The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence In Businesses And Healthcare Organizations

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence or AI is a significant branch of technology as well as computer science that lays emphasis on designing and building smart devices and machines that are able to perform complicated tasks in an accurate as well as efficient manner. This technology is mainly utilized to replace human labor as it is built in a way that incorporates the features of human intelligence (Agrawal, Gans & Goldfarb, 2017). Several research reports have revealed that the incorporation, as well as utilization of artificial intelligence in businesses, have increased the productivity of the businesses by approximately 40 per cent. With the increasing extensive amount of data that is available in the modern day business world and the continuous evolution of the choices and the complexities of the customers, it is required for companies to incorporate modern business methods and technology as they can no longer depend upon the traditional methods of business in order to initiate growth and development.

Artificial intelligence has provided a new realm of opportunities due to the radical changes that it has brought into businesses. Therefore, artificial intelligence is responsible for driving growth with a company by means of achieving actionable insights which are generated and formulated out of the data and information accumulated from the customers. One of the most important human qualities that artificial intelligence possesses is that of rationality. Humans are known for their rational decisions and activities that enable the accomplishment of particular tasks. However, humans do make errors. Artificial intelligence is responsible for accomplishing tasks accurately and rationally with minimum errors. In the contemporary world, companies are increasingly incorporating artificial intelligence in their operations to drive their business up for success. This disruptive innovation has not only helped in simulation and automation activities that would have otherwise required manual labor on the part of the workers, but also it has enabled data storage, access, and retrieval in the most accurate way possible.

Several researchers have also revealed that artificial intelligence is all set to replace the labor of the humans (Dick, 2019). This is because, humans are prone to making mistakes that might pose the company with various risks, however, with the incorporation of artificial intelligence, the risks of errors can be reduced tremendously. Artificial intelligence is particularly important in healthcare organizations as it helps in more accurate and efficient diagnosis of disease and conditions in patients. It is also responsible for ensuring a well recorded and reliable tracking and monitoring of the progress of the patients. The automation facilities in artificial intelligence also benefit automatic diagnosis of patients’ health conditions and can also generate reports on the basis of their tests. Therefore, in the healthcare sector, artificial intelligence has been one of the major enablers of design thinking and disruptive innovation (Lee et al., 2018). This has helped organizations to reach out to patients conveniently and has also enabled healthcare providers to provide their treatment easily to the patients. Similarly, for the patients, receiving services and getting themselves checked has become extremely convenient.

Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in businesses

The main aim of the research is to understand and critically evaluate the impact of incorporating Artificial Intelligence within healthcare organizations and to conduct a comparative analysis between the traditional functioning of this sector and the modern day functioning of this sector after the incorporation of artificial intelligence. This main aim is further divided into several study objectives that have guided the flow of the research. These objectives and the research questions, that are framed on the basis of the objectives, have been met through this research undertaking.

The objectives of the research include:

• To investigate the concept of artificial intelligence.
• To understand the benefits of using artificial intelligence in businesses.
• To explore the applications and their benefits of incorporating artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations.
• To evaluate the impacts of using artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations.
• To conduct a comparative analysis between the traditional methods of functioning and the incorporation of artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations in the modern day scenario.

The research questions for conducting this research study include:

RQ1: What is the concept of artificial intelligence?

RQ2: What are the benefits of using artificial intelligence in businesses?

RQ3: What are the applications and their benefits of incorporating artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations?

RQ4: What are the impacts of using artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations?

RQ5: What are the findings of the comparative analysis between the traditional methods of functioning and the incorporation of artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations in the modern day scenario?

The Concept of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence can be defined as the capability of the computerized robot or a digital computer to accomplish tasks that are relevant to the humanistic qualities (Pannu, 2015). The term, Artificial intelligence is essentially applied to several developmental systems of projects that are invested with intellectual operations like the qualities of human beings, like the quality to discover new things, the capability to reason, to learn dynamically from past events, and to generalize from theories and concepts. In the 1940s, digital computers were developed and since then researchers and scientists have believed that computers can be programmed in such a way so as to undertake and accomplish complicated tasks. Over the years, several researchers have revealed that there are several programs that have achieved the level of intelligence and the performance of humans in order to accomplish particular tasks like medical diagnosis, recognition of voice or handwriting, computer search engines, and many more (?erka, Grigien? & Sirbikyt?, 2015). Artificial intelligence follows two distinctive methods, the first is the symbolic approach and the other is the connectionist approach. The symbolic or the top down approach attempts to duplicate the intelligence of humans by evaluating cognition that is independent of the human brain’s biological structure, in relation to the processing of the symbols. The bottom up or the connectionist approach is engaged in the creation of artificial neural networks that is responsible for imitating the structure of the brain (Li & Du, 2017).

AI has helped businesses a lot in the modern age. From predicting customer interests to choosing the right goods & services, AI has helped create endless opportunities. Now everything we imagine we can make it happen through AI. Brands like Netflix, Spotify & Facebook have highly benefitted from using AI in their functioning. Several researchers have revealed that as the companies are continuing to incorporate artificial intelligence within their businesses, they are able to reap more tangible benefits for their businesses that include material gains (Davenport, 2018). There are several businesses using artificial intelligence. The first is the efficiency that it offers to the business operations. Technology is responsible for handling tasks at a considerably faster scale and a pace that is impossible for humans to match. On the other hand, technology enables the removal of such tasks from the responsibilities of the employees, thereby, allowing them to work on higher value jobs that are impossible for technology to accomplish. Therefore, this enables organizations to reduce the costs of performing repeatable, mundane and manual tasks that are otherwise achievable by technology to make use of the human capital in other jobs in order to ensure efficiency as well as gains in productivity (Borges et al., 2021). The increment in the speed of business is also one of the major benefits of using artificial intelligence. Researchers have revealed that artificial intelligence facilitates shorter cycles of development as well as this is responsible for cutting the time that it usually takes to shift from design to commercialization.

Applications and benefits of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare organizations

Artificial intelligence is also useful for generating new capabilities for the business along with the expansion of their business model. The more the companies test the potential of their technology, the more they can open up more opportunities for expansion as well as development (Ivanov & Webster, 2017). As technology is instantaneous as well as efficient, they are responsible for ensuring error free delivery. This also gives rise to the fact that artificial intelligence improves monitoring as they possess the capability of storing as well as processing huge amounts of real time data. Reduction of human error has ensured that businesses can deliver better quality products as well as services to their customers. Artificial intelligence is also helpful for improving various aspects of human resource management within an organization starting from storing, processing, and retrieving their data whenever required as well as by aiding in sourcing, identifying as well as screening the highly capable candidates for the business (Dirican, 2015).

Healthcare organizations have utilized artificial intelligence in order to facilitate the smooth operations of various functionalities. Artificial intelligence for the healthcare sector has been designed in such a way so as to scan the bodies of patients for any disease, injury, or illness (Topol, 2019). They are also capable of tailoring treatment as per the examination of the patient as well as can cater to the emotional as well as mental requirements of the patients. There are various applications along with the benefits of artificial intelligence within healthcare organizations.

Support for clinical decisions: Healthcare professionals are required to consider each and every crucial detail of a patient for diagnosing them. This requires them to go through the complicated as well as unstructured notes that are recorded as medical records. Any error or loss of information can hamper the patients’ diagnosis as well as treatment (Luo et al., 2016). Artificial intelligence is responsible for storing as well as processing an extensive amount of data that can be offered as knowledge databases for enabling examination of patients as well as recommending them the methods of treatment. This helps in improving the support for clinical decisions.

Robotic surgeries: Artificial Intelligence collaborates with robots to revolutionize the way traditional surgeries are done, not only in terms of the speed as well as the efficiency of the surgery but also with the precision as well as expertise of making intricate as well as delicate incisions (Samalavicius et al., 2020).

Primary Care: Artificial Intelligence offers the facility of telehealth through which patients can not only remotely book as well as avail their appointments but can also post and get their queries solved with the help of features like chatbots. Medical chatbots are built on smart algorithms that enable the provision of instant answers to the patients’ queries, thereby helping them to deal with small scale health emergencies (Siddique & Chow, 2021).

Other applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare include virtual nurse assistants, accurate diagnosis, wearable technology for fitness as well as health monitoring as well as many more.

Impacts of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare organizations

Artificial intelligence is responsible for transforming the way in which healthcare organizations have been operating. In today’s world, artificial intelligence has enabled the accessibility of healthcare within the domains of their smart phones or other mobile devices (Panch, Szolovits & Atun, 2018). The utilization of artificial intelligence along with the Internet of Medical Things or IoMT in a variety of applications in health has been helping people to understand more about their conditions as well as are enabling them to manage their health wellbeing (Al-Turjman, Nawaz & Ulusar, 2020). Artificial intelligence instills a sense of control of the patients on their own health as well as safety. Artificial intelligence is also helpful for healthcare providers and professionals to understand the nature of the patients’ diseases well as injuries along with their needs. Artificial intelligence has made it convenient as well as efficient to diagnose life threatening diseases like cancer.

Data is crucial to research studies. Without the incorporation of data, research studies would lose their purpose. Data helps in defining the flow, the findings, as well as the analysis of the research (Jao et al., 2015). A research study would remain incomplete without its literature reviews, research findings as well as analysis. Data helps in creating strong evidence for drawing conclusions to the study. Conclusions or recommendations can not be stated just on the basis of assumptions or suppositions on the part of the researchers. In this case, data, whether measurable or non measurable, helps in creating evidence on the basis of which the outcomes are mapped. Data can be of various types as well as has to be sourced from various sources in order to validate the original findings of the research. This data for research is sourced from the participants of a study. Participants contribute data to a research paper as well as this data can be generated, observed, collected, or created from the participants (Sutton & Austin, 2015). The main role of the participants of research includes that they initiate the study as well as enable the derivation of the outcomes of the study. They have a crucial relationship with the topic of the study as well as the aims as well as objectives of the study. The participants have to be chosen extremely crucially so as to relate them with that the aims and objectives of the study. For instance, if a study is conducted on healthcare organizations, it is important that the researcher recruits participants that are relevant to healthcare organizations and to the sector. Similarly, in case a study is being conducted on the tourism industry, it is important that the participants are related to the concerned sector.

The method of selecting the participants is also important to a study. The main aim of the researcher must be to avoid any bias that pre determines the course of the study. Therefore, it is crucial to the researcher to select the relevant data sources as well as relevant data collection procedures to recruit the participants and source data from them in a reliable as well as authentic manner. There are two types of sources from which data is collected, which include primary as well as secondary resources. Primary sources are those participants that provide first hand as well as real time information to the researcher. This can include the own account of the author or can include data that is collected directly from the sources. Primary data sources or participants can include individuals who are adept in the area of the research or speeches, original documents, diaries, records, interviews, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, and many more (Coppersmith, 2017). Secondary data sources or participants include those sources that are already published by other authors and are available in order to access as well as a reference for other researchers. Secondary data participants provide already available data for reviewing as well as critiquing. Secondary data participants are useful in order to offer a strong foundation for the research study as they are evidence based and are already researched and critiqued (O’Donnell, 2017). Therefore, in order to maintain the reliability as well as trustworthiness of this research work, secondary data sources have been used as the participants of this study. They have been sourced considering a time frame of 2015 to the present and have included a variety of papers and articles from academic databases as well as from other business and industry reports. A number of fifteen to twenty articles and reports have been reviewed and used for this research to collect, review and critique the data findings and draw the logical outcomes.

Description of Participants of the Study

Comparative analysis between traditional methods and modern-day functioning in healthcare organizations

There are two types of data participants that can contribute to a research study which include the primary participants and the secondary participants. The primary data are raw and unstructured and contribute to the study by providing real time as well as first hand data to the paper (Coppersmith, 2017). This data is constructively used with the paper in order to prove the hypothesis as well as fulfill the objectives of the research. One of the main benefits of incorporating primary participants within the study is to make the study more authentic and raw. On the other hand, secondary data participants have already published works that have analyzed, evaluated, or have interpreted a phenomenon or an event offering to review or critique them. Secondary participants are already published and available for the public to access and avail themselves of their research works. Secondary sources can include research papers, books, journal articles, reviews as well as many more that already have evidence based data that is proved and critiqued (O’Donnell, 2017). In this research paper, secondary data participants have been used in order to reach logical outcomes. The secondary data participants include peer reviewed articles, journals, as well as research reports that are gathered from academic databases like Google Scholar. Other than this, several business reports and industry reports on artificial intelligence as well as its implications on healthcare organizations have been reviewed as well as critiqued. The number of articles and reports vary from fifteen to twenty. They have been selected randomly to reduce the bias within the study. The secondary data participants have provided holistic knowledge on the topic of research and have been selected in such a way so that all the objectives, as well as the research questions, are fulfilled as well as answered (Flick, 2015). Essentially, the term participants are used for human beings that contribute primary data to the study. However, since this study has made use of secondary data analysis, therefore, the term participants have been designated to the secondary sources from which the data and information for conducting this research have been collected.

There are various steps to the data intervention procedure that is responsible for determining the way in which the data will be analyzed as well as presented. This has formed the research methodology for this research paper. The first component is the research philosophy. The research philosophy is responsible for defining the logical flow of the research study. This paper has considered three different forms of research philosophies namely positivism research philosophy, interpretivism research philosophy, as well as realism research philosophy. Out of all the three above mentioned philosophies, the Positivism research philosophy has been used in this paper. This has contributed to making the paper more logical as well as critical and has also helped in defining extensively the thoughts and perceptions of the researcher (Park, Konge & Artino, 2020). The next component of the research methodology is the research design. Research design is responsible for collecting the data and analyzing them utilizing authentic techniques. There are three forms of research designs namely explanatory research design, exploratory research design as well as descriptive or analytical research design. Out of all the three above mentioned research designs, this paper has made use of the descriptive or analytical research design for logically analyzing the research findings and support them with theoretical frameworks and concepts to provide evidence based research outcomes (Gray, 2021). The next aspect is the data collection and sampling. As stated above, secondary sources have been used in order to collect data for the research study. The data has been collected from various previously published articles and journals from academic databases as well as from a variety of industry reports and internet sources. This is a desk based research in which keyword searching has been used to randomly search and select the sources of data and information that belongs to the time frame of 2015 to the present (Guerin, Janta & van Gorp, 2018). The major requirements of the research have been a computer as well as an internet connection. Access to various academic journals and databases has also helped the data collection procedure. Data has been analyzed using the qualitative research analysis method. Qualitative research analysis involves qualitative or descriptive data that is responsible for explaining as well as investigating the problem statement in depth. The thematic analysis approach, as well as the content analysis technique, has been used in this research in order to analyze the data findings. Under thematic analysis, thematic codes have been developed in order to classify the data collected and after the classification, they have been explored and critiqued using content analysis technique to reach the logical outcomes. Strict standards of ethics have been followed in this study. The secondary data that have been collected have been acknowledged throughout the paper with the help of in text citations as well as references at the end of the paper. Apart from acknowledging the authors of the previously published articles as well as the reports, this has also been done in order to avoid any copyright claim issues (Sutton & Austin, 2015).

Data has been collected with the help of a computer and an internet connection. The keyword searching technique was used on the internet in order to select the articles and reports (Mutlag et al., 2019). The academic database named Google Scholar was used for shortlisting all the scholarly articles and academic papers that have been peer reviewed and published by various researchers and authors. The keyword “artificial intelligence” was used to find out various articles that have provided adequate knowledge on the concept of artificial intelligence and the way it functions. The keyword “comparative analysis” was used in order to understand the way in which a comparative study is conducted. Other keywords like “impact of artificial intelligence on healthcare organizations”, “artificial intelligence applications in healthcare”, “healthcare organizations before artificial intelligence” and many other keywords were used in order to collect information as per the objectives set for the research. These keywords were typed on the search bar of Google Scholar and the articles and reports that fit the criteria of the time frame as well as the keywords were chosen for gathering the information (Tariq & Agarwal, 2020). News articles and other internet sources were also searched and shortlisted in a similar manner for this research. Information for the literature review was also collected in the same way during the research study. The information and the major findings from these papers and reports were collected and thematically arranged as per the thematic codes. The thematic codes were derived as per the objectives as well as the research questions in order to fulfill and find the answers.

Concept of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a mere simulation of the intelligence of human beings and works when it is possessed by machines especially computer systems (?erka, Grigien? & Sirbikyt?, 2015). There are four types of AI that exist and they include theory of mind, reactive machines, self-awareness, as well as limited memory. It essentially requires specific hardware and software as its foundation for enlisting, coding, as well as training and preparing machine algorithms. There is no single programming language that is required to initiate AI but generally, Python, Java, and other relevant programming languages are used. AI programming lays its emphasis on cognitive skills such as self-correction, learning, as well as reasoning. By putting in huge amounts of labeled data for training, AI works by evaluating these data points and patterns thereby predicting future states in the most humane manner (Pannu, 2015).

There are a lot of benefits of using AI in business such as chatbots can be programmed to make conversations of customers feel very personal and humane. This will greatly affect the sales and business development of the company (Borges et al., 2021). With automation and AI, Netflix and Spotify have been able to create such great recommendations to customers who have gotten so much used to their predictions that most of the time they have found themselves consuming content for a longer time more than they actually intended to. According to researchers, this seems to have worked for E-commerce businesses as well, being able to gather and derive very important insights from the data which reflects the likes and dislikes of the customers and exactly targeting them with the right product and generating revenue for the businesses (Ivanov & Webster, 2017).

AI can also be infused into digital marketing efforts as well in remarketing as well. Some customers who might have just checked out before the payments page might have reservations about the brand but with AI, these e-commerce platforms can retarget them with the right brand for the same product (Ransbotham et al., 2017). This way they could generate a lot of revenue via remarketing as well.

The benefits of AI when incorporated with any industry could be very fruitful but when it comes to the healthcare sector, there has to be a level of safe quality control that requires to be also looked after as the life of the customer is at stake here (Wahl et al., 2018). The predictions and recommendations have to be precisely accurate so that it does not do any damage to the patients’ lives as they undergo procedures or take medications.

Although AI can be used to perfect the customer service aspect of the healthcare sector as people find themselves searching in order for solutions on Google and other search engines, they can now have chatbots from these companies who would give the right required advice and solutions from the point of view of health care professionals and experts such as doctors & surgeons to the patients as the search engine results are often very confusing and misleading (Shrestha, Ben-Menahem & Von Krogh, 2019). This aspect is something that AI can take care of very great and create a revolution in the said industry.

In the contemporary business era, several researchers have revealed that healthcare is one of the major successes with the incorporation of artificial intelligence within it. Medical science has been on a rapid growth which has further increased the life expectancy of people all across the globe (Ahuja, 2019). However, with the increment of the longevity of lives, there has been a growing demand for the services of this sector along with an increase in costs as well as the demand for a skilled workforce that is able to meet the changing preferences as well as demands of the customers of this sector. The demand of the patients is highly driven by various sources like changing expectations of the patients, the aging population, change in the lifestyle choices of the population as well as the incorporation of innovation as well as constant upgradations (Hamet & Tremblay, 2017). Out of all the implications, the aging population is one of the major causes of this demand for artificial intelligence. Several reports have revealed that by the year 2050, one individual out of every four individuals in North America as well as Europe will live over the age of 65 (McKinsey & Company, 2020). This indicates that the healthcare systems are required to shift from the philosophy of episodic care to a comparatively more proactive form of treatment that can incorporate long term management of the condition of the patients. The aspects of artificial intelligence that include automation, convenience, as well as error free have facilitated these requirements and the demands of the patients to the healthcare industry. Artificial intelligence has considerably engaged in better care outcomes as well as is focused on improving productivity as well as efficiency of the delivery of care. This has not only allowed the practitioners to look after their patients in an effective manner but has also resulted in a raised morale of the staff members along with better staff retention (Fan et al., 2020). However, even though, artificial intelligence is responsible in order to replace human labor, in the case of the healthcare industry, artificial intelligence has constructively aided the work of humans and has also opened up opportunities in order for employment for those who can handle technology.

According to several research reports, traditional healthcare worked majorly on palliative care as well as medicines and other traditional procedures of treatment and diagnosis (Johnson et al., 2018). The symptoms used to be diagnosed on the basis of physical as well as manual check ups by the physicians and medicines used to be prescribed as per the check up. In the case of chronic diseases, they used to remain undiagnosed on several occasions, and surgery used to be the only method of curing internal diseases and conditions. Traditional healthcare was also majorly dependent on herbal medicines and natural ways of treatment. The modern healthcare industry has revolutionized completely, and this has been possible majorly because of the incorporation of technology and Artificial Intelligence. Today, several alternatives are available to treat a particular disease and symptoms of chronic conditions can be diagnosed easily through scans as well as other types of tests. Palliative care has also been made easier with the help of nursing robots (Jiang et al., 2017). In fact, in the contemporary era, patients are able to diagnose their own conditions with the help of chatbots and tele health.

Conclusions

Therefore, in conclusion, it can be said that artificial intelligence is a revolutionary change in healthcare organizations in the modern day. It has tremendous benefits for the sector as it has successfully catered to the changing demands of the patients. The aging population has been catered to most by this sector of the organizations. This paper has focused on exploring these aspects using secondary research analysis. It has been revealed that artificial intelligence has been beneficial in healthcare automation as well as effective care provision. This paper has huge implications for healthcare researchers as well as educators and learners. Healthcare organizations can also use this research in order to improve their practices as well as research and development.

Several recommendations can be suggested in order for healthcare organizations that have incorporated artificial intelligence within their business operations:

• A huge amount of capital must be spent by the organizations to use artificial intelligence adequately within their business operations.
• Efforts must also be spent in research as well as development in regard to artificial intelligence.

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