Discussion
Discuss about the Ethnic and racial conflict has been a significant impediment to development in poor countries. Discuss this view.
The global environment has been experiencing the rapid changes. Globalization is accelerated and driven by the technological advancements in transportation and communication. The globalization process develops the ideas about vast linking with the outer world. According to McClain and McClain (2017), the repeated changes in the developing countries require more cultural understanding. It is noticeable that the procedure of formulating global culture cannot survive amidst of the repeated racial or ethnicity conflicts. Anderson et al. (2015) suggested that cultures found in the developing countries are more inclined towards protecting the religious, racial, and ethnic group. In such context, the conflicts in race and ethnicity create the considerable impediments for development in this globalized world. The impacts of the globalization and trans-nationalism are clearly reflected through the racial and ethnic conflicts. The study will thus focus on developing the ideas about the structure of the basic conflicts that are encountered by the developing nations in maintaining the racial and ethnicity of the individuals. With the help of the argumentative discussion and the information obtained from various case studies, the context will be elaborated in this essay.
Ethnicity or Race conflict provides the generalized ideas about the social life that can be both cohesive and destructive. According to Chen et al. (2016), ethnicity conflict can become the reasons for the social descriptions, mostly in the developing countries. This statement was contradicted by Cochran et al. (2016) who stated that this conflict may act as a cohesive for the others. The sociologists have discussed numerous perspectives in defining the impacts of the race and ethnicity conflicts over the past 50 years. It has even emphasized on the diverse aspects of the integrative and destructive nature of the social process. In many cases, it has been observed that the functional theorists tend to develop insights regarding the negative forces whereas the conflict theorists created the positive views regarding this conflicting scenario. This conflict is presented as a challenge for the status quo that generally brings the fundamental social change. On the other hand, Delgado and Stefancic (2017) described that development of any nation depends on the social changes and improvement of the perceptive values of the surroundings. It is to be indicated that the understanding of the ethnicity is the necessary components to diminish the conflicts emerge due to the racial and ethnic differences.
Case Studies
McDoom (2018) argued that ethnicity is quite distinct from the other identifiable characters, which is considered as the most prominent virtual feature of every society. This ethnic diversity generally arises under diverse circumstances that lead towards the religious conflicts sometimes. It is reported that the Australian indigenous group has been experiencing the considerable challenges due to the racial conflicts created by the White Australians that are viewed as the recognizable impediment in developing their mental health (Stewart 2016). The survey of Mapping Social Cohesion bb Scanlon Foundation provides the information about the discriminative scenario. It was reported that almost 19% Australians are still facing the discriminative attitudes due to their skin colour, religious beliefs, and ethnicity (Taras and Ganguly 2015). The impacts of the globalization and trans-nationalism are clearly reflected through the racial and ethnic conflicts. The experts informed about such racial discriminations that are continuously rising over the years. It is implied that the rise in this racial and ethnicity conflicts are developing economic uncertainty.
According to Stavenhagen (2016), Racism is generally perceived as the system based on the ideology of the inferiority for labeling the race and ethnicity that is inferior to their race. It is one of the manifestations that create the broader phenomenon of oppression. The ideology of racism is differentiated into several forms, such as interpersonal racism, internalize racism, and systematic racism (Short Jr 2018). Internalized racism is the form of accepting the beliefs, attitudes, and ideologies by the members of a particular race or ethnicity. It is a tendency of viewing the other races and ethnicity inferior to their own beliefs. On the other hand, Paradies (2016) defined that the interpersonal racism maintains the unfair and unavoidable inequalities across the racial and ethnic groups. Systematic racism depends on the practices, requirements, conditions, and policies that formulate the unfair inequalities across the diverse ethnic and racial groups (Rigney 2017). In conducting the extensive research on measuring the impacts of the racism and ethnicity conflicts on the Australian indigenous group, it is noticed that it portrays a mixed alarming picture. Majority of the cases are highlighting the picture of the internalized racism. This conflict is presented as a challenge for the status quo that generally brings the fundamental social change (Butler 2017). It is reported that the Australian indigenous group has been experiencing the considerable challenges due to the racial conflicts created by the White Australians that are viewed as the recognizable impediment in developing their mental health. The self-reported racism prevalence indicates that almost 58%-79% of the Australian indigenous group has been facing the continuous racism based discrimination (Mark, Trapido and Marks 2014). The sociologists have discussed numerous perspectives in defining the impacts of the race and ethnicity conflicts. In a survey conducted in 2001, it was reported that almost 30% indigenous people reported against discriminations (McClendon 2016).
Australian Indigenous Group
It is described that this racial conflicts identified in Australia affects the development of the mental health of the indigenous people in a much significant way. The pathways from the racism to the ill-health of indigenous people often include the various aspects. It is reported that due to the racial differences, the indigenous group are prevented from gaining access to the societal resources that are required for the improvements of their health (Adhikari 2017). It may include many aspects, such as employment, housing, medical care, education, and societal support. This discrimination or the conflicts against race has been increasing the exposure to the risks factors associated with the ill-health of this group of people. McClain and McClain (2017) defined that the direct impacts created due to the racial discriminations are leading towards the racially motivated physical assault. This motif is given rise to the riskier scenario for the health of the indigenous group in Australia. The adverse effects of the continuous racial conflicts are increasing the negative emotions and stress that contribute much significantly towards mental ill-health. The extensive research on this factor provides the insights that the people belong to the indigenous group has the less access to the required medical care than the people from the non-indigenous group (Anderson et al. 2015). This discrimination is observed all across the nation.
Another case example describes the disastrous effects of the racism conflicts in a developing country like Africa. It is noticeable that despite living peacefully in the neighborhood, the Africans face the ethnicity conflicts in many segments. Many instances are highlighting the destructive scenario for the South Africans that emerged due to the racial and ethnicity conflicts (Chen et al. 2016). The violent scenario created due to such conflicts was one of the probable reasons for the collapse of Yugoslavia after excluding from the Soviet Union. The complex dynamics of the racial and ethnic conflicts are viewed in this case scenario of the South Africa and Yugoslavia. It is noticeable that the extensive research on the racial and ethnicity divisions have shifted towards understanding the process of ethno-genesis, which is the perpetuation and construction of the ethnic boundaries. It is already stated that the conflict is conceptualized as a challenge for the status quo that generally brings the fundamental social change. The impacts of the globalization and trans-nationalism are clearly reflected through the racial and ethnic conflicts.
The racial minority groups have been feeling the political and economic disadvantages that are persisting across the globe. It is pointed out that the inequality and such racial conflicts are affecting the minority population more specifically. After the completion of the colonialism in Africa, there was the significant clamor of nationalism was observed in this country. Cochran et al. (2016) stated that there was the significant rise visible in the alignment of the ethnic nationalities all across the country. It is identified that the emerging racial conflicts within a state tend to spread the neighboring power that protects the interests of the minority group. In Kenya, the people suffered thee economic crisis that was formulated due to the racial conflicts. In developing countries, the development of the human capitals and important infrastructure is the base of economic development. The emergence of the racial or ethnicity complexity can prevent such practices and affect the views towards development. The economic development is generally based on the policies that aim to improve the human lives. It has even emphasized on the diverse aspects of the integrative and destructive nature of the social process (Delgado and Stefancic 2017). In many cases, it has been observed that the functional theorists tend to develop insights regarding the negative forces whereas the conflict theorists created the positive views regarding this conflicting scenario. The welfare of the human beings is thus necessary for making such improvements towards development.
South Africa and Yugoslavia
The instances gathered from the diverse perspectives of the scholars create the insightful ideas about the impact of racial conflicts and ethnic discrimination. According to McDoom (2018), the emergence of the ethnic diversity generally arises under diverse circumstances that lead towards the religious conflicts sometimes. In many cases, it has been observed that the functional theorists tend to develop insights regarding the negative forces whereas the conflict theorists created the positive views regarding this conflicting scenario. It is noticeable that the procedure of formulating global culture cannot survive amidst of the repeated racial or ethnicity conflicts (Stewart 2016). The developing countries focus on developing their human capital in the most specific way to respond back to the global changes. However, the conflicting scenario noticeable in the diverse racial group affects the unity that generally leads towards the destruction. Moreover, this biasness even affects the mental health of the people who belong to the minor racial group. The case studies also reflect the adverse effects formed due to the racial and ethnic conflicts in the poor countries. The research conducted among the people who have been experiencing the racial conflicts is sometimes highlighting the devastating scenario that is perceived as the impediments. The obstruction created due to the racial conflicts is sometimes affects the livelihood of the people that creates the overall impacts on the nation.
Racial and ethnic conflicts are one of the most significant reasons to anticipate social development. In social scenario especially among the under developed World ethnicity and racial conflict is increasing dividing people. A gap between the poor and rich is already created due to racial barrier. As a result, it ultimately destroys the harmonic growth of society. Despite the progress of globalization, science, culture and technology the society still does not go beyond racism, tribalism, nationalism and colonialism. Around 22 million refugees are still there all over the World who was bound to sacrifice their residence due to nationalistic war (abc.net.au 2018). As a result, they had to face immense challenges in getting a roof and leading a healthy life. Mark, Trapido and Marks (2014) opined that these kinds of people at that time for deprived of in receiving a proper response from community people. They had to tolerate inhuman humility from the private firm owner for earning bread and butter. However, with the gradual increase of refugees the rate of slavery was spreading enormously. They did not get enough scope and opportunity to show off their skills and talents. Due to lack of social barrier and economic constraints those people fail to fulfill their educational goals and objectives. Ultimately, it is highly affecting in community development and social culture.
As per the opinion of McClendon (2016), slavery at the time of colonial era became a threat where 10 millions of people were killed and enslaved due to their racial background and color. AFL indigenous star Eddie Betts’ banana throwing incident has created enormous response in society. A women viewer while enjoying the game suddenly threw a banana towards Betts by accusing him monkey. In reaction to this incident the AFL star was raised his voice by saying “It makes me and my family … and the Aboriginal people feel as if we are outcast in our own country and that’s a very sad thing” (abc.net.au 2018). This kind of incident is actually damaging the society in developing culture. In order to render a social growth society needs to follow anti-discrimination with the help of which people belonging to different racial backgrounds and attitudes should get equal respect and dignity. In this kind of situation, society would not have to face challenges in developing community. As per the opinion of numerous eminent scholars it is observed that ethnic and racial discrimination is highly maintained within business organizations. Adhikari (2017) stated that large number of business organizations is there which do not give opportunities to that indigenous group of people due to their color. Especially women have to keep their mind under curtain. Women belonging to this group are not allowed to expose their skills and talents outside the World. Automatically there is creating a huge gap between the “have’s and have’s not”.
After the incident of banana throwing the Australian society was divided in two primarily. Mamdani (2018) opined that one individual group belonging to indigenous background strictly decided to participate in social cultural and developmental program. On the other hand, another group of people started to ignore the existence of those indigenous people while conducting any social activity. This kind of consequence has left entire negative effect on social development. Due to cultural and psychological barrier two groups of people cannot communicate with each other. The people who actually needs and desires assistance in developing their competency and getting a social recognition are highly neglected. Reich (2017) stated that society becomes divided into two categories called civilized group and uncivilized group. There are two specific reasons due to which society is divided into two major categories. These primarily include cultural barrier and psychological barrier. Rich people always tend to dominate poor in exposing their mental skill and horizon. Automatically, social development is getting affected day by day.
After evaluating the case study of Guyana it is observed that political instability and race riot are the two most significant occurrences that made the country unsafe and under developed. Bolin and Kurtz (2018) stated that despite having immense natural resources, talented personnel and managerial capacity the country is going towards destruction day by day. Large numbers of organizations are there who tend to follow immense racial discrimination while appointing employees. The managers of Guyana do not believe in equilibrium. In this kind of situation, people having different cultural backgrounds or aboriginal groups have to face challenges in being associated with the organization. Educational institutions are not exceptional to that. Mendelberg (2017) opined that administrators while giving opportunity to an aboriginal people within institutions show their biasness in taking admission. As a result, large numbers of people are there who cannot continue their educational journey for a long due to ethnic and racial conflict. Consequently, racial riot began based on which the country is losing its assets and resources day by day. Numerous young and talented people are leaving the country and maintaining their study in abroad. Safety and security in Guyana has become a major issue. In this kind of situation, the existing business organizations belonging to Guyana are not getting any efficient human resource for providing good services within organization.
Numerous eminent scholars have provided their own opinion on how racial and ethnicity is leaving a major impact in destroying social harmony. As statistics says stated by Hilson and Laing (2017), most of the developed countries are constituted with ethnic diversity. They tend to maintain equality among the people of diverse cultural backgrounds and attitudes. In this kind of situation, people belonging to society can share their thoughts and views with each other. This kind of discussion enhances the mental skill and competency of an individual. Employees of various geographical backgrounds and attitudes can get equal priority and response from the human resource managers. As a result, the employability opportunity in those developed countries is very high. People belonging to those countries do not spend their life being jobless. It ultimately enhances the economic growth of the country. Forsyth, Hall and Carter (2015) stated that community developers can get the opportunity in making participative decision regarding the development of society.
On the other hand, ethnic and racial conflict is possessed with major negative effect on the development of society. Vasciannie (2017) opined that society after maintaining an ethnic conflict cannot maintain a proper social event effectively where the people of diverse cultural backgrounds and attitudes can participate. On the other hand, due to linguistic barrier diverse cultural people fail to communicate with each other properly. Automatically this kind of racial gap is indirectly demolishing a social rhythm. People are getting deprived of participating in community development. As a result, society is divided into both civilized and uncivilized people. In this kind of situation, it is very much difficult for society in rendering proper development. It ultimately hampers educational process as well as economic growth of the country.
It is found from the case study that Safety and security in Guyana has become a major issue. In this kind of situation, the existing business organizations belonging to Guyana are not getting any efficient human resource for providing good services within organization. However, in order to avoid racial and ethnic conflict large numbers of non-profit organizations have taken initiatives. They have organized social events where people from diverse cultural backgrounds have to participate. Edwards (2016) stated that the purpose of this specific social event is to maintain unity among the people of various cultural backgrounds and attitudes. In this very specific event social people from every background would get the scope to share their own opinion regarding the event. Effective interaction is one of the most significant ways of social harmony and overcoming ethnic barrier. Premdas (2016) opined that the volunteers can provide effective training and development session on communication skill, professional competency. With the help of those training and development session the people having linguistic barriers would be able to overcome their personal problem. They would be able to interact with high profile properly. Effective communication automatically reduces a gap on the society that was created due to racial conflict.
On the other hand, the government should focus on implementing some of the most effective regulations and act on every country. The acts include anti-discrimination act, gender equality act, health and safety act. Lee, Kim and Phillips (2015) opined that especially business organizations and educational institutions should focus on maintaining these acts at the workplace properly. While recruiting employees human resource managers should not show their biased attitude. People from diver cultural backgrounds should get equal priority and response from the recruiters. On the other hand, in case of facing health issue the organizational managers should not create any discrimination. Every individual employee should be treated with proper care and affection by maintaining health and safety act.
Conclusion:
The entire study has provided detailed overview on how racial and ethnic conflict leaves major impact on the overall social development. Despite the progress of globalization, science, culture and technology the society still does not go beyond racism, tribalism, nationalism and colonialism. The study has critically analyzed that due to lack of social barrier and economic constraints those people fail to fulfill their educational goals and objectives. Ultimately, it is highly affecting in community development and social culture. As per the opinion of numerous eminent scholars it is observed that ethnic and racial discrimination is highly maintained within business organizations. Due to cultural and psychological barrier two groups of people cannot communicate with each other. The people who actually needs and desires assistance in developing their competency and getting a social recognition are highly neglected. In this very specific study, an effective case study on Guyana is conducted.
After evaluating the case study of Guyana it is observed that political instability and race riot are the two most significant occurrences that made the country unsafe and under developed. It is critically observed that most of the developed countries are constituted with ethnic diversity. They tend to maintain equality among the people of diverse cultural backgrounds and attitudes. On the other hand, due to linguistic barrier diverse cultural people fail to communicate with each other properly. Automatically this kind of racial gap is indirectly demolishing a social rhythm. As a result, society is divided into both civilized and uncivilized people. It becomes very much difficult for the community developers in rendering social growth. Therefore, the primary role of society would be overcoming any kind of social and racial conflict by giving equal priority and response to the people of different geographical backgrounds and attitudes. As a result, society will be able to maintain a harmony
References
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