Collaborative approaches in evidence-based public health
According to Labrague et al., (2019) searching for evidence based public health information is associated with developing need for timely and quality information (p.34). Various health care setting also utilizes teaching evidence based searching techniques to clinicians and professional practitioners. Besides evidence based approach involves collaborative approaches that help in reevaluation of accurate data set collection and methodologies in field of healthcare. Therefore, the essay outlines the importance of the together with a search strategy used in getting suitable article. The selected article elaborates key concepts relevant to the issue of smoking.
This comprised of a review of reviews for complete assessment of data set that is effective for public health. In this case, smoking related information was retrieved from various sources such as government databases, online sources, questionnaires and personal interviews with the smokers. In the search for public health evidence, various steps were utilized. These steps included selection of the needed data base for retrieval of information. The search parameters such as Google drives and online articles were identified to ensure conduction of the search. The selected information documents and synthesis of data acquired was carried out (McCarthy, Clingenpeel, and Perkins, & Eason, 2018 p.45). Expert searching of public health evidence comprises of wide range expose to databases and related literature. Public heath searching activities also include the references questions in various urban health libraries that offer historical and relevant public health information. It also consist of web resources having different interfaces. In the search, the existing scope and features of the various databases is mainly considered in order to gain key information needed to address the heath care problems. There also exist community based searches where the society offers critical information on the growing public health literature.
Over the years, public health science has accomplished a considerable focus in its objectives to indicate the significance of improving the scientific principles needed to provide a well-grounded evidence based approach. One of the key standards required for maintaining high level public health involves a clear methodological development in the domain of evidence based public health (McMurray, Boysen, & Chalhoub, 2016 p.67). It is viewed as the search procedure for the integration of evidence from scientific research study and clinical practice in order to offer clear improvements to the health of the target community.
The key significant components promoting this particular approach includes helping in the implementation of making informed decisions considering the excellent existing scientific evidence (Moss, Good, Gozal, Kleinpell, & Sessler, 2016 p.56). These vital information ensure that the entire target population are engaged in the overall decision making process. An evidence based approach in public health have various direct and indirect merits that are potential in improvement of the quality of research in public health care and community quality of care. According to extensive research work, Evidence based public health ensures tremendous maximum access to advance and high quality data set on clinical practices .It also enhances a higher likelihood in reaching long term goals and successful medical intervention programs and policies. In the hospital setting it enables optimization of the workforce productivity among the health care professionals and also enhances the effective utilization of public funds and resources in the health care system.
Steps involved in searching for public health evidence
In this case, this particular approach will enable extensive research on smoking effects that bring about cancer. Comprehensive action on the existing clinical stakeholders are undertaken to ensure availability of cancer screening and early diagnosis of the epidemic mainly to those individuals how smoke. Various researchers generates evidences on smoking effects and cancer treatment through ploy action that offer financial protection to patients. It also enables people to acquire relevant knowledge and awareness creation through training programs (Ross, Rebella, Westergaard, Damewood, & Hess, 2016 p.12). The knowledge imparted enables smokers to be aware of the health effects of smoking on the individual and society health. In this way, they are able to change their lifestyle in avoiding the drugs and bale to improve their overall wellbeing (Stuntz, & Clontz, 2016 p.90).
It focus on the background history of epidemiological data in providing potential results in health care regarding treatment and management of various illnesses. The evidence based approaches enhances maximum cooperation and active participation of different clinical experts and medical researchers in coming up with strategies that solve public health issues. They are also important approaches that enhances proper communication with health care policy makers, utilization of economic evaluation and transition of research in order to ensure extended clinical practices (Thoma et al, 2015 p.61).Therefore, evidence based decision making in the existing public health is important in combination of science based medical interventions with the society needs in order to improve population and individual health in the entire community.
During the whole process, the research used a specific search strategy. The main aim of the paper was to discuss various issues related to the aspect of smoking. During the study, I have tried to come up with a suitable article that elaborates aspects relevant to smoking in human beings. To get the piece I used a simple strategy to come up with information related to the research topic.
At first, I used an electronic database to retrieve the article needed for appraisal. Various databases are containing health sources in the field of nursing. Some of the electronic databases used in accessing secondary sources include PubMed and Medline (Basar &Soytas, 2018 p.76). In the essay, I decided to use the Medline database, which has multiple secondary sources needed in handling the topic of smoking. The database follows the required criteria in citing various contents. To get the necessary article for appraisal, I started by entering keywords in the database. At first, I keyed in words such as “SMOKING” and “NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SMOKING.” After entering the keywords, more than thirty articles appeared in the database. Out of theses thirty pieces, I eliminated 25 of them after going through their abstract. The remaining items gave relevant information supporting the keywords entered in the database. After a thorough assessment, I removed three articles from the list of five. The three pieces had obsolete information, and the entire research needed current literature of fewer than five years from now. After remaining with the two sources, I decided to eliminate one of the sources whose abstract had few contents explaining the research topic. The source selected has been appraised as shown below;
Direct and indirect merits of evidence-based public health
Müller, L., Caris-Veyrat, C., Lowe, G. and Böhm, V., 2016. Lycopene and its antioxidant role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases—a critical review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 56(11), pp.1868-1879.
According to the report, smoking involves the whole process of burning a substance, and then smoke released is inhaled for it to be absorbed in the bloodstream. The author explains some of the commonly used materials by human beings. We have substances such as tobacco plant which is rolled into small papers and then burned. Besides, we have cigarettes that have been commonly used by human beings. Most of these substances are drugs that have various impacts on the health of users. According to the article, smoking contributes to 50% of health-illness, such as lung cancer and mental disorders. Smoking of substances such as cannabis Sativa has multiple health impacts on smokers (Husain & Anas, 2016 p.15). Therefore, the entire article analyses healthcare issues resulting from smoking. Some of the implications and effects resulting from smoking activities are;
First smoking, according to the report, is a significant source of deaths in most places in the world. Daigle et al., (2018) cited that we have more than 500,000 death cases resulting from the smoking of various substances such as cigarette in the world (p.34). We have familiar places such as America, which is attributed to significant deaths of smoking practices. The article argues that smoking-related disorders are killing millions of smokers. The current research carried out by Oxford University reveals that most of the males in the world are under the threat of smoking. According to the research carried out, most of the males affected by smoking disorders are from countries such as China and America. The study concluded that the probability of dying from diseases such as lung cancer is high as compared to other disorders such as chronic diseases. The article supports the research findings from the University by showing how illness such as heart attack has resulted in multiple deaths. The sources also show how smoking is attributed to issues such as tooth loss and periodontitis in human beings (Ni Chroinin et al., 2016 p.34). The author support that the number of cigar rates smoked daily increases the problems related to periodontitis to smokers.
Besides, the article has supported other impacts such as oral conditions such as cancer and premalignant lesions and dental implant failures. The author shows how smoking results in immune-inflammatory illness, which reduces human immunity. Smoking alters the oral mycobiota, thus providing room for the colonization of the oral cavity, which comes up with fungi and other related pathogenic molds causing oral disorders. According to Müller, Caris-Veyrat, Lowe and Böhm (2016) many governments in the whole world are banning the issue of smoking by creating awareness on health effects of smoking cigarettes and tobacco-related subjects (p.100). According to the World Health Organization, smokers and passive smokers are at risk of lung cancer and other deadly diseases. Through this analogy, most of the governments have decided to eliminate smoking substances such as cigarettes and cannabis Sativa.
Smoking effects and cancer treatment
On another hand, the article elaborates on why the issue of smoking is addictive in human beings. Smokers have a specific trait that deters them from quitting from the use of cigarettes and the use of tobacco-related substances. The author supported that there is a particular chemical that makes smokers addictive to smoking activities. The articles show that we have chemicals such as nicotine, which makes people addicted to smoking. Nicotine, according to science, is the common chemical that is stimulated by the presence of heat (Nandre & Kulkarni, 2017 p.54). It shows that nicotine works bests when there is the presence of heat. In the case of smoking, the substance is burned; nicotine starts working and thus making the smokers addictive to smoking. Therefore, smokers, when smoking them, usually enjoy nicotine. The more a smoker inhales, the more to be addictive to the nicotine. Quitting smoking activities is a problematic issue, as suggested by the author. One can only quit smoking if he or she is ready to do so. Kurt (2015) cited that when one stops smoking, then the levels of nicotine reduces, thus changing the noradrenaline (p.12). Most of the smokers, after halting smoking, they tend to be depressed and irritable all the time due to the effects induced by the nicotine in their bodies.
On another hand, the article also guides how to prevent the disasters resulting from smoking. The author supported that there is a need for society to create awareness of smoking. Educating and counseling community on the health effects of smoking is one of the effective methods that can decrease risk resulting from smoking. According to Gupta (2018) most of the smokers start smoking at adolescence ages (p.87). Most of the people indulge themselves to smoking activities either through peer pressures or lack of appropriate morals governing smoking issues. Therefore, the article supports that there is a need for physicians and society at large to educate people on deadly effects resulting from smoking. The primary aim of reducing smoking issues is to ensure there are no millions of people dying because of inhaling the smoke that destroys the lungs and weakens the immune system (Qi & Zhang, 2017 p.65).
Conclusion
Smoking is always an addictive behavior, and it is difficult for smokers to quit. According to the sources, smoking tends to have negative impacts on users. The article used in the essay clearly outlines how smoking results in various health challenges. Most of the difficulties arising from smoking include lung cancer and chronic bronchitis. These conditions are dangerous, and they have caused multiple deaths. The essay shows that smokers are addictive and that why they can’t stop using substances such as cigarettes and cannabis Sativa. These substances are made up of harmful chemicals, which makes smokers addictive to these drugs. The issue of nicotine makes smokers addictive to smoke originating from drugs such as tobacco and cannabis Sativa among others. Besides the essay has supported on how society can address the issue of smoking. It is suitable for the nation to educate people to create awareness of the health effects of smoking.
Evidence-based decision making in public health
References
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Daigle, C.L., Mathias, A.J., Ridge, E.E., Gill, R., Wickersham, T.A. and Sawyer, J.E., 2018. Case Study: Effect of exercise programs during receiving in a commercial feedlot on behavior and productivity of Brahman crossbred calves: Results from a commercial environment and a comparison to the research environment. The Professional Animal Scientist, 34(6), pp.653-663.
Gupta, S., 2018. Impact of volunteering on cognitive decline of the elderly. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, pp.46-60.
Husain, A. and Anas, M., 2016. Role of lifestyle behaviours in maintaining physical and mental health. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(4), pp.237-241.
Kurt, S., 2015. Government health expenditures and economic growth: a Feder-Ram approach for the case of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), pp.441-447.
Labrague, L.J., McEnroe?Pettite, D., Tsaras, K., D’Souza, M.S., Fronda, D.C., Mirafuentes, E.C., Yahyei, A.A. and Graham, M.M., 2019, April. Predictors of evidence?based practice knowledge, skills, and attitudes among nursing students. In Nursing forum (Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 238-245).
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McMurray, J., Boysen, S., & Chalhoub, S. (2016). Focused assessment with sonography in nontraumatized dogs and cats in the emergency and critical care setting. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care, 26(1), 64-73.
Moss, M., Good, V. S., Gozal, D., Kleinpell, R., & Sessler, C. N. (2016). An official critical care societies collaborative statement: burnout syndrome in critical care health care professionals: a call for action. American Journal of Critical Care, 25(4), 368-376.
Müller, L., Caris-Veyrat, C., Lowe, G. and Böhm, V., 2016. Lycopene and its antioxidant role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases—a critical review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 56(11), pp.1868-1879.
Nandre, C. and Kulkarni, S., 2017. Association of respiratory health of women and housing pattern: a comparative study of two tribes of Maharashtra. Journal of Biological Sciences and Medicine, 3(4), pp.7-16.
Ni Chroinin, D., Montalto, A., Jahromi, S., Ingham, N., Beveridge, A. and Foltyn, P., 2016. Oral health status is associated with common medical comorbidities in older hospital inpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(8), pp.1696-1700.
Qi, L. and Zhang, Y., 2017. Effects of solar photovoltaic technology on the environment in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(28), pp.22133-22142.
Ross, J., Rebella, G., Westergaard, M., Damewood, S., & Hess, J. (2016). Simulation training to maintain neonatal resuscitation and pediatric sedation skills for emergency medicine faculty. WMJ.
Stuntz, R., & Clontz, R. (2016). An evaluation of emergency medicine core content covered by free open access medical education resources. Annals of emergency medicine, 67(5), 649-653.
Thoma, B., Sanders, J. L., Lin, M., Paterson, Q. S., Steeg, J., & Chan, T. M. (2015). The social media index: measuring the impact of emergency medicine and critical care websites. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 16(2), 242.
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