Risks And Challenges Of The 2015 Refugee Crisis In Europe

Impact of migration on European economy and social structure

In the year 2015, there have been refugees and migrants who have been coming into Europe from various continents like Middle East, South Asia and Africa and this has created a challenge for the European policymakers due to the creation of debt crisis. Europe has been named as the most unsafe location as there have been irregular migrations from the rest of the world.    

  It has been observed that a big fault line have been opened up through the European Union (EU) in both north south region and east west region due to the crisis of migration. The risks that may interrupt the financial and social structure of the European Union are elaborated in this report and also the techniques that can be incorporated in order to resolve the risks are even illustrated here.

Since, 2015 the tension have been escalating among Greece and some of the partners of European Union. They have also accused Athens to deliberately wave through the migrant who might be registered as soon they entered to the European Union. On the other hand, the row of Australia also got extremely bad in the month of February (Greenhill, 2016).  In the year of 2015 over 120,000 migrants have arrived in Greece and 130,000 Mediterranean has reached to European Union. In the same year, over 400 migrants have drowned in the Aegean Sea. The rising conflict in Syria is continuously growing.  The international organization of Migration has estimated that, around 1011800 migrants have arrived in the years of 2015 (Nugent, 2017).  The risks associated to migration crisis are elaborated in this paper.

The political instability that has been observed in South Asia, Middle East and Africa has led to the rise in migrations in Europe. The issue started from the year 2011 when number of Tunisians started coming to Lampedusa an island situated in Italy. The most current detection of migration has been the Syrians and Eritrean refugees and migrants who have been coming into Europe because of the political unrest in their countries.

It has been estimated that about 464,000 migrants have come to Europe though sea within the initial nine months in the year 2015. The highest percentage of refugees has been from Syria comprising of 39% because of their four- year old civil war. Due to the Taliban rebels 11% of the refugees have come from Afghanistan. 7% of the refugees have been from Eritrean migrating because of forced labor in the country and in this manner the amount of refugees in Europe has increased.  

Techniques to resolve risks associated with migration crisis

Many countries are there involved to the European Union migrant crisis and the involved parties include Greece, Turkey, Hungary, Macedonia, Italy, Germany, Austria, France etc (Moraga & Rapoport, 2015). In order to show solidarity as well as burden sharing because there are many migrant who want to get refuge in either Sweden or Germany. The involved parties/groups and their point of views are as follows:

There have been several instances like conflicts and also abuses in Afghanistan Eritrea, Iraq and Syria etc that has led to the creation of refugee crisis. It has been observed that there are several commercial migrants who have sensed poverty in Balkans as well as in other countries like Pakistan and Nigeria. The key empirical findings obtained from various cases show the involvement of the parties (Catchpole & Coulombier, 2015).  

Near Turkey, Greece Island is one of the main focus of attention for the European Union (EU) as around thousands of the migrants are entering the continent on a daily basis and this creating extensive level of debt crisis.  

It has been determined that, from all the source of appearance 39.55 Sweden, source appearance are there on the other hand, the involvement of Germany, Italy, Britain, Spain are respectively 32%, 31%, 20.5% and 11.5%. The availability of NGOs and the civil groups in the society are the strongest in Spain and United Kingdom (Trauner, 2016). On the other hand, it is lowest in Sweden, Italy and Germany. The trend of the political sources indicates that coalitions and governing parties are intended to dominate all the sources (Metcalfe-Hough, 2015). In these case most of the challenges occur from the involvement of anti immigration rights.

The rise in the level of migration in Europe has led to the development of various risks and each of the risks need to be recognized in order to have a proper understanding of the rise in refugees in the country. There have been several polices and schedules that have been created in order to mitigate the risks in accordance to the rise in refugees (Jeandesboz & Pallister-Wilkins, 2016). The future risk might be:

• Financial strike in the country might be dangerous by increasing taxes in the country.
• There might be unemployment prevailing in the country due to civil war.
• The tension level in the country and government might get increased.
• The economic crisis in the country might be increased in the dependency of civilians.
• People of Syria might not be able to get employment in Turkey due to civil war.
• The refugees might not be able to get proper shelter in the camps.

There are several refugees who are looking for increased level of protection in an international aspect. In the year of 2015 and 2016 these people have been looking to access the asylum procedure.  The people dealing with serious injuries either from war or political issues are trying to take permanent shelter in European Union. The European commission is focused on developing protection for the children and women too.  Apart from this, serious medical assistance must be offered to the children who are in need of intensive care (Baldacchino & Sammut, 2016). It is seen that the national government must give legitimate protection overcoming all the possible obligations to the refugees in order to reduce the extent of risk.  

Key empirical findings on involved parties/groups

In order to examine the asylum applications and to decide and receive protection members states of European Union are needed to take necessary actions. In order to ensure that all protection measures are accurately followed and maintained the European Commission has taken needful responsibilities (Gostin & Roberts, 2015). Though, all refugees who are coming to the European region do not require any such protection every time.  People who suffer in daily life are not only coming to Europe but there are also many people who look to improve their standard of living migrate as well. The individuals who are coming to Europe for changing or improving their regular life style are known as economic migrants.

If any of these individuals do not claim any permanent protection then the government confirms their return on time. In the current time period, each European member requires security or protection.  While travelling to European states many people have died while travelling through sea. In order to successfully cross the border of European region around 90% of the migrants and refugees pay off to smugglers and criminals. (Menjívar & Perreira, 2019) After providing proper protection to the refugees with shelter and food, enormous amount of capital investment that is needed is offered by the Government of Europe itself.

Since the last 20 years the European Union have established some highly common asylum standards globally. In the last 2 years, the European migration policy is making development at a drastic level because the proposed European Agenda designed and developed by the European Commission. This commission was established in the year of 2015.   

After analyzing the information of the migrants and refugees in the European Union it has been determined that there are many risks associated and these risks are needed to be mitigated by the government only.  The main issues or risks that have been for the project include displaced people, health issues and taking care of the patients with health conditions.  These risks are needed to be mitigated by the government by taking possible actions only. Due to the current risks related to geopolitical situation in different crisis countries like Germany, Syria, Italy etc European Commission is undertaking active initiatives (Genschel & Jachtenfuchs, 2018).  Certain specific challenges have been found that are related to the health issues. Due to sudden entry of many refugees the medical system of the Europe has been facing major challenges.

Future risks associated with the refugee crisis

Multidisciplinary team requires providing health care services to the refugees and also to other organizations but the large community hospitals are facing serious managerial and operational challenges. The reception centers of the healthcare centre are even unable to deliver needful services to their patients when necessary. On the other hand, the emergency patients were also not treated professionally by the health care centre. They were not capable of offering services to both the communicable and non communicable diseases.  

The other risk that was highlighted by the migrant/refugee crisis of 2015 case scenario was the problem of communication. As most of the refugees were from various countries the ability to communicate in the European nations have been difficult (Perkowski, 2016). The authority had to arrange translators to translate the language from German and Spanish to the European English. This approach of translation was extremely, time consuming. In order to ensure efficient communication takes place, cultural mediators and interpreters are also identified by the government body. In order to provide priorities to the patients the NGOs need to establish emergency team (Mihai, 2016). The government even has to arrange professional medical team for the refugees. In order to design and develop such medial team effective funding is also needed from the medical board. Health insurance is another aspect that has to be considered to recover the issues related to the medical system.  

By assessing the point of view from European Commission (EC) with regards to the migrant/refugee crisis of 2015, the elements of risk communication and risk governance have been explained in this section of the report. By looking into the future risks that may have an impact on the financial, social, commercial and economical backbone of European Union certain risk communication and risk governance processes are created by the European Commission (Ulusoy & Battjes, 2017). The risk communication approaches has been applied in the crisis of 2015. There has been short term risk communication policies that has been undertaken in the managing of migrant of 2015 risks. The use of the emergency shifting process have been required for the searching of asylum in European Union. This can be completed in the distribution of criteria for determining asylum applications (Mori et al., 2017). In order to gain permanentsystem in legislative policies of 2016. The European Union had invested additional €50 Million to relocate more than 20,000 migrants and refugees. Budget and abilities of the external border agency was tripled which is inclusive of the surveillance operations and border control security (Carling, 2017). In order to frontline member states of European Union, the emergency funding rate was raised by €50 Million. Apart from this in order to assist the frontline, the EU member states provides biometric identifications of the refugees and migrants, the agency has to set up new hotspot approaches such as Frontext European Asylum support office, Europol etc. In order to manage the migrants, the joint maritime information operations and their applications have been upgraded and improved accordingly in order to avoid any further risk in case more migrants and refugees arrive in the EU domain (Baldacchino & Sammut, 2016). The European Union has designed and established a security and defence policy to easily dismantle all the trafficking network lines. It helps the commission to develop a popular business model in order to manage the smugglers and their activities.

Risk communication and governance in the European Commission’s perspective

The different risk management methodologies undertaken for resolving the risks of 2015 and the risks for the future even stands beneficial from the perspective of European Commission (EC) or European Union (EU). Risk communication and risk governance methodologies have to be followed by the European Union have been elaborated in the year of 2015-2016. Temporary relocation of the refugees and migrants are one of the major controversial actions taken by the European Union (Y?ld?z, 2016).  This approach also introduced new distribution models for the European Union or European Commission to allocate responsibilities among the resources.  Based on the model, the commission has also undertaken a resolution to relocate the refugees coming from Greece and Italy. The other approach that was taken by the European Commission was the Hotspot approach. With the help of this risk management approach, they became capable successfully of removing the illegal immigrants and refugees from the other regions. The approach also helped them to make biometric identifications of the migrants and refugees in terms of iris scanning, finger print scanning, face scanning etc.

The European Region Task Force was allocated to incorporate the hotspot approach to avoid network interruptions and system hacking.  This approach was found to be one of the major migration management or risk management support system in European Union. Adoption of the regulation, that creates a common list for the third countries is the other important development approach undertaken by EC (Ulusoy & Battjes, 2017). In this scenario, all the applicants for international protection from different countries were not automatically refused by the EC or never treated being undiscovered. The EU even arranged and hosted high level conference to demonstrate these collective risk communications and risk governing approaches. The actions taken and the outcomes generated from theses methodologies are very powerful and it can be stated that with continuous growth of these approaches migrants and refugees will not face any kind of risks in EU.

Conclusion 

From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, people migrating from one place to another is a common factor. Due to various factors and with the help of several mediums, people have tried to reach the European shores. These people are always looking for legal procedures but certain risks are there which has been interrupting the regular success of the process. The European Union was looking for legal policy and risk management methodologies through which the risks of 2015 can be completely resolved. Hotspot approach was one of the much advanced approaches that helped EC to keep their data safe from the external migrants and illegal actions. It has been assumed that if these approaches are followed throughout by the EC then in future also theses risks will bot be able to interrupt the financial, commercial, social structure of European Region. They even focused on the ways through which they can escape from the political and social coercion, poverty and war.  Their aim has been to reunite themselves so that they can benefit both from the entrepreneurship and education system. In the year of 2015 and 2016, the European Union has inflexed many refugees and migrants. It identifies that in these two years more than 1 Million of people have arrived to the European Region and most of the people have migrated due to the terror and Syrian war.  However, the European Union is looking for various measures so that they can control the identified crisis. There are many elements of risk analysis; risk governance and risk mitigation which are available and the use of these elements will be helpful in the management of the refugee crisis.

References 

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