Literature Review
The attachment theory is a type of relationship in between the individual, especially a long-term relationship (Pepping et al., 2018). John Bowlby who is a British psychologist introduced attachment. Bowlby proposed this theory to understand and evaluate the anxiety and distress that children face during the time of separation from their caregivers or parents (Xu, 2022, January). During the time when children feel frustrated seek close proximity from their caregivers or their parents. A child may feel connected to the caregivers or their parents as because they are the person who provides care, support and nourishment to the children during the growing period (Gladstone et al., 2018). Attachment is a term that is correlated with the bond (McNamara et al., 2019). The bonds which are created in early life have a significant impact throughout the life of the child. This theory entails that this attachment theory serves to keep the infants close to their mothers which improves the chances of survival. This particular theory suggests that when a child is born, they have an innate drive to form an attachment with the person they are closest to. The children who have maintained the attachment drive receive more comfort and protection and also have more chances to survive to adulthood (Granqvist & Duschinsky, 2021). Bowlby put forward that nurturance and responsiveness are the major reason for attachment Parenting styles is one of the significant factors in determining factor in forming the attachment (Gottuso, 2021). If the children in their growing years have more authoritative parents, they have more anxiety and nervousness and also develop social anxiety or on the hand, may develop significantly higher self-esteem and often are neglectful to their groups.
The main aim of the assignment is to discuss about how do authoritarian styles affect children’s self-esteem with the support of literature and also discuss this point from the perspective of several authors.
Research question: How do authoritarian styles affect children’s self-esteem?
The authors Lynn & Ting, (2019) conducted a qualitative study for understanding the influence of the parenting styles on the self-esteem. For the study, the authors recruited six students with the help of a random sampling method from a reputed school in Malaysia who are in the age range of 13 to 17 years old. The authors used Parent Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) to understand the influence of the parenting styles. The researchers have explained that the parenting styles have a severe impact on the perception of the students. The authoritative parenting style is also the most dominant method and this style is a modernised method where the students have fair esteem compared with the authoritarian is linked with declining self-esteem among the students. The researchers in their study highlighted one of the most significant points are that the child’s temperament, coping mechanisms and as well as their social skills are shaped by the parenting styles and the attitudes perceived by the parents.
The authors Riquelme et al., (2018) conducted a qualitative study in order to understand the psychosocial maladjustment among the adolescents. The main aim of the study is to analyse the vulnerability of the adolescents linked to the parenting styles. For the study, the authors selected 1445 Spanish adolescents which have 59.4% being females and 587 participants were 12-15 years old and 845 participants were 16-17 years old. The authors have discussed in their paper about four types of parenting styles which are follows authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent and neglectful. The used Parenting Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire (PARQ) to collect the data. The research showed the result is that if a strict parenting style is followed then the children are more vulnerable during their late and early adolescence. The authors highlighted that the female has low self-esteem than the male participants further is was also highlighted by the authors that authoritarian parenting styles is associated with maladjustment problems in adolescents which acts risk factors. The major strength of the paper is that the researcher analysed the psychosocial vulnerability among the Spanish participants in both early and late adolescents. The limitation of the paper is that the researchers used a non-experimental study which does not signify allow the researcher to draw conclusive data in regard to psychosocial vulnerability.
Research Question: How do authoritarian styles affect children’s self-esteem?
The researcher Queiroz et al., (2020) applied quantitative research to understand parental socialization, environmental values and self-esteem among Spanish adolescents. For the research, the 308 participants have been selected among which 171 participants were females in the age range of 12-17 years old, which accounts for 55.55% percentage. The researcher explained that consistent parenting styles are bound to impact self-esteem which is also linked with parental warmth. The researchers concluded that parental strictness is linked with psychosocial development. The drawback of the paper is that as a cross-sectional design chosen for the researchers, hence conclusion cannot be drawn as well as longitudinal data was also absent in the study.
The authors Perez-Gramaje et al., (2020) applied quantitative research to understand about parenting styles and how much it is related to aggressive adolescents. For the research the researchers took a quantitative approach and gathered data from 969 Spanish adolescents out of which around 554 participants were females and 415 males in between the age range of 12 to 17 years old. The researchers separated the participants on the basis of the strictness of the parents. The researchers observed that sometimes the children who have more strict parents are more aggressive than the adolescents who have emotional, physical support from their parents. It was further observed that the way of interaction in between parents and children is a significantly important factor for socialization. The researcher commented that the authoritative parenting style is better than the authoritarian parenting style as because the child is treated with warmth and strictness which helped the children to socialize and also grow up to be more responsible citizen.
The authors Hirata & Kamakura, (2018) conducted a study to understand how parenting styles are related to the growth and self-esteem among Japanese students. For the research, the authors have collected samples from 329 Japanese university students using the survey using the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) questionaries. The authors highlighted in their study that personal growth initiative and self-esteem are not connected to the authoritarian parenting however, especially among the female students the readiness for change was affected. Further in their paper, the authors highlighted that the parenting styles are severely dependent on the emotional context of the individual.
The researcher Batool, (2020) conducted a study to understand how parenting styles is linked with academic procrastination. For the research, a convenient sampling technique method is implied to gather the data. The researcher collects the data from around 210 male participants and 292 female participants. The age range selected by the researcher by implying the inclusion criteria is 22 to 24 years old. The researcher analysed the data using AMOS 21.0. the researcher got the result that around 19% of the participants have proper academic achievement due to supportive parenting styles. The P-value for the direct impact was found to be 0.27 and the indirect value was found to be 0.08 in terms of compassion and supportive parenting. The researchers concluded in their study that a positive parenting style is directly linked with academic procrastination and boosting self-esteem.
Kurman et al., (2018) conducted a qualitative study to understand the implicit and the explicit impact of self-esteem among the ADHD children because of their parenting styles. For the study, data were collected from 45 participants who have ADHD and 35 participants who have non-ADHD using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) t. The authors observed lowered self-esteem is observed among the ADHD participants as because of the authoritarian parenting style and higher self-esteem is observed among the participants because of the authoritative parenting style. Hence the role of parents and which style they will be followed will create a major impact on the responsiveness of the participants with ADHD.
The authors Szkody et al., (2021) conducted a study to understand about the effect and impact of the parenting styles on various psychological problems and self-esteem. For the study, the authors used the qualitative approach and collected data from around the 381 emerging adults in order to explore the terms such as parenting styles and self-esteem. One the strong finding that the authors have found in the paper is that the authoritative parenting style creates higher self-esteem than the authoritarian parenting style and as the participants have higher self-esteem, they have relatively fewer psychological and mental health problems. In the study, the researchers highlighted that females get more impacted because of the parenting styles followed in their households which is also linked with self-esteem.
Banstola et al., (2020) used a cross-sectional study to understand the impact of suicide and self-esteem among the students studying in the Urban High School located in Nepal. For the collection of the data, the authors used Self-administered questionnaires in 575 pairs of participants. The age range of the participants was to be 13 to 19 years old. The data for the research were analysed and evaluated in descriptive and inferential statistics. The research found that in accordance with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 11.3% of the students that is 16.59 is found to be suicidal out of which is a significant trait in authoritarian parenting style. The authors recommended in the paper that counselling needs to be adopted for preventing suicidal behaviours and as well as enhance their self-esteem.
Nie et al., (2022) conducted a qualitative style to understand more about the authoritative Parenting Style and as well analyse their proactive behaviours. The authors conducted a survey with 388 participants to understand the adverse effect of the parenting styles. The authors also support their views by showing chain medication as an intervention making this a significant strong point of the paper. As well authoritative parenting styles can be liked with higher self-esteem and parenting styles. However, one of the aspects is in the paper the authoritative parenting style was more focused and explained that this style is known to improve self-esteem in order to grow the mindset of the individuals.
Martinez et al., (2020) conducted a cross-sectional quantitative style to understand the effect of parenting styles on the self-esteem and the values of the participants. For the research, the authors analysed the data from 2091 samples using the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, where 591 participants were from Spain, 675 participants from Portugal and 623 participants were from Brazil. The researchers analysed the strictness of the parents using the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The authors highlighted in their study that in the three countries it was observed that parental emotion and warmth were significantly important in managing the self-esteem and socialization of the participants.
Study 2: Riquelme et al. (2018)
Parental involvement, also associated with child-raising, is the procedure of caring for a kid, taking into account their physical, emotional, and economical needs and requirements (Xu & Zhang, 2022). There are commonly four types of parenting styles which are discussed as follows: 1. Authoritarian parents have a high level of demands but a low level of compliance (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019). They want their children to follow their parents’ orders before questioning their leadership. To maintain control over their parenting choices, they resort to coercion. 2. Permissive parents are contrary of indulgent parents (García et al., 2018). They have a high level of reactivity yet are not overly demanding. They tend to meet their child’s wishes and preferences while imposing no or minimal limitations on their conduct. 3. Authoritative parents are attentive and demanding in equal measure (Cerezo Ramírez et al., 2018). They define strict high expectations, but then enforce those standards through communication and consultation with their youngsters. Rather than demanding unquestioning compliance from the child, they recognise their rights, preferences, and originality. 4. Neglectful parents are undemanding and unresponsive (Karaer & Akdemir, 2019). They are unconcerned and uninvolved in the upbringing of their children. An authoritarian parenting style is a form of strict parenting style (Shaw & Starr, 2019). This style focuses more on the discipline of the child, obedience of the child and the control of the child’s behaviour. In this style, the parents pay little to no attention to the decision of the child. These styles place a very high expectation on the growing children and also is very harsh for the children. Yaffe (2021), said in their study that the authoritative parenting style is linked with higher self-esteem than the authoritarian as because in such a parenting style no warmth is shown to the children in their development years which impacts their self-esteem ultimately affecting their socialization skills. The children who grew up in an authoritarian household also shows less leadership and decision-making abilities (Tourish, 2020). Self-esteem is defined as one’s belief in one’s own worth or skills; it is an important component of one’s life that affects both the present and the future (Kurtovi? et al., 2018). The first milieu that an infant encounter is that of their parents; they are the key socialization agents, and the caring methods that they employ to raise and socialize their infants are referred to as parenting styles. Parental approaches have a significant impact on a person’s self-esteem (Krauss et al., 2020). All of the studies presented in the literature review emphasize the importance of appropriate parenting styles for the development of people of all ages, particularly those in their early years. They also state that authoritarian parenting styles generally have lower children’s self-esteem, so even though authoritative parenting styles have indeed been deemed the greatest success style by all of the studies reviewed, and their procedure has a significant impact on a child’s self-esteem.
Conclusion:
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that The attachment theory is a type of relationship in between the individual, especially a long-term relationship. This theory entails that this attachment theory serves to keep the infants close to their mothers which improves the chances of survival. This particular theory suggests that when a child is born, they have an innate drive to form an attachment with the person they are closest to. . A child may feel connected to the caregivers or their parents as because they are the person who provides care, support and nourishment to the children during the growing period. Parenting styles is one of the significant factors in determining factor in forming the attachment. The child’s temperament, coping mechanisms and as well as their social skills are shaped by the parenting styles and the attitudes perceived by the parents. The children who have more strict parents are more aggressive than the adolescents who have emotional, physical support from their parents. Parental involvement, also associated with child-raising, is the procedure of caring for a kid, taking into account their physical, emotional, and economical needs and requirements. The children who grew up in an authoritarian household also shows less leadership and decision-making abilities. Self-esteem is defined as one’s belief in one’s own worth or skills; it is an important component of one’s life that affects both the present and the future. The first milieu that an infant encounter is that of their parents; they are the key socialization agents, and the caring methods that they employ to raise and socialize their infants are referred to as parenting styles. Parental approaches have a significant impact on a person’s self-esteem.
Study 3: Queiroz et al. (2020)
References:
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