Introduction to Cloud Computing
Discuss about the Integration Of Cloud Computing Internet Of Things.
The emergence of cloud computing has become a mainstream model for realising the requirements of computing among enterprises and individual users. The cloud environment is premised on the perspective of resource sharing. The converging infrastructure of the internet has made it possible and heightened the dependability, real-time resource provisioning and economies of scale. The emergence of cloud computing has given an elastic computing platform such that it can provide on-demand services which scale to attain peel loads. Accordingly, the deployment of software in the cloud setting has also intensified agility as the procedure for re-providing infrastructural technology that is expansively simplified. Furthermore, clouds offer location independence as it is accessible to any client who has a web browser. Clouds are constructed on a range of layers of both software and hardware, which in most cases consists of commodity servers, guest operating systems, hypervisors and guest applications (Botta, De Donato, Persico, & Pescapé, 2014). Traditionally, clouds are housed in big data centres which are located near fibre networks. Also, another reason for hosting clouds in huge data centres is because they are giant consumers of energy. Thus they have to be developed in places that have access to cheap power supply.
While centralised computing consists of a myriad of advantages, it is saddled with some challenges. The core challenge is a delay which means that there is the lag between customer request and cloud response. Subsequently, this is described by the fact that data centres are normally positioned well far from major metropolitans as well as densely populated regions. Another limitation that comes is the physical distance in between the end users and data centres which results in an effect on latency. Certainly, this effect is problematic for systems that depend greatly upon streaming data as well as offline processing and storage. An example of this type of systems includes mobile devices, sensor network, autonomous systems, as well as clients with thin-layer OS. Altogether, these equipment compromise the Internet of Thing (IoT) (Botta, De Donato, Persico, & Pescapé, 2014). Therefore, in order to achieve the latency needs of the latest applications, it has resulted in the proposal of a new paradigm. The advent of the current computing model knows as fog, which was majorly designed to lessen delay (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). Subsequently, the fog has improved the performance of network requirements by locating, computing and networking abilities near the end nodes. Also, fog also provides awareness regarding location to enhance features related to mobility to support real-time processing. Contrary to the centralised cloud computing nodes, fog nodes are geographically distributed. Fog are deployed close to wireless access positions in regions that sustain a great workload use. Thus fog can take the form of stand-alone servers that do not have onboard computing abilities. Important to note is that fog does not replace cloud computing, but it only increases the cloud to edges of the network (Botta, De Donato, Persico, & Pescapé, 2014). According, the conceptions of fog and cloud computing is integrated into a universal platform to attain outstanding performances such as geographic awareness, reduced latency, access to commodity resource sharing and enhanced data streaming.
Limitations with Centralized Computing
Nonetheless, despite all these benefits resulting from cloud and fog computing, research has shown that the background of these technical systems a range of privacy and security challenges. The security and privacy issue is coming as a result of the failure to segregate data ownership that comes from the creation and sharing infrastructure. Similarly, since this type of technology is still new it faces security challenges because of inexistence of privacy codes of conduct in could computing. In light of this stamen, the paper discusses some of the security and privacy issues in cloud and Fog domain such as integrity, confidentiality and availability.
The proposed design of cloud-fog computing infrastructure presents two major areas of flaws with regard to integrity. The initial subject matter is about the relative weakness of in-place validation practices. It is important that both clouding and fog elements identify themselves before undertaking particular practices such as realising the identity of clients connected wirelessly, and the acceptance of data for backend processes. Already the clouds have rudimentary applications whose purpose is to validate computing nodes by linking them to the administrative servers. The authentication approaches for the clouds are more than enough since there are so many data centres due to their ability to exist in a single organisation domain which is placed in closed settings (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). Nevertheless, these clouds systems present a non-trivial flaw in free ecosystems. Consequently, the absence of a robust deterrent makes the system to be at high risk of being attacked. As a result, the attackers can exploit the identity of the management system to pretend to be the genuine compute nodes. It is unfortunate that even as at the moment, this kind of attack has already been experienced in the cloud domain.
Accordingly, with the presence of a large number of network of verge servers existing on dissimilar management domain, both cloud and fog nodes are likely to have less integrated information that could be used to verify the identities of each. Therefore, intruders can use this as an avenue to assume the identity of fog nodes and make attempts to validate their selves into the cloud computing applications (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). If by bad lack it happens that these intruders succeed in their mission it can result in a big mess because it may provide the attackers to gain access to backend activities as well as a huge data store. On the other hand, these intruders can decide to channel their focus to the final consumer whereby they are likely to assume the responsibility of fog nodes and begin rendering wireless connection services as the legally authorised service providers to clients. In the process of doing so, the intruder can be in a better position to steal login details for clients and use these login credentials to make autonomous manipulations on clients’ entities that exclusively depend on the distributed application for control, and coordination.
Introduction to Fog Computing
Another integrity linked breach concern is the insecure backplane management. To facilitate a united logical substrate, it is important to intensify the management backplane past the data centre. Cloud-fog platform traditionally includes management networks to back he management, control virtualized software, hypervisor and surveillance of the hardware. Since these type of networks are normally not physically accessible by the client from the front-end face. As a result of the expansion of the backplane management, the practice comes with the loss of physical isolation (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). Actually, in so doing, this kind of expansion stands a higher chance of unmasking of the management traffic threats that places the security of the system into high chances of breaching. When attackers become aware of this system laxity, they can probe the management networks with the intention of expiring these opportunities.
The cloud-fog platform provides a range of advances against the present designs. The most significant being location awareness. With the emergence of the cloud-fog computing systems during their designing, they put the end user’s position under consideration. While this is taken as a benefit, it presents key accountability. When it comes to the application level, the system does not have a precedent to grouping user identity from the location of the user. Certainly, it becomes a challenge to advance the communication process at the transport layer without a new protocol. Thus, it is the expectation of communication streamlines between fogs and cloud layer to which will include all components in one transmission. If it happens that this data is intercepted, it will become possible for an intruder to use the location-based information to make attacks on the organisation (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). Given that, this challenge is aggravated by the fact that intercommunication shall take place over independent intermediary models. Therefore, such data link becomes the target of attackers who utilise some networks even to explore more. The core issue is packet sniffing, which is gathering packet streams and similar data together with the parsing of clients’ such as their location and identity. In the course of doing that, this practise poses a major risk to data confidentiality.
The cloud-fog design application in consideration with availability poses several weaknesses which include overdependence on distributed images and the restricted ability of fog nodes. It has been found that the edge of the virtual ecosystem there is a possibility to integrate it with clouds like a single logical phase spanning the entire platforms. In the process of configuration, the software incidents run over fog nodes. Thus they can either be retained in the clouds or might be neutrally positioned. In both instances, compute nodes can end up streaming virtual pictures across public systems which is a vulnerability that is dependability on the software (Yi, Qin, & Li, 2015). Certainly, virtualisation is not only sensitive to delay but also to packet loss. With the least form of disruptions, it can lead to a stop which can even corrupt the streaming software, which ends up leading to the hosted services not to reach the final users. On the same note, fog nodes have limited capability when compared to clouds. Thus, fogs can be overpowered by relatively small denial of service (DOS) attacks.
References
Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., & Pescapé, A. (2014, August). On the integration of cloud computing and internet of things. In Future internet of things and cloud (FiCloud), 2014 international conference on (pp. 23-30). IEEE.
Yi, S., Qin, Z., & Li, Q. (2015, August). Security and privacy issues of fog computing: A survey. In International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications (pp. 685-695). Springer, Cham.
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