Key Barriers and Facilitators for Inactive Adults
- Four studies identified- one randomized control feasibility study, one review study, one meta analysis, one case control study.
- Relevant findings pertaining to the topic suggested that performing 20 min of HIIT for at least 3 days a week in a 12 weeks long program will help in mitigating the overweight issue specific to the male individuals.
- Individual: Relocated to Taiwan from Australia and is living all by himself
- Social: Living all alone for pursuing academics in a foreign land without family and parents
- Environmental: Different socio-cultural context in Australia compared to Taiwan along with diverse patterns of diet and other cultural practices
- Young males with educational affiliation are more likely to develop overweight and obesity like condition because of insufficient participation to physical activity
- Individual: Conscious about body image and aware of weight gain
- Social: Peer psychology from participating in group activities
- Environmental: On campus facilities with proper infrastructure will encourage the students to take part in physical activity within the periphery of the institutional framework
- 20 min of HIIT physical activity for 3 days a week for 12 weeks training session
- Participation to soccer games on the remaining two days a week
- Monitoring of the body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in regular intervals to account for the effectiveness of the interventions
- Lack of compliance to the established guidelines and predisposition to musculoskeletal injury
- Family history for chronic ailments or prevalence of other lifestyle oriented behaviors will increase the risk of acing issues due to improper abidance to the exercise regulations
In order to recommend appropriate type and intensity of exercise, four studies have been identified through extensive literature review of the condition relevant to the case study of the 20-year-old male named Elroy who has been observed to recently gain some weight. The studies that have been scrutinized and critically appraised for deriving meaningful and pertinent information about the physical activity interventions for combating the overweight issue are of diverse nature. A case control study performed by Heydari, Freund and Boutcher (2012) aimed to determine the impacts of a 12 weeks high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) intervention on total body, trunk, abdominal, visceral fat mass and fat free mass in case of young adult males. Participants were randomly recruited and allocated to both the exercise and intervention group whereby the intervention group participants received 20 min of HIEE per session thrice a week for 12 weeks. The findings revealed that significant reductions in trunk, abdominal, total and visceral body fat alongside significant improvements in aerobic power and fat free mass were noted. Therefore, these results are perfectly suited for the case study as part of exercise intervention due to requirement of less time commitment thereby enhancing the subject compliance with the modality of exercise. A review article published by Gillen and Gibala (2013), argued the efficacy of the high intensity interval training (HIIT) as a time efficient exercise strategy meant to improve the cardiorespiratory and metabolic health in the concerned individuals. In case of both the healthy as well as those suffering from cardiometabolic disorders have been found to be benefited from participation in physical activity regime comprising of 3 HIIT sessions per week inclusive of ≤10 min of intense exercise within a time commitment of ≤30 min per session. Exercise regime consisting of adequate warm up, recovery interval and cool down sessions has been suggested of enhancing the aerobic capacity, oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle, threshold of exercise tolerance and markers of disease risk. Another meta analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the HIIT interventions upon cardiometabolic risk factors and aerobic capacity in overweight and obese individuals in contrast to various modes of exercise. Nine studies that utilized HIIT interventions were systematically reviewed and results obtained from such analysis depicted that the HIIT interventions comprising of 4-12 weeks duration accounted for larger reduction in systolic blood pressure along with greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake when compared against other types of exercise (García?Hermoso et al. 2016). A randomized controlled feasibility study with the potential aim of extending HIT into real word setting by means of recruiting inactive, obese or overweight adults into a group based activity program held in a community park. Subjects of the study were allocated into three separate groups where aerobic interval training, maximal volitional interval training were utilized as interventions in contrast to the walking based exercise interventions for the active control group. Modest improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was noted in overweight or obese participants undertaking aerobic interval trainings (Lunt et al. 2014). Therefore, accumulating relevant data from the empirical findings it may be stated that 20 min of HIIT performed for at least 3 days a week in a stretch for 12 weeks will likely to benefit Elroy in managing his weight.
- Individual: Elroy relocated to a different nation from his own domicile leaving behind the comfort of home and family three months ago for pursuing academics. He is living all by himself for the very first time in his life.
- Social: He gets little time for socialization because of living away from his home and family all alone that too in a different country other than his domicile of nationality.
- Environmental: The shift in the surroundings from Taiwan to Australia accounted for plethora of multicultural issues that in turn stood for diverse food habits, lifestyle and prevailing weather condition. The socio-cultural contexts of the two nations varied widely expressing differences in the dietary patterns, cultural practices and the states of living. Research has shown that change in food environment because of diverse socio-cultural circumstance is intimately related to the gain in weight thereby adding to the obesity epidemic. The action of changing built in environment has further been attributed to increasing the likelihood of developing obesity in persons due to sudden change of environment. The altered food habits and other associated factors have been reported of influencing the body composition and onset of metabolic disorder like obesity in the vulnerable population (Witten 2016).
- Recent studies have further highlighted on the issue of prevalence of overweight or obesity among the university students across 22 countries. Gender specific propensity towards development of obesity coupled with the young age has also been reported to increase the tendency of developing overweight or obesity. This study also indicated that young male are under increased risk of being overweight or obese (Peltzer et al. 2014). This finding corroborated with the case study of Elroy who is a young male and is a fulltime undergraduate student pursuing a course for getting a degree in law.
- The academic pursuit of the student suggests that he is accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle. The sedentary mode of lifestyle coupled with lesser and inadequate participation to physical activity as well as unhealthy eating behaviors have been identified as potential risks for encountering overweight or obesity like conditions (Pochini, Wu and Hu 2014).
- Individual: Elroy is found to be aware of his gain in weight and is committed to adopt weight management strategies in order to account for healthy weight. Interventions and implementation of effective weight management for healthy behavior in case of the vulnerable population has been targeted specifically to modulate the health behavior for the sake of promoting physical activity (Morgan et al. 2016). Therefore, the individual who is conscious about his body image and aware of the health implications because of unhealthy or excess weight gain is likely to resort to physical activity programs.
- Social: Elroy being a undergraduate student living in a foreign land to pursue his higher studies is likely to spent more time with his peers in performing the activities in a group rather than independently. The peer effect psychology has been documented to influence the participation in physical activity for the young people. This will hold true in case of Elroy as well as he will benefit more from participating in group activities rather than an isolated one with the purpose of lose his weight (Holt2016).
- Environmental: The environment one is placed plays a crucial role in guiding the rates of participation in physical activities. The access to suitable facilities in the nearest surrounding majorly affects the participation rates in the student community. On campus students showed increased rates of participation to physical activities compared to their online counterparts. Thus, the institutional infrastructure and the facilities available are likely to create an impact upon the participation in the physical activity program for the participants (Fuller, Gonzales and Rice 2015).
National Physical Activity Guidelines
Acknowledging the barriers and facilitators encountered by Elroy I plan to device a program that will in optimizing his health and help in effective weight reduction. Considering that he has shifted to a new domicile leaving behind his homeland and accustomed to practicing new customs and environments, I will suggest for him exercise interventions that will not exhaust him fully. Moreover, in order to allow time for his acclimatization to the new environment, I will offer him with high intensity interval training comprising of 10 min of activity in the first two weeks for three days a week. I will advice proper recovery sessions with adequate warm up and cooling times in between for optimizing the health benefits from participating in such activities. I will monitor his cardiometabolic parameters comprising of body mass index (BMI), VO2max, heart rate and blood pressure measurements from time to time preferably at the end of physical activity participation at the end of every week (Flegal et al. 2013). Furthermore, I will pay attention to his body composition parameters encompassing the total body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, weight : hip ratio from the measurements of weight circumference and hip circumference to assess the progress of the physical activity program (Beaverset al. 2014). In the post 2 weeks period, his HIIT participation duration will increase from 10 min to 20 min for 3 days a week. The basic principles of training will be abided by in the process to minimize the risk of injury. Furthermore, I will take initiatives and encourage Elroy to participate in team sports along with his fellow mates at the educational institute. I will recommend the participation in soccer as it will have dual benefits through improvement of the aerobic capacity and account for weight loss (Rutherford et al. 2014).
Following the risk assessment of the participation in the physical activity program, I will try to devise the regime in a manner that is compliant with the accepted guidelines with regards to the HIIT. Persons who are acquainted with the sedentary mode of lifestyle are likely to be at the increased risk of coronary diseases. Therefore, prior to undertaking the HIIT regime for Elroy I will enquire about his family history, habit of smoking and prevalence of chronic lifestyle disorders (Tian et al. 2016). Medical clearance from the physician will be sought for the sake of safe performance of the physical activity program. The frequency, duration and intensity of the HIIT interventions will be stringently regulated and supervised for ensuring the safety in participation. Furthermore, the time of the day suitable for engaging in physical activity will be suggested as well for increasing the efficacy of the exercise interventions (Orkin et al. 2015).
The compliance to the suggested physical activity program for Elroy will be further monitored for safeguarding the effectiveness of the suggested interventions. At the initial level, the abidance to the proposed guidelines will be catered to more attentively to allay the risk of any musculoskeletal injury that might potentially threaten the health of the exercising subject. The safe maintenance of the guidelines will be further monitored by looking into the chosen parameters that will act as markers for the health related outcomes (Miller et al. 2014). The maintenance of the physical activity program in case of Elroy is necessary to allow for acquiring holistic and appropriate benefits that will ensure healthy weight loss and proper weight management.
Physiological Relationships between Physical Activity and Mental Health
References
Beavers, K.M., Beavers, D.P., Nesbit, B.A., Ambrosius, W.T., Marsh, A.P., Nicklas, B.J. and Rejeski, W.J., 2014. Effect of an 18?month physical activity and weight loss intervention on body composition in overweight and obese older adults. Obesity, 22(2), pp.325-331.
Flegal, K.M., Kit, B.K., Orpana, H. and Graubard, B.I., 2013. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 309(1), pp.71-82.
Fuller, J., Gonzales, M. and Rice, K., 2015. Physical activity levels among on campus and online college students. In International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings (Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 21).
García?Hermoso, A., Cerrillo?Urbina, A.J., Herrera?Valenzuela, T., Cristi?Montero, C., Saavedra, J.M. and Martínez?Vizcaíno, V., 2016. Is high?intensity interval training more effective on improving cardiometabolic risk and aerobic capacity than other forms of exercise in overweight and obese youth? A meta?analysis. Obesity Reviews.
Gillen, J.B. and Gibala, M.J., 2013. Is high-intensity interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve health and fitness?. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(3), pp.409-412.
Heydari, M., Freund, J. and Boutcher, S.H., 2012. The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. Journal of obesity, 2012.
Holt, N.L. ed., 2016. Positive youth development through sport. Routledge.
Lunt, H., Draper, N., Marshall, H.C., Logan, F.J., Hamlin, M.J., Shearman, J.P., Cotter, J.D., Kimber, N.E., Blackwell, G. and Frampton, C.M., 2014. High intensity interval training in a real world setting: a randomized controlled feasibility study in overweight inactive adults, measuring change in maximal oxygen uptake. PloS one, 9(1), p.e83256.
Miller, F.L., O’Connor, D.P., Herring, M.P., Sailors, M.H., Jackson, A.S., Dishman, R.K. and Bray, M.S., 2014. Exercise dose, exercise adherence, and associated health outcomes in the TIGER study. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46(1).
Morgan, P.J., Young, M.D., Smith, J.J. and Lubans, D.R., 2016. Targeted health behavior interventions promoting physical activity: A conceptual model. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 44(2), pp.71-80.
Orkin, S.M., Erickson, C.E., Dubiel, W.S. and Bopp, C.M., 2015. ACSM Risk Classification and Risk Factor Prevalence Rates Among College Students. In International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings (Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 69).
Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., Samuels, T., Özcan, N.K., Mantilla, C., Rahamefy, O.H., Wong, M.L. and Gasparishvili, A., 2014. Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among university students from 22 countries. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(7), pp.7425-7441.
Pochini, A., Wu, Y. and Hu, G., 2014, August. Data Mining for Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents. In Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAIAAI), 2014 IIAI 3rd International Conference on (pp. 883-888). IEEE.
Rutherford, Z., Gough, B., Seymour-Smith, S., Matthews, C.R., Wilcox, J., Parnell, D. and Pringle, A., 2014. ‘Motivate’: the effect of a Football in the Community delivered weight loss programme on over 35-year old men and women’s cardiovascular risk factors. Soccer & Society, 15(6), pp.951-969.
Tian, Y.F., Zhang, J.H., Lu, H.M., Liu, Y.Y., Zhou, Y.P., Lu, Q., Buren, R. and Zhang, Y.H., 2016. The combined effects of family history of cardiovascular disease and overweight on ischemic stroke incidence among the Mongolian population. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 50(9), p.794.
Witten, K., 2016. Geographies of obesity: environmental understandings of the obesity epidemic. Routledge.
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
