Shallow Foundation Using Recent Swarm Intelligence Techniques

The aim of the project manager while creating a budget is to ensure the completion of all its goals and the objectives within a given span of time. In the current case stage, a budget is created by an architect to balance off all the costs incurred in the construction of a house. The estimated and forecasted figures of the budget are compared with the actual construction cost incurred by an architect to know the gaps which will further correct by taking corrective actions and protective measures to get rid of all the problems incurred in the development of a project (Gandomi and Kashani, 2018). Various costs incurred in the construction of a house includes the starting stage in which several costs required to build the house such as expected site costs, fencing costs, surveying costs and plumbing and electrical costs. Another stage of building the house is also converted into the forms of costs such as base stage, frame stage, look up a stage. The lookup stage is further converted into various categories such as external cladding, roof coverings, floorings, external doors and windows. Fixing stage is another important stage in which all the materials selected or purchased y an architect’s or an interiors designers as per the look of the house now finally installed with the help of all the labourers to give finished look to the newly built house as these elements enhance the overall of the house by giving appealing look to all the areas covered in the house to give a perfect place of residence to its clients (Oztekin and Masterson, 2018). The fixing stage covers various costs like Internal cladding, architraves, skirting’s, doors, baths, built-in shelves, basins, sinks, cabinets, cupboards. Base costs and framing stage costs are not matching with the budgeted figures as the estimated figures of these stages are less than the actual results which, in turn, showing the negative costs.

Costs such as expected site visits costs to the newly constructed house, fencing of the under-construction house, surveying of the house construction costs and the plumbing and the electrical fittings of the house are over-estimated as $33300 but in reality the actual figures are just 13275 that means these costs are overestimated by $20026 due to the lack of knowledge of the surveyor who did not researches deeply about the occurrence of the costs of all the components involved in the house construction. The over-estimation of costs  initially in the construction contract is not good as this will spoils the image of a contractor who charges higher prices from its clients will shifted the interest of its clients to other contractor’s door due to hiking of price. This needs to be improved by adopting proactive strategies in which the surveyor will cross-check all the costs with the quotes charges by another contractor to include its overall margin in the contract competitively to gain the attention of its majority of its buyers.

Base stage and frame stage are underestimated as the budgeted costs are underestimated due to casual attitude of the scrutinizer that trusted on few suppliers in taking the quotes of the framings of the doors and the windows without consulting the client about the quality of materials required by a client. As using low quality a material will in return increases the maintenance charges of the client and at the same time decreases the durability of the overall materials.

Lock up stage costs are over-estimated by $235574 as the actual figures are just $66366 due to the market competitions. The Installations of all the external claddings, roof coverings, floorings, doors, and windows are runs on an hourly basis which will directly impact o the overall incurred costs. The loyalty of the labourers with the contractors will reduce its hourly rates will decrease the total costs of the lock-up stage as the contractors will give continuous work to all the labours.

Various milestones created by an architect or project manager for building a house as according to the needs of the client. One of the milestone prepare by a project manager is to keep control on the costing while building a new house as per the specifications of the client have slightly met as some of the component’s costs are higher which needs to be decreased to achieve the overall objectives of an individual.

Due to the inclusion of various materials in the construction of house the costs of the overall contract price gets increases and another reason for increase in the cost is due to the involvement of GST tax rate of 12% to all the budgeted and actual figures of the budget to determine the variances incurred in the overall budget. The Taxation is the un-controllable risk which cannot be eliminated but can be reduced by taking proactive actions to get rid of all the uncertainties incurred in the current project of an architect which is to construct a house.

Colour codes are used to denote the positive or negative variances occurred in the overall budget is a proof of the underperformance of the budget prepared by the builder for the new construction of its entire house. The colour code analysis uses two colours such as red and green to showcase the overall performance of the crafted budget.

It is recommended to the board of the building construction firm to pay attention to the overall cost of construction incurred in a particular project. The standard costing technique should be adopted by the current project owner as negative variances incurred in the budget will lead to the entire failure of the project which needs to be controlled appropriately.

The budget created by a project manager such as architects or an interior designer whose aim is to produce the final output as per the needs and the specifications of its customers. Goals and the objectives of the builder are on track as this is clearly visible in the form of costing report.

Gandomi, A. H. and Kashani, A. R., 2018. Construction cost minimization of shallow foundation using recent swarm intelligence techniques. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 14(3). pp.1099-1106.

Oztekin, A. and Masterson, R. R., 2018. A predictive analytic approach to determine construction cost estimates. International Journal of Operational Research. 32(2). pp.169-200.