The use of analogies in scientific arguments
- Arguments from real life
- Two scientific arguments that use analogy that have conclusion, analogy, and comparison
Europa might have life because it has an atmosphere that has oxygen just like earth.
The conclusion of the above statement is that Europa which is a planet has life supporting elements that include good amount of oxygen for survival just life earth (Gentner, 2017).
The analogy in the statement is that both planets that are Europa and Earth have life-supporting elements that is oxygen for a survival of a human being.
The comparison in the statement is different type of planets. In one planet that is on Earth the life exist which is true while in the other planet which is Europa the existence of life is not yet proven. The comparison of both the planets have been used to prove the analogy of existence of life (Hashim, 2017).
The scientific novel of the German Nobel laureate argues the same philosophy of molecules than in the paper published in a scientific journal of an Indian Scientist but they both are highly complex to be understood.
The conclusion of the statement is that the novel of the German Nobel laureate and the paper published by the Indian scientist discusses about the philosophy of the molecules that are highly complex to be understood by a normal person.
The analogy of the statement is that both sources discusses the same philosophy of molecules that are tough to comprehend by a normal reader (Kongkaew, 2018).
The comparison in the statement is about two distinct personalities from different origins that are reflecting their research on the various platforms that include a novel and a journal paper. Here the comparison between the personalities have been used to prove the similarity of the molecule philosophy.
- One fallacious argument that uses analogy that have a conclusion, analogy, and comparison
Procrastinating on doing a homework is like waiting to get the treatment of the cancer in the last stage.
The conclusion of the statement includes that procrastination is the bad behavior and doing it could cause serious negative impacts on person ‘s life.
The fallacious analogy in the statement is just like not getting the cancer treatment in time could lead to the death of a person the same thing is with not doing a homework.
The comparison in the statement is comparing the procrastination of not doing the homework with the procrastinating the treatment of the cancer. The comparison of homework and cancer treatment leads to analogy of negative impacts of doing procrastination.
The fallacy in the statement is comparing procrastination of taking a cancer treatment with the doing a homework. The fallacy is not taking timely treatment of the cancer causes the death of a person while not doing homework does not cause death.
- scientific argument that have a counter-analogy
Identifying problematic language use and fallacies
The system of Universe is complex like a watch as the watch did not come in the world by accident so the universe more complex then the watch which must have created by an ingenious personality.
The conclusion of the argument is both the universe and the watch are complex to be created by someone with high level of intelligence and the analogy is that they both are complicated in nature and cannot come by an accident (Mikko, 2017).
The analogy is of complexity in nature of the universe and the watch thus it can be concluded that such thing cannot come by an accident, it must have been created by someone with high level of intelligence.
The counter analogy is that the universe simplicity is just like a watch as everything in universe is so plainly black with just dotted elements that include planets or moon. In the case of watch there is simplicity as all the numbers are beautifully written in a circular form. The counter argument intended to show the universe can be brought like watch in terms of simplicity. (Rajkumar, 2016)
- Real life arguments depicting fallacy in the analogy
“Lisa, you are chameleon which changes its color in a period like you changes yours in the yesterday’s deal”
The argument was to a friend Lisa who betrayed the trust of her dear friend by being unethical in a deal which was reflective of her diplomatic attitude. Her diplomatic attitude is being described as the chameleon which changes its color according to a situation.
The problem about the usage of the language was that Lisa is a human being who cannot change its color like a chameleon
The fallacy that resulted in the problematic language is that Lisa is a friend who can not be trusted anymore as many times during the needs she changed her loving attitude to an indifferent attitude. Due to her changing attitude, she is being compared with the chameleon which changes its colors frequently.
- Evaluation of the give statements in terms of analogy, conclusion, and counter analogy
In the mentioned statement, the Australia is being compared with the life boat in terms of the similarity of the availability of the limited resource in the lifeboat. It is considered that Australia is country which has limited resources to cater to the refuges who illegally enter to the country like a lifeboat.
The counter argument here could be Australia is like a lifeboat that open-heartedly accepts the refuges from other countries (Sermsook, 2017).
The fallacy committed in the statement is that drawing similarity of Australia with the lifeboat in terms of non- acceptance of the refuges. As lifeboat main purpose is to rescue people trapped at sea, it is not limited to its capability.
- Definitions: Identification of the type of definition in terms of acceptability and non- acceptability
- The statement is unacceptable as on the one end it is talking about the disagreement and on the other end, it is talking about that they are talking to each other.
- The statement that universities are institution for tertiary education is true as it offers higher level of education after school
- The third statement is acceptable because the winner in the relay race is the one who completes the higher number of laps(Huda, 2019).
- Problematic uses of language: select the one correct option
- We should not worry about tsunamis; after all, they are just waves.
- e) This statement is problematic because it uses euphemism
- ‘Because it’s nothing but a theory, the theory of relativity should not be taken seriously.’
- This statement is problematic because of vagueness
- ‘Excessive use of the photocopier is not permitted.’
- This statement is vague(Mastrogiorgio, 2016).
References
Gentner, D., 2017. Analogy and abstraction.. Topics in cognitive science, 9(3), pp. 672-693.
Hashim, A., 2017. Crosslinguistic influence in the written English of Malay undergraduates. Journal of Modern languages, 12(1), pp. 60-76.
Huda, T., 2019. GRAMMATICAL ERRORS ANALYSIS ON EFL LEARNERS’WRITING.. Journal of English Language and Pedagogy,, 2(2), pp. 113-117.
Kongkaew, S., 2018. An Analysis of Errors in Online English Writing made by Thai EFL Authors.. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English, 7(6), pp. 86-96.
Mastrogiorgio, M., 2016. Innovation through exaptation and its determinants: The role of technological complexity, analogy making & patent scope. Research Policy,. Elsevier, 45(7), pp. 1419-1435..
Mikko, M. S. S., 2017. Reasoning by analogy and the progress of theory. Academy of Management Review, , 42(4), pp. 637-658..
Rajkumar, R. v. S. M. W. M., 2016. Investigating locality effects and surprisal in written English syntactic choice phenomena. Elsevier , 155(1), pp. 204-232.
Sermsook, K. L. J., 2017. An Analysis of Errors in Written English Sentences: A Case Study of Thai EFL Students.. English Language Teaching, 10(3), pp. 101-110.
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
