that needs to be collected for properly conducting this research, understanding all the aspects of the topic and answering all the research questions, the data collection method is selected for the study. For this paper, the focus would be set on conducting a large scale survey and interview sets of close-ended questionnaires, which would help understand the study’s various aspects. Once the methods get selected, the plan for data collection starts with alignment of the procedures of how the methods would be implemented in the studies and the best practices for observation and measurement of data. The Survey conducted among the Delphi and university students would be done using sets of close-ended questionnaires aimed at gaining knowledge and perspective of the participants. Finally, once the methods are implemented, data starts to get collected as per the requirements of the study.
The variables of the factors are thoroughly measured throughout the data collection process, and the results obtained will be evaluated further to be used in the process of analyzing the data collected. The benefits of data collection from larger demographics help the study be more detailed and adhere to factual statements (Smith, Smith and Spowage 2016). The collection process is tailored with excellence to be specific to the aim of the research conducted. The collection process can be standardized and controlled effectively with a high sense of reliability, usability and validity. The project’s objectives are identified at the beginning and reviewed for their validity and feasibility. The objectives are aligned according to the need of the study and focused accordingly. The needs of the data in the study process are categorized accordingly. The method of data collection is selected next as the Survey, which is the act of examining the process of questions made for a selective sample of individuals that would participate in the study. The data would be obtained on the research questions collecting vital information from the target group of people confirming the study’s objectives.
The main importance of using a survey is to understand what is needed from the study or the requirements and preferences. Assessment of the employee or customer perspective by identification and prioritization on the addressing of the research problem. The changes to be happening can be evaluated using the Survey. The changes seen with the conduction of the Survey need to be assessed to determine its success. The procedure that has been adopted in the data collection method after the selection of Survey as the method of investigation is the close-ended questions that are primarily used in surveys and interviews setting the questionnaire for collecting sets of quantitative data from the participants in a practical phenomenon. The surveys can contain prepopulated answers, or participants can put an answer on their own. Surveys are effective and have been used in previous studies determining that there must be more focus on managing strategy and risk to eradicate the problems that can occur in major incidents and accidents (Belluz 2009). Risk assessment is the main objective for the research understanding the various aspects of the oil and gas industries worldwide. The study aims for using an online survey that can be accessed by the Delphi and university students without them having a time and geographical constraint. The process is supported by the definition of risk and the loss of additional resources, which are unnecessary. The surveys conducted over the internet are much cheaper as an option of data collection as the study lacks monetary support at the present stage. The service is catered to many people taking the Survey providing answers to the questions provided. The results of the Survey are easily documented or reported as needed. The common aggregation can be led from standard scales leading to the success of the motive for the Survey made. The status of data collection is thoroughly trusted over the whole Survey made.
The study that is needed to be conducted in the research adheres to a survey approach with a close-ended questionnaire working as selective sampling. A survey is a broad form of data collection approach involved with collecting sample data from the perspective of the people giving responses to the given questions. The questions taken in the study are close-ended. The Survey helps to reach a wider demographic of selected people describing various topics. The surveys tend to be versatile, allowing a deeper understanding of almost any topic the Survey is conducted on. The project is under the strict scrutiny of a time and budget constraint and lack of reaching the perfect demographics. Yet the Survey tends to be profitable if well designed, and the research can also be cost-mitigated (Pilevari, Shahriari and Kamalian 2015). The Survey can reach the larger demographics like no other approach. The Survey process starts with selecting the sample population that would help determine the correct methods for selecting the right demographics to work on. The validity of the data analyzed from a survey depends on the quality of the response and respondents along the questions being asked. The data that is finally collected helps in determining estimations about working with the population using statistical calculations.
The research takes a selective sampling approach where the author gets to rely on their judgement made while choosing the participants for the study. It is a non-probabilistic sample strategy used when elements are selected for the sample chosen under the judgment made by the researcher. There is a constraint in conducting the research on a large scale due to the constraints gained in the budget and time and getting the proper participants for the study. Due to the lack of availability of oil and gas workers, Delphi and university students are selected as the study participants. A close-ended questionnaire is provided to the selected candidates of the Survey used as the primary source for collecting data.
Random sampling in discovering the aspects of risks in the oil and gas industries can be hectic and lengthy. Identifying a specific group of people from the Delphi and university would be suggested as their availability is present, and their level of understanding for the studies can be useful information. Being cost and time effective becomes an appropriate measure with the limited primary sources of available data contributing to the studies. The individuals not fit for the conduction of the intervention are rejected. There is no bias in the researcher identifying the major risks and setting the judgement leading to the credibility of the results based on a critical criterion (Dionne 2013). The statistical analysis is done using quantitative methods to detect rich cases of information with maximizing the utilization of minimum resources. The study conducted would lead to answering the research question from the participants’ perspective.
The issues have been found in managing the risk that occurs in the oil and gas industries from major incidents and accidents taking place. The Survey is conducted among Delphi and university students to find out the information about the topic discussed. The students were selected as a viable source of information as the research was not conducted on a large scale. The availability of the students is much more than the real-time oil and gas workers, who are mostly located offshore. Thus, the approach taken in the study justifies the selective sampling of the students to answer the Survey. The study’s budget and time constraints have led to the approach. The approach is significant as the limited resources get utilized to the maximum.
The data collected from the close-ended questionnaire help in statistical analysis. The statistical analysis is used as the primary source of data analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Studies (SPSS). Statistical operations are conducted in the quantitative research using the SPSS tool. The SPPS is a vital tool utilized in this study to decipher, manipulate, and evaluate the data collected from the Survey. SPSS takes data from the Survey files and uses that data to generate visually appealing tabulated reports, graphs, charts, and plots of trends and distributions and conduct strict statistical analysis (Torres-Echeverria 2016). The statistical analysis is conducted over software dedicated for analysis. The manual analysis could have led to an error in sampling the vast amount of data collected based on faulty or biased procedures, rendering the results useless.
There is a significant gap that needs to be identified and understood between the actual population, the workers in the oilfield and the sample population that is the students of Delphi and university. The statistical analysis would try to bridge the gap with the perfect results analyzed from the participant being vital to the study’s objective. Statistical analysis, if done manually, could have led to oversimplified solutions with researcher bias. Faulty assumptions and manual calculations can be hectic as operations need to be smooth for the studies (Moosa 2007). The use of SPSS solves all of the strains of manual labour in statistical analysis by applying simple solutions to visualize the data collected and evaluated accordingly. The data is represented graphically, making it easier to interpret for use. SPSS contains spreadsheets for solving arithmetic problems. It generates reports of the investigation conducted in an attractive manner consisting of labels, texts, graphs, table of the result deducted. The SPSS is the software that can extract all the information present from a given file for executing descriptive statistical procedures. The SPSS is vital for transferring the present attention from the mathematical task being conducted mechanically to the conceptualization of tasks involving decisions of the processes, interpretation of the information analyzed and critical analysis (Galway 2004). The use of SPSS in sociological Surveys is commonly compatible for use in data management for the future. The use of the SPSS and Statistical analysis along with the research design is justified as it helps discover the underlying trends and patterns in the industries.
Data analysis systematically uses logical techniques to present the illustration, condense and evaluation of data. It technically involves multiple activities like gathering, clearing and organization of data. Different types of data analysis processes will be used in this research (Tayebi Abolhasani 2019). The primary data analysis method is the collection of data that are used for the research study. The two primary methods of data analysis are quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The major differences between the two methods are that quantitative data analysis is based on numbers, and qualitative data analysis is associated with the details (Lowe et al., 2018). Quantitative data is implemented when the data is numerical, and the collected data can be easily statistically analyzed, but in qualitative analysis, the data is implemented when the data can be segregated into two different groups, and the collected data can be observed and evaluated easily.
Quantitative data analysis is the number based analysis whose value where each data set is defined as the unique numerical associated value. This type of analysis is used for mathematical data or statistical analysis, which can be used for real-life derivation. The data can be verified and evaluated using mathematical functions and techniques (Sheard 2018). Quantitative data analysis can be presented in different ways like counter, measurement of physical objects, sensory calculation, projection of data and quantitative analysis. There are different collection methods of quantitative data analysis like surveys and one-on-one interviews. For this research, surveys will be conducted. Traditionally the surveys used to be conducted using the paper-based methods that have evolved into the online form base methods. The close-ended question forms the major part of the surveys in the most effective way. The answers are added to the particular questions which are necessary. It mainly takes feedback from a large audience base. The steps taken to conduct the analysis are relating the measurement scale with the variables, connecting the descriptive statistics with the data, deciding the measurement scale and selecting the appropriate tables for representing data and collection of data. This type of data analysis has been chosen because it helps conduct in-depth research by providing statistically analyzed data with a detailed research structure (Fernandes et al., 2019). There are different types of research where bias leads to incorrect results. But because of the numerical nature of the data analysis, it does not support the personal bias factors that much, leading to correct or accurate results comparatively. As the results are obtained from accurate data, it always provides accurate results.
Verification and validation are integral parts of the research being part of the project budget requiring improvements. The verification determines that the developed study meets the specifications that had been made and meets the objectives properly. The validation procedure ensures that the perfect study is formed, meeting the expectations. The Survey conducted is not the study of the project’s objective but the view of the study from the researcher’s perspective. Quantitative studies are meant to provide exact answers to the given research question, including conduction of a statistical analysis with certain confidence levels. Verification is a process of quality control used to evaluate whether the system complies with specifications, regulations or conditions imposed at the beginning of the development stage of the studies. Verification is important for scaling up production or development. Validation is a quality assurance procedure that establishes 3evidences that provide a higher degree of acceptance that the studies conducted accomplish their intended requirements. Validation can be an external; process where an external body verifies the contents in the studies. There are five important decisions to be made to establish a successful validation and verification of the study. The process starts with setting up how the validation process would be carried out involving relevant information and knowledge about the discoveries in the studies bringing the critical points gathered from sampling into the light that is meant to be verified and validated (Ross 2007). The studies’ scope and boundaries are determined in earlier stages, which is the foundation for the validation process. The worst-case scenarios of the studies are understood, and the issues that need to be verified and validated needs to be categorized according to groups (Long et al. 2014). A sample plan is decided for validation to check the critical prerequisite of the process before starting.
The plan should be descriptive and clearly defined with critical locations and factors that influence the happening of major incidents in offshore oil and gas industries affecting the health and safety of the workers. There should be a present criterion of acceptance that defines the study to be validated by setting the level and categorizing major risks establishing the fact or the topic (Aven and Vinnem 2005). In this study, Delphi and university students were evaluated by a survey relying on the quantitative method for obtaining statistical and comparable data. The validity of the data found by the Survey is checked for validity along with its reliability which are common attributes of quantitative research. The studies of the surveys can be validated successfully, starting from establishing validity factors, running a Pilot sample test, cleaning the data collected from the analysis according to the requirements, identifying the principal components that affect the result, and analyzing accordingly (Al-Shanini, Ahmad and Khan 2014). The internal consistency of the study is checked thoroughly to revise the Survey if needed.
Ethical protocol lead to considerations is specified as one of the most important aspects of the study done about the management of the major incident and accidents in offshore gas and oil industries around the world. The research is conducted with the impact of reliability, righteousness, integrity, and confidentiality managed with suitable ethical guidelines and parameters. The integrity and confidentiality of the survey participants were strictly adhered to during the primary quantitative research methodology, not by disclosing their identities during the study. The research follows ethical protocols during the conduction of the intervention. The participants were not subjected to any harm during the intervention in any manner possible. The priority is focused on respecting the dignity of the survey participants. A letter of consent is sent to the participants along with the ethics approval form to gain the participants’ trust before conducting the studies. The privacy of the individual participants during the conduction of the intervention is highly prioritized, ensuring confidentiality. The confidentiality is again maintained while securing the data collected, ensuring the data’s safety from unauthorized access (Kafka 2014). The anonymity of the individuals who participate in the research is ensured throughout the intervention’s conduction. No exaggeration or deception from the objectives or the aim of the study must be prohibited and avoided at any cost. The communication related to the research must be completed with transparency, loyalty, and honesty (International Organization for Standardization 2000). Misleading information of any kind and representation done, including primary quantitative research data found in biased mannerism must be regulated and avoided.
The participation of the individuals in the Survey should be voluntary in nature, with the right of the participants to withdraw their participation at any given state. The participants must be informed before based on the ethical consent form. The consent being informed provides the researcher sufficient knowledge, information and assurances on taking part in the intervention (Protiviti 2006). The questionnaire is built without using any discriminatory, offensive or unacceptable language. The most vital aspect of the Survey being conducted is the anonymity and privacy of the respondents. The authors who contributed to the study had been referenced with proper citations. There should be no present cases of pressure and persuasive approach towards the participants making their answers coerced or cajoled. Using an online survey software and SPSS to find out the statistical data from the Survey. The online survey engine is selected to take care of the specific ethical guidelines and considerations for stronger security and confidentiality in the centralized, secure platform. The data are collected in a central spot and further analyzed by cleaning, processing and analyzing within a closed environment.
The limitation of this research is that it cannot be done on a broad-scale range. The research will be done on a small scale among university students. It will be done in time, assuring the needs and of the research. Conducting large scale research is not possible as it requires a long period (Wu et al., 2019.). The basic difference between the large scale and small scale research is that the small scale one is done directly among the local entities, and the large scale research is done among the thousands of participants to provide the high precision and power to detect the effects of the research. Conducting large scale research is important to spend the time and cost. Everything takes a bit longer in large-scale research and becomes more complex and expensive (Wu and Wang 2018). The limitation of doing large scale research occurred because it creates difficulties in speeding up the study and research on the subject matter with a wide scope. It requires recruitment, coordination, and proper scheduling with many participants, which can be time-consuming. The time to conduct the research with the participants requires travel expenses scheduling issues, and the whole process might be fatigued. In the large scale research, it involves many participants, and that comes with the risks like the main people leaving the project or the information is becoming out of date as it will require a long period of the to utilize the collected information another potential for forgetting the findings from early research may also become one of the issues of the large scale research.
The large scale analysis and research will create difficulties in analyzing the huge amount of quantitative data. There will be issues in providing the recommendation to this huge amount of data without overwhelming the people. All the issues that might occur by conducting large scale research led to primary research. One of the primary research processes is Survey. The Survey is the common method of data collection used to gather the relevant data and information from the specific individual or groups. Instead of communicating with a large group of people selecting the key sources and people can be used. Though it will be difficult to get the outcome like the large scale research, doing the research properly and efficiently will provide the desired outcome (Liu et al., 2020). It will save not only time but also money. In small scale research, the number of entities and resources is limited, so conducting the research becomes easy rather than spending time and money on the large scale analysis.
Data collection is one of the main factors of conducting proper research. It is the process of gathering and measuring the data based on the requirements and interests (Lys et al., 2018.). The established function enables the individual to answer the research questions and hypotheses and evaluate the outcome. Data collection processes are usually categorized into two parts: the Quantitative data collection method the Qualitative data collection method, and there are different types of tools available to execute the data collection methods. SPSS, one of the data collection tools, will be used for this research.
SPSS, also known as the short package for social science, is used for different types of research with complex data. It was mainly created for the statistical and management of social science data. It is widely used because it’s an English-like commands language and a thorough user manual that is easy to use. Market researchers use the tool, health researchers, government entities, education researchers, marketing organizers, data miners, and survey companies to process and analyze the survey data. There are different functionalities of SPSS that include statistics program, modeller program, and text analysis for the survey program and visualizer design.
The statistical program offers an excess of the statistical functions, including frequencies, cross-tabulation, and bivariate statistics. The modeller program assists the researchers to build and validating models using advanced statistical procedures (Abu-Bader and Jones 2021). The text analysis for the survey program is used to help the survey administrators uncover the powerful insights from the collected responses. The visualization design program is used for a wide variety of data to create the visuals like density chart radial boxplot from the survey data. All the programs of SPSS are used for data management that allows the researchers to perform the case selection derived and perform file reshaping.
The main reason for using this specific data collection tool is to help in manipulating and deciphering the survey data. It enables the individuals to with the small samples of data confidently because it provides the desired or exact solution (Purwanto, Asbari and Santoso 2021). The forecast model of SPSS enables the analysts to predict the trend and develop the forecast easily and quickly without being the expert in statistics. SPSS also helps find the relation between the missing values between the data and other variables. The missing data easily affect the results, and SPSS is used by the survey researchers, social scientists, data miners and market researchers to validate the data. The researchers use the tool to give the best software solution of the graphical representation and an appropriate result for the survey data. It is mainly the drag-drop process with the basic but appropriate statistical analysis which help in the scholarly research and easily adapt the analysis part and attain the designed results.
The chapter focuses on laying a clear path out for the study conducted and establishing precise sets of findings based on the objectives. The paper reaches the goal by providing a methodology or approach to discuss the major risks from incidents and accidents in offshore gas and oil companies. For a clear route for the management of risks in the industries, the background of the chosen topic is expanded, including the understanding of approach, philosophy and design. The explanation is given on the specific parts needed to be accessed and addressed. Further, the paper provides a clear view of the process of data collection and its tools, a sample test or study, and a detailed method of statistical data analysis that lays the foundation for the next chapter to be conducted. Justification is provided on the selection of the approaches along with the ethical protocols being followed while conducting the study.
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