The Changing Face Of Education System In Nigeria: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals By 2030

Nigeria’s Illustrious History of Schooling

The changing face of the education system in Nigeria: a review on how Nigeria’s educational system will achieve the current sustainable development goals by 2030 with the rise in crime and out-of-school youth in Lagos State.

As far as the factors affecting any country’s growth are concerned, the factor of education is counted as one of the most important and considerable things. With a good education system, a country can help itself grow in the most appropriate and significant way possible (Herman, et al., 2016). Education is the key to growth, not just for an individual but for the entire community and even an entire country. Similarly, when it comes to Nigeria also, an improved and well-established education system can help the country in seeking significant growth. For instance, as mentioned by UNESCO (2022), schooling is considered to be a form of aiding learning. More precisely, schooling entails progress or growth of knowledge, habits, beliefs, values, skills, morals, and personal growth. In addition to this, it is also required to mention that, schooling is generally referred to as a facility that eventually offers to learn to the students in all forms.

To begin with the particular case of Nigeria, it is needed to initiate by mentioning that schooling in Nigeria as an individual country has an illustrious and long history. Moreover, this history of schooling in Nigeria is needed to be considered even before the times when the British conquered Nigeria. Initially, the form of schooling which was followed in Nigeria was traditional schooling. More particularly, the forefathers of the Nigerian people practiced the traditional way of schooling, which is generally called traditional schooling. In the initial time, the major focus or goal of teaching was to transmit traditional heritage, especially from one era to another era. In addition to this, the only thing which eventually distinguishes both types of teaching I.e., traditional teaching, and modern teaching is that the base of traditional teaching or traditional learning is set in a traditional setting. As described above, in the case of Nigeria also, under the head of traditional schooling, people used to teach students or children about the traditional heritage and all other basic learning that could help them to lead their life in a better manner.

Daughters in Nigeria are primarily schooled by parents; kids would be taught how to among civilization, as well as how to welcome the old (Akpan-Idiok, & Anarado, 2014). Taboo remained widely practiced across Nigeria for just a time because it was also of many tactics utilized to propagandize the youth of today inside the tradition. Taboo was ubiquitous in Nigeria there at the time, yet it is widely utilized to propagandize the new age nowadays. Before the introduction of advanced education in Nigeria, many youngsters’ education was conventional, with the majority of it taking place in the household as well as society, in which they were taught about societal values, cultural activities, especially work. These educational experiences much compensated again for the majority of what subsequent decades would learn.

The Introduction of Modern Education in Nigeria

When Europeans initially came to Nigeria in the 1840s, those who carried with them a Northern European education system (Diara, & Christian, 2013). The missionary encouraged modern education inside this western part of their nation, which would have been particularly evident inside the government’s western province. Inside the North-eastern part of Nigeria, where Muslims are the majority, a Religion Islamic institution was formed. European education was forbidden, as well as an Islamic academy devoted only to Islamic academics was established. While there were only two upper organizations accessible well before the nation’s independence: Yaba Higher College (formerly recognized as Yaba College of Technology), which was constructed in 1934, as well as the Academic Institute of Ibadan, which was created in 1948. During the liberation, Nigeria saw a huge increase in the amount of middle as well as secondary education, teacher train organizations, and Tertiary organizations, including Polytechnics, resulting in considerable growth of educational options. Furthermore, the cost of post-secondary education is steadily increasing, and also the educational institution requires advancement as well as creativity to advance from its existing position. Lastly, this paper will be a focused review on how Nigeria’s educational system will achieve the current sustainable development goals in line with the SDGs agenda by 2030 with the ongoing out-of-school youth specifically in Lagos state.

In the year 2015, approximately 195 countries agreed with the UN (United Nations), that together all these countries can grow better for a better future. According to the UN, especially under the SDG, i.e., sustainable development goals, countries will bring their institutes and organization of education system, businesses, governments, and NGOs, to work all together and seek a better future so that an enhancement in the lives of people could be witnessed by the year 2030.

Concerning the above-mentioned information, the thesis statement for this paper or research is that the education system of Nigeria requires to be enhanced and improved. Thus, it is required by the people, especially the administration of the education system of Nigeria to acknowledge the details of the SDG and its agenda to enhance the country’s state of transparency before the year 2030.

SDGs, Lagos, Educational system, traditional teaching, modern teaching, and government.

Nigeria’s development is stymied by the country’s educational system’s problems and limitations. The most serious issue that has to be addressed is the lack of money in Nigeria’s educational system. Furthermore, there isn’t a single difficulty that the Nigerian educational system doesn’t encounter that isn’t tied to a lack of finance. Furthermore, this lawsuit is not about a single educational department or a sector of the educational system, but rather the entire system as a whole. Similarly, the financing supplied at all levels of government is insufficient.

According to all of this above-mentioned information, it is required to mention that Nigeria is growing slowly and thus wants certain goals to be followed. Thus, the problem of the following paper will be to acknowledge the challenges faced by the government as well as the educational system of Nigeria, especially Lagos.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals by 2030

Significance of following research could be easily explained by the need of the growth in the country in term of all the aspects. For instance, children or students living in Nigeria are facing several problems in terms of gaining the basic learning and knowledge. In order to help such student as well as the people living in the country by increasing the growth of the country.

The main aim of this study or research will be to get a better knowledge of how Nigeria’s educational system would help out-of-school youth, particularly in Lagos State, achieve current sustainable development goals SDGs.

To achieve the aim of the following research, here are prepared certain research objectives, that will eventually be helping the researcher or investigator of the following research.

1. To acknowledge the condition as well as the situation of Nigeria and its educational system, especially by acknowledging the issues faced by the students of the country while looking for proper and required knowledge and learning about required things.
2. To entails the basic details about what are the major goals as well as plans of the UN as per the SDG 2030 agenda to help the countries in enhancing their transparency, especially in the case of Nigeria’s educational system.
3. To focus on the details about the issues faced by Nigeria and its educational system in achieving the sustainable development goals SDGs agenda by 2030 with the ongoing out-of-school youth specifically in Lagos state. 

• What are the issues faced by the students of Nigeria and its educational system while looking for proper and required knowledge and learning about required things?
• What are the major goals as well as plans of the UN as per the SDG 2030 agenda to help the countries in enhancing their transparency, especially in the case of Nigeria’s educational system?
• What are the major goals as well as plans of the UN as per the SDG 2030 agenda to countries in enhancing their transparency, especially in the case of Nigeria’s educational system?

According to Afolayan (2014), the development of Nigeria is not able to seek any growth because of the issues or challenges faced by the country, when it comes to the educational system of Nigeria. The most important problem that needs to be mentioned here is the poor funding in the educational system of Nigeria. In addition to this, no one can count a challenge faced by the educational system of Nigeria which is not linked to poor funding. Moreover, this case is not just about any particular department of the educational system or a section of the educational system but is deeply related to the entire system. Similarly, at all levels of government also the funding provided is inadequate. For instance, the budget of funding for the educational system in Nigeria was very less compared to the mark suggested as a basic budget for the educational system by the UN (United Nations) (Oseni, 2012). In addition to this, education is the key to success and growth; thus, looking for required findings for the educational system can be helpful for the countries (Oseni, 2012).

As per Evans, & Kelikume, (2019), another factor or challenge impacting the educational sector is poor governance. It is Just a challenge faced by the educational sector and nothing else. Here, in the case of issues related to poor governance, it is required to mention that, poor governance is affecting all the sectors existing out there. In addition to this, issues like corruption, lack of infrastructure, politicization, and other issues.  Contrary to this, Victor, (2017), apart from these issues other considerable issues or challenges faced by the educational system of Nigeria are poor parenting, lack of proper guidance by the parents in about using education, lack of good teachers’ welfare, and education coverage.

As per the Ehiane, (2014),  far as the case of Lagos is concerned, it is also needed to be considered here that according to a survey, after witnessing the problems being faced by the educational department in the year 1998, a process related to creaming of students was implemented, according to which children or considerable students were provided with scholarships. Such an implementation in the education sector is very beneficial; for the students as well as the education system as it will eventually encourage the children or students in studying more. Similarly, by seeing their children growing, as a result of positive word of mouth, parents also started encouraging their kids and guiding them towards a better future. Although such solutions are indeed beneficial in some way or the other. Thus, it is required by the government as well as other administration level authorities to be focused on the frameworks or certain prominent and well-known solutions for overcoming the challenges that are being faced by the government, especially the ones related to the educational system of Nigeria in Lagos. According to this, aiming toward the SDGs and their major agenda of improving the condition or situation of the country before the year 2030, especially by increasing the government transparency.

Challenges of Nigeria’s Education System

According to Requejo-Castro, Giné-Garriga, & Pérez-Foguet, (2020), in the year 2015, approximately 195 countries agreed with the UN (United Nations), that together all these countries can grow better for a better future. According to the UN, especially under the SDG, i.e., sustainable development goals, countries will bring their institutes and organization of education system, businesses, governments, and NGOs, to work all together and seek a better future so that an enhancement in the lives of people could be witnessed by the year 2030. The education system of Nigeria requires to be enhanced and improved. Thus, it is required by the people, especially the administration of the education system of Nigeria to acknowledge the details of the SDG and its agenda to enhance the country’s state of transparency before the year 2030 (Corbett, & Mellouli, 2017). As per the sustainable development goals, there are around 17 goals that are prepared for countries to grow. However, as far as the goals of the educational system of Nigeria is concerned, it is required to consider the 4th goal of providing quality education to the students, so that they can grow better and stronger. According to this goal, governments from several countries are giving their students as well parents certain new support services that are not just helping the kids or students in growing better but also providing solutions to the entire nation for a better educational system. Similarly, in the case of Lagos, Nigeria also required using SDGs as the main goal for their better and considerable growth (onescu, et al., 2020).

To begin with the specific instance of Nigeria, it is necessary to point out that schooling in Nigeria as a country has a long and rich history (Falola, Genova, & Heaton, 2018). Furthermore, this history of Nigerian education must be addressed even before the British occupied the country. Traditional schooling was the primary mode of instruction in Nigeria at the time. More specifically, the Nigerian people’s forebears used the traditional method of education, which is known as traditional schooling. Teaching used to be primarily focused on transmitting cultural legacy, particularly from one era to the next.

Furthermore, the only thing that ultimately divides both styles of education, namely traditional and contemporary teaching, is that traditional teaching or traditional learning takes place in a traditional context. As previously said, people used to teach students or youngsters about traditional heritage and any other fundamental learning that may assist them to lead a better life in Nigeria under the heading of traditional schooling.

As per Dele-Ajayi et al., (2019), modern teaching, as well as traditional teaching, are both providing certain issues that are needed to be removed to achieve better options and better lives for the people living in Nigeria. For instance, modern problems are the ones where children or students, as well as teachers, are facing issues where they are not capable of utilizing the technology advancement and thus should work upon the same concern. Besides that, it is also required to understand that, in the cases of traditional teaching also daughters of Lagos are daughters are often primarily schooled by parents; kids would be taught how to among civilization, as well as how to welcome the old (Okunade, et al., 2017). Taboo remained widely practiced across Nigeria for just a time because it was also of many tactics utilized to propagandize the youth of today inside the tradition. Taboo was ubiquitous in Nigeria there at the time, yet it is widely utilized to propagandize the new age nowadays. Before the introduction of advanced education in Nigeria, many youngsters’ education was conventional, with the majority of it taking place in the household as well as society, in which they were taught about societal values, cultural activities, especially work. These educational experiences might get compensated again for the majority of what subsequent decades would learn. Eventually, it could be easily focused on the betterment of the society by taking the help of sustainable development goals and its agenda to get better after some years.

Significance of This Research

Apart from all of the literature mentioned above, it is also required to mention that to explore the required data for the research, apart from the above-mentioned data, certain theories will be used such as Luke’s theory of power and Complexity theory. In the case of Luke’s theory of power, there are three types of faces according to which power could be practiced. These faces are, decision making power. Non-decision making power and ideological power. Since, decision making power is most popular out of all, thus, the here also the researcher will take the help of decision-making power from Luke’s theory (Gaventa, 2003). 

Methodological approach is about the entire framework or set of procedures that are going to be followed in the following research. Basically, methodology is nothing else but a strategy being used in the research as well as the rationale of the research. Accordingly, in this research, as far as the case of strategies and techniques being used are concerned, the research will be focused on gathering the required data from both the methods of data collection under the head of research method named quantitative research design. Further, details about both research method and data collection will be explained. Besides that, as far as the case of research rationale is concerned, it is needed to be mentioned that children or students living in Nigeria are facing several problems in terms of gaining the basic learning and knowledge. In order to help such student as well as the people living in the country by increasing the growth of the country.

To begin with any given research, it is generally required to initiate by selecting a research design for the entire research. Research design is an initial process of research that could also be represented as an approach that helps the investigator or the researcher in planning all of their research procedures. In simpler words, the research design is a sort of base or platform for the researchers upon which the researcher can work on all the required procedures or steps of the following research (Akhtar, 2016).

Here particularly, in this research, the researcher is looking for a research design, which could eventually help them to gather and further analyze the data that is relevant to the education system of Nigeria and how they can achieve current sustainable development goals (SDGs). To select a particular research design, it is also required to firstly acknowledge and eventually study all the types of the research design to select a particular research design as per the requirements of the research (Myers, Well, & Lorch Jr, 2013). Research design is generally of three types, i.e., qualitative research design, quantitative research design, and mixed research design. Firstly, in the case of qualitative research design, the main focus of the research is on the quality of the research responses. Qualitative research design is also a type of design or approach where all the gathered data is generally in written or subjective format (Worthington, 2013). It is also required to be mentioned that qualitative research design, is a type of design where the data gathering is generally based on an interview conducted for the data gathering process. This interview is generally taken from the people who are some way or the other very closely related to the major concern or research question of this research (Maxwell, 2012).

Besides this, in the case of quantitative research design, as the name suggests the main focus of the researcher while gathering the required data for the research is over the quantity of the responses. Generally, in the case of quantitative research design, the data gathered is in the form of an objective or numerical and statistical manner (Caruth, 2013). However, the main thing to remember here is that the main of this study or research will be to review how Nigeria’s educational system will achieve the current sustainable development goals in line with the SDGs agenda by 2030 with the ongoing out-of-school youth specifically in Lagos state. According to this the procedure of quantitative can be followed accordingly (Toye et al., 2016).

Lastly, in the case of mixed research design, as the name suggests, the researcher is provided with the example of getting entertained with the advantages of both other types of research design approaches (Schoonenboom, & Johnson, 2017).

Furthermore, after going through all of the research design approaches it could easily be decided that by using a quantitative research design approach, the following research could be conducted in the best way possible.

In addition to this, it is also needed to mention that, by using the quantitative research design approach, the researcher will be able to conduct surveys that will eventually be helpful in terms of gathering the data about the research concern from multiple numbers of samples or to be precise, participants of the research (Khalid, Abdullah, & Kumar 2012). Besides that, another considerable reason for selecting this type of design is that this research is about Nigeria i.e., an entire country, and thus to apply the results findings as well as results over the entire country, it is required to gather responses about the research concern from multiple people of different characteristics (Kozlowski, et al., 2013).

Data collection is the process of data gathering, to achieve the required findings and results for the research problem and research questions (Feng, et al., 2021). As the main aim of this study or research will be to review how Nigeria’s educational system will achieve the current sustainable development goals in line with the SDGs agenda by 2030 with the ongoing out-of-school youth specifically in Lagos state. Thus, while gathering the required data also the researcher will check the account to help them. Generally, there are two types of data collection methods i.e., primary and secondary data collection methods (Sarkies, et al., 2015). Moreover, in the following research, the researcher will be using both types of research data collection methods. Moreover, the major reason behind doing the same is that both the data collection methods have their beef and thus by using both methods, the researcher will be able to use the perks provided by both these methods (Wilson, & Fox, 2013).

In the case of primary data collection under the head of quantitative research design, the researcher will be surveying by using a questionnaire prepared with a set of 10 questions related to the aim, objectives, and research questions of the paper (Choy, 2014). This method of data collection will be gathering the data that is latest and updated according to the present time. The reason behind this data being the latest is that it will be gathered from real-time people, who will be providing the information with their best knowledge as per the current time (Johnston, 2017).

Besides that, in the case of the secondary data collection method, the data gathered is usually more authentic, especially because it is not collected directly from an individual, but from research, or work done by other prominent people previously. For instance, here in this paper, the researcher will gather the information related to the research problem by looking for existing literature related to the same or similar concerns (Crowe, 2014). The paper that will be considered here is secondary sources that are prepared previously by certain prominent researchers. Moreover, these papers include research papers, news articles, peer-reviewed articles, journal articles, and other papers. The only disadvantage of using this method is that the data gathered here is sometimes older and thus, not relevant to the current time. Although, since the data gathered here is authentic and valued thus the problem of data being older could be compensated easily (Johnston, 2017).

Lastly, here in this research, both methods will be used to gather the data with proper diversification.

Sampling is the process of gathering the participants of the research, which will eventually provide the required data for the research, under the head of the primary method of data collection and quantitative research. The participants which are concerned while gathering the data from a survey in research under the head of the primary method of data collection and quantitative research are referred to as samples of the research (Acharya, et al., 2013). The selection of these samples is done based on the relationship of the participants with the research topic and research questions. In addition to this, there are also several types of sampling techniques, out of which in this research, the researcher will be using the technique called probability sampling (Yang, & Banamah, 2014).

Initially, the researcher will visit certain authentic sites related to the education system, and further will select some samples with the help of the probability technique of sampling. Lastly, the sample size of the following research will be 40.

Ethics are the standards that are required to be maintained to perform or conduct the given research properly, especially by keeping up with the provided guidelines. Moreover, here the researcher will be following the guidelines given by the university so that all the required ethical considerations could be managed (Broesch, et al., 2020). More precisely, here the researcher will be gathering the data from both primary as well as secondary resources; thus, the researcher will be focusing on offering proper credits to all the resources. For instance, in the case of primary resources, all the samples will be provided proper credits along with using the data provided by them under their consent. Similarly, in the case of secondary resources, the researcher will provide proper citations and in-text citations to the sources. By doing the same, each source will be offered a sense of self-worth and proper consideration. Besides that, it is also required to mention that, the researcher will also take care of the fact that no individual should get hurt physically or emotionally while conducting the research procedures (Ketefian, 2015).

Furthermore, as far as the limitations of the following research paper are concerned, it is required to mention that the sample size of this research will be small. According to this, future researchers have to focus on gathering more samples to achieve the findings which could apply to all or the entire educational system of the concerned country or concerned place. Moreover, the major reason for the occurrence of such a limitation is that it was very challenging for the researcher to look for random samples for this research. Besides that, another considerable limitation of this research will be that the data gathered was less related to Lagos, which was also somewhere a specific requirement of this research, especially in terms of research objectives, aims, and questions.

	Time consumed in completing the Research (In Months)
Research Activities	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Presenting Research Topic
Presenting Research Aim, Objective, and Question
Gathering Secondary data
Presenting Literature Review
Gathering Primary data through Questionnaire
Presenting Research Methodology
Data Analysis and Findings

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