Legal Aid for Indigenous Australians
Question 1
In Tommy’s case, he has committed an illegal effort which is the consequence of his poverty and depression. However, Australian government aims to ensure justice for all therefore provide same legal aid for its citizen. Tommy is an unemployed therefore is least able to appear in court or carrying on the necessary legal procedure. In this case, Tommy, being an indigenous Australian can take the advantage of community legal service program mend for his indigenous community. The department of Federal Attorney-general is responsible for funding the legal aid commission from where Tommy can avail the legal aid services for indigenous Australian (Nasir et al 2017). Tommy is a member of indigenous community living in Northern Island. State and territory governments of Australia have eight legal aid commissions for each states and territories. These are provided fund for legal aid services for any case tried under state and territory law. He can visit to the independent legal aid commission of Northern territory and he will be financially assisted by the state and territory government.
Question 2.
Indigenous Australians have become prone to crimes and are imprisoned at a disproportionately high rate in Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics shows that the Australians living in northern territory account for around 28% of prison population in Australia. The Australian government along with local Indigenous groups has started to find out the reasons and respond to these trends with several measures and programs. The major factors are education, housing, crowded family and the lack of opportunities of employment for the Indigenous Australians (Nasir et al 2017). According to the data, illicit drug addiction among the aboriginal youth is fast growing. It is twice as high as that that of the other communities. The data also reveal that 28.2% of aboriginal people aged 16 and above living in non-remote areas had used illicit drugs in the previous 12 months. It has a deep impact on the society and culture of the indigenous people. The new generation is falling under the trap of drug to escape their depression.
Question 3.
According to the researchers, 25% of aboriginal and Torris islander children are undergoing with tremendous mental stress which leads to a high risk of behavioural and psychological difficulties. There are various factors responsible for this situation first of which is the racism. The data reveals that 28% of children with aboriginal background have experienced racial discrimination in their 12-15 years of age. The people like Tommy, have little access to education as well as health facilities therefore, feel deprived for their identity. The member of the aboriginal communities have taken a measure of local control over education, policing services and created community facilities aiming to preserving their traditional culture. However, these have not helped in reducing family violence and unemployment (Clifford, Doran and Tsey 2013). Tommy is in extreme mental pressure for his poverty and like most of the other youth of his community is prone to commit suicide.
Aged Care for Elderly Citizens
Question 1.
The aged care system is the major social institution in Australian society that caters for the aged citizens who cannot care for themselves in their own homes. The care is provided in the home of the clients, in community as well as in the residential aged care facilities by a wide diversity of care providers. The providers include numerous charities, community groups along with the welfare agencies. These service providers are backed up by the Australian as well as commonwealth funding. The aged care system has various components which are provided in different settings like nursing homes, hostels and home of the client where the carers provide flexible aged care (Britt et al 2013). There are different types of clients including indigenous, veterans, people who stay in rural or remote areas and people with different sexual orientation. The government policies help them by providing care for each special needs.
Question 2.
In the case of Suzanne, she is an old widow and has dementia. It occurs with every definable section of the society that some always held prejudice against other. Here the disease that Suzanne is suffering from can be a subject of ignorance. There is always a prejudice regarding old age and this disease of Suzanne has made her more vulnerable to ignorance and carelessness (Armouret al 2013). The aged people has limited recovering capabilities therefore becomes more prone to diseases, syndrome than other age groups. In this situation, Suzanne has no ability to care for herself and there is no carer in her house. The psychologists have disclosed that there are numerous factors that can affect the lives of the old people which includes religion, family, social support because they were socially and economically active one in their youth which in old age depress them. Social support, quality of life and personal control are the chief factors that regulate the mental and physical health of the elderly people.
Question 1.
Social inequality is the situation in the society where the resources are distributed unevenly through the norms of allocation. This misbalance endangers the specific patterns of individual or group. In this situation, the people do not have permission to access the social goods that are usually brought about by the power, religion, prestige, race, kinship, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, class and age. The different aspects of the concept of inequality include social rights associated with source of income, labour market, health care, freedom of speech, political representation, education and participation.
Income Support for Single Mothers
Social inequality is closely connected with economic inequality associated with the public goods. These include accessing judicial system, education, adequate housing, accessing transportation, public credit and financial services like banking and otheradvantages and services. The consequences of inequality effect economy, health, education and social mobility (McGorry, Bate and Birchwood 2013. Inequality increases crime in a society and decreases participation and loyalty among people.
Question 2.
The government of Australia have different policies aiming to reduce income inequality among its citizens. The system of social protection in Australia includes income support provisions such as welfare to work for the unemployed single mother with child. This policy includes betterment of individual wellbeing. The government crates scope for employment activities for the single parents. Previously they used to get parenting payment which aimed to only wellbeing but not efficiency. Now the new policy has been aimed to decrease unemployment rate on the one hand and social growth on the other (Karimi et al 2014). This reformed policy has a great impact on the wellbeing of the children as well as supported the family’s financial wellbeing. It increased social connection by supporting in the parents’ subjective wellbeing. The policy has also proved to be beneficial for the children’s physical and mental improvement. Sandy for being a single unemployed mother with children can utilized this government policy for surviving this situation.
Question 3.
In Sandy’s case, she is a single mother with no income. The high poverty rate in the single-parent familieshas increased social and psychological problems. Sandy can be benefitted by various communities who have various programs for supporting the single parents. They provide financial assistance temporarily. The regional employment centres help by listing jobs and collecting resources. They contact to the single parent about their resources and qualifications so that they can arrange a job for Sandy. She also can attend career workshops thus find a job coach for accelerating job search program. Sandy may also feel that incompetency in her previous job may affect her skills and she needs to have more resources, she can also avail development counselling (Giallo, Cooklin and Nicholson 2014). In this situation Sandy also needs help for keeping her young children secured therefore she can avail housing policies of the Australian government until she overcome the challenge.
Question 5.
In Sandy’s case the staff monitoring and review has great impact as the service organization has some promises that the clients can expect. The staff monitoring and review aims to help the clients in a respectful as well as helping manner by providing with important and relevant information. It takes the client’s views into account and keeps their information confidential. They keep records of all the appointments as well as explain decisions that are made between the client and the service provider. By listing to the clients the organization will be able to know their views as well as experiences (Flatau et al 2015). This can be positive or negative but these keep the organizationupdated with agreed outcomes along with the responsibilities. Thus the organization provides high slandered of service. This will be helping in endeavouring and acknowledging the scopes for improvement and popularity. Staff monitoring is necessary in identifying whether the social and economic factors have been taken to consideration that has affected the life of Sandy so that an appropriate decision can be taken.
Question 6.
In the case of Sandy if the services are not culturally or socially appropriate, the case manager can review the matter. It can be sent to the senior expert in the unit. The client will also be provided with knowledge in relation to the external oversight agencies like the Human Rights Commission of the country. These decisions will be subject to some specific review processes and it will be related to the relation to tenancy agreements under the Residential Tenancies Act. The case can be directed to the Housing and Community Services Complaints Unit (Milner, Page and LaMontagne 2013). The query unite will review function and take account to the concerns. Thiswill include the consultation with the relevant area. Thus the case manager will escalatethe issue to the senior officersand seek further clarification and assistance. In this case a new decision can be taken by undertaking a similar investigation for this complex problem.
References:
Armour, C.L., Reddel, H.K., Lemay, K.S., Saini, B., Smith, L.D., Bosnic-Anticevich, S.Z., Song, Y.J.C., Alles, M.C., Burton, D.L., Emmerton, L. and Stewart, K., 2013. Feasibility and effectiveness of an evidence-based asthma service in Australian community pharmacies: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. Journal of Asthma, 50(3), pp.302-309.
Britt, H., Miller, G.C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., Charles, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, C., Pollack, A.J. and O’Halloran, J., 2013. General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press.
Clifford, A.C., Doran, C.M. and Tsey, K., 2013. A systematic review of suicide prevention interventions targeting indigenous peoples in Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand. BMC public health, 13(1), p.463.
Flatau, P., Zaretzky, K., Adams, S., Horton, A. and Smith, J., 2015. Measuring outcomes for impact in the community sector in Western Australia. Bankwest Foundation Social Impact Series, (1), pp.4-4.
Giallo, R., Cooklin, A. and Nicholson, J.M., 2014. Risk factors associated with trajectories of mothers’ depressive symptoms across the early parenting period: an Australian population-based longitudinal study. Archives of women’s mental health, 17(2), pp.115-125.
Karimi, L., Leggat, S.G., Donohue, L., Farrell, G. and Couper, G.E., 2014. Emotional rescue: The role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well?being and job?stress among community nurses. Journal of advanced nursing, 70(1), pp.176-186.
McGorry, P., Bates, T. and Birchwood, M., 2013. Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), pp.s30-s35.
Milner, A., Page, A. and LaMontagne, A.D., 2013. Duration of unemployment and suicide in Australia over the period 1985–2006: an ecological investigation by sex and age during rising versus declining national unemployment rates. J Epidemiol Community Health, 67(3), pp.237-244.
Nasir, B., Kisely, S., Hides, L., Ranmuthugala, G., Brennan-Olsen, S., Nicholson, G.C., Gill, N.S., Hayman, N., Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S. and Toombs, M., 2017. An Australian Indigenous community-led suicide intervention skills training program: community consultation findings. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), p.219.
Nasir, B.F., Hides, L., Kisely, S., Ranmuthugala, G., Nicholson, G.C., Black, E., Gill, N., Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S. and Toombs, M., 2016. The need for a culturally-tailored gatekeeper training intervention program in preventing suicide among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), p.357.
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