Yagi Antenna
The antenna is a transducer type of device which can convert the alternating current into the radio frequency or vice-versa (Han et al., 2015). The antennas can both receive and transmit the radio signals. For wireless communication, the antennas play a vital role for the radio equipment. This article will research the different type of antennas will be conducted, which are the Yagi antenna, Cellular antenna and the Horn antenna. In the research, the usability of this antennas will be discussed, and strengths and weaknesses will be discussed.
The Yagi antenna is a typical directional antenna which consists of some parasitic elements and the dipole or the folded dipole elements (Sun et al., 2013). The parasitic elements generally is a type of reflector materials or may consist a director which is used for focusing the signals in a single direction. This property gives the Yagi antenna freedom for point-to-point communications.
- Usability of Yagi Antenna: The Yagi antenna has various type of usability, but it is mainly used for the point-to-point communications and to multi-point Wi-Fi applications. Also, for the lower frequency communications, the Yagi antenna is the best as the communication frequency of the Yagi antenna is average of 10 MHz.
- Strengths of Yagi Antenna: The main strength of the Yagi antenna is that the aiming of these type of antennas is far better compared to the other dishes.
- Weakness of Yagi Antenna: The main disadvantage of the Yagi antenna is that the range of this type of antenna is very low and to achieve a good range using this antenna, the size of the antenna will be huge which will be problematic to handle.
The horn antennas are very much popular for its high frequencies. The horn antennas are capable of high antenna gain by using the directional radiation pattern, and this gain can also increase with the increment of the operation frequency (Garcia et al., 2013).
- Usability of the Horn Antenna: The Horn antenna is capable of transmitting and receiving the microwave signals. The Horn antenna uses a waveguide for both the transmission and reception. The suitable area of using the Horn antenna is when the requirement of the radio frequency is more than 300 MHz.
- Advantages of the Horn Antenna:The Horn antenna is having a very high gain and also a larger bandwidth.
- Disadvantages of the Horn Antenna:Though the Horn antenna has a large gain the main disadvantage is the fluctuations in the gain of the Horn antenna. The fluctuations become a real problem at the low frequencies.
The cellular network is a typical wireless network, but the range of these type of antennas are very much high (Hong et al., 2014). To receive and transmit the signals a transceiver is used. These transceivers are distributed in the surface area of the earth to provide the uninterrupted services.
- Usability of Cellular Antenna: The cellular antenna is used for the digital communication purpose through the mobile phones.
- Weaknesses of the Cellular Antenna: The implementation technique of the cellular antenna is very tough and also an intermediate platform is required for transmitting and receiving.
- Advantage of the Cellular Antenna:The cellular antenna is capable of handling a large number of requests at the same time.
From the comparison of the above three type of antennas, it can be concluded that in the case of future dominant player the cellular network is way more ahead compared to the other two antennas. The main reason behind this is the rising number of mobile phone users in the world.
In the case of advanced wireless protocols, the considerable protocols are the Wi-Fi 802.11b protocol, Bluetooth protocols and the LTE protocols. In this case, these three network protocols will be discussed.
This type of wireless protocols works on the Wi-Fi devices with the frequency of 2.4 GHz (Bilgin & Gungor, 2013). This also uses the protocol defined in the Ethernet.
- Uses of 802.11b: This protocol mainly used for Wi-Fi devices and the 802.11b is limited in the local area network.
- Advantages of the 802.11b: The equipment used by this protocol is less expensive compared to some other protocols.
- Disadvantages of the 802.11b: The main flaw of the 802.11b protocol is the speed is limited to the only 11 Mbps.
- Security Issue:The main security issue with the 802.11b is that it does not authenticate the frames and the attacker can easily spoof the frames to hack into the system.
In this case for the wireless transmission, the Bluetooth device is used. A Bluetooth device also works on the same 2.4 GHz band (Oksar, 2014).
- Uses of Bluetooth protocols: The Bluetooth protocols can be used for transmitting files directly to another Bluetooth device without the help of internet.
- Advantages of the Bluetooth Protocol: The Bluetooth protocol uses a very less amount of power for working which increases the standby time of the device, and the range of the Bluetooth is also quite sufficient which is 30 feet(Joh & Ryoo, 2015).
- Disadvantages of the Bluetooth Protocol: The main disadvantage of the Bluetooth protocol is that the transmission speed of the Bluetooth device is only 1 Mbps.
- Security Issues: The Bluetooth device can be a victim of the denial of service attack which can block the users from receiving the calls and also can drain the battery faster.
The LTE or the long-term evolution is the standard protocol for the mobile communication network.
- Uses of LTE Protocols: The LTE protocol is used for high-speed wireless communication.
- Advantages of the LTE Protocol: The LTE network is able to transport the voice using the LTE protocol by using VoLTE technology which is only available at LTE network(Jover, 2016).
- Disadvantages of the LTE Protocol: The LTE network uses very high band frequency for which it becomes very costly to afford.
- Security Issues:It is founded that the security of the LTE protocols can be easily compromised by the passive attack and the aLTEr attack.
The first article on the software defined network is the “An architecture for software-defined wireless networking. IEEE Wireless Communications”. In this article, the author has defined how the software defined network can help the future networking system by proposing a high level architecture. Also, the author has described the other software defined network related topics and provided some information about why software defined network is required in the wireless network field (Bernardos et al., 2014).
Horn Antenna
The other article is the “Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions” which is defining various types of 4G solutions which is totally based on the software defined network. The authors have described various parameters of 4G solutions by implementing software defined network. Also, the authors have described how the software defined network will help the evolution of the 5G network. To evaluate this, the authors have described the ultra-low latency and how the 5G network will handle high data demands and increased traffic in a network (Rangisetti & Tamma, 2017). In the conclusion part, the authors described how the software defined network would meet the requirements of the 5G network.
From the above review of those two articles, it can be concluded that both of the articles are focused on the importance of the software defined network in the field of wireless network communication. Also, from analysis of above two articles, it is determined that necessarily the large data centres cannot support the dynamic requirement which is required for the server virtualization and to achieve proper server virtualization the software defined network is needed. Besides that, it is also determined that the software defined network can bring changes to the open API structure, by which the flexibility of the network can be improved. A flexible network is able to give quality service by implementing the dynamic flow of the data.
References:
Bernardos, C. J., Oliva, A. d. l., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zuniga, J. C. (2014). An architecture for software-defined wireless networking. IEEE Wireless Communications, 21(3), 52-61.doi: 10.1109/MWC.2014.6845049.
Bilgin, B. E., & Gungor, V. C. (2013). Performance comparison of IEEE 802.11 p and IEEE 802.11 b for vehicle-to-vehicle communications in highway, rural, and urban areas. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, 2013.
Garcia, C. R., Rumpf, R. C., Tsang, H. H., & Barton, J. H. (2013). Effects of extreme surface roughness on 3D printed horn antenna. Electronics Letters, 49(12), 734-736.
Han, S., Chih-Lin, I., Xu, Z., & Rowell, C. (2015). Large-scale antenna systems with hybrid analog and digital beamforming for millimeter wave 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(1), 186-194.
Hong, W., Baek, K. H., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., & Ko, S. T. (2014). Study and prototyping of practically large-scale mmWave antenna systems for 5G cellular devices. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(9), 63-69.
Joh, H., & Ryoo, I. (2015). A hybrid Wi-Fi P2P with Bluetooth low energy for optimizing smart device’s communication property. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 8(4), 567-577.
Jover, R. P. (2016). LTE security, protocol exploits and location tracking experimentation with low-cost software radio. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.05171.
Oksar, I. (2014). A Bluetooth signal strength based indoor localization method. In Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 251-254). IEEE.
Rangisetti, A. K., & Tamma, B. R. (2017). Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 6019-6053. doi: 10.1007/s11277-017-4825-8.
Sun, H., Guo, Y. X., He, M., & Zhong, Z. (2013). A dual-band rectenna using broadband Yagi antenna array for ambient RF power harvesting. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 918-921.
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