The Affective and Cognitive Models of Self-Esteem
Write a Literature review on Self Esteem.
The foremost purpose of this task is to evaluate and identify the significance of self-esteem. Self-esteem is the important part of the life. People cannot survive their life without self-esteem and self-confidence. It explains origins and nature of self-worth and it also describes several factors that affect self-esteem. Family, friends, and teachers influence self-esteem and self-confidence of people. It explains that how self esteem helps to develop and build confidence and loyalty among children.
Self-esteem reveals an individual’s overall subjective emotional estimation and assessment of his or her own worth. It is an evaluation of oneself as well as approach toward the self. Self-esteem comprises beliefs and ideas about oneself as well as emotional states like pride, shame, triumph, and despair. Akinleke (2012) defined that self-esteem is often seen as a personality attribute and trait, which means that it tends to be enduring and stable. It plays an active role in personal motivation and success throughout individual’s life. Furthermore, Leary & Tangney (2011) defined that self-respect as a term used in psychology to explain someone’s level of respect and confidence for themselves. Maslow’s hierarchy theory is related to the self-esteem. Self esteem is affected by an individual’s experiences. It is an individual judgment of one’s worth and satisfaction and dissatisfaction with one’s own life. Self-confidence helps to develop and build self-esteem. It also includes attitude, behavior, emotions, beliefs and physical appearance. High self-esteem is connected to both psychological and physical health. In addition, it may be defined as the assessment of the self, and it is an effective response to one’s self-depiction and explanation. The assessment refers to a measurement of one’s worth and value. Self-esteem provides satisfaction and morale to the workers to gain success and growth in the competitive market. It is the collection of an individual’s values, beliefs and attitudes towards oneself remain in today’s era. Self-esteem is the key success factor to gain success and growth. It is the panacea of modern life (Kernis, 2013).
High self-confidence makes people more cheerful and willing to speak up in groups and community. It is important for people to survive a better life. In addition, it is the opinion and awareness rather than reality. It helps to measure the problems and consequences of people. Self-esteem is also popular in personality and social psychology. Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs (2003) defined that self-esteem refers to an individuality variable that covers the way people think about themselves. Moreover, it is the way through which people measure and identify their attributes, characteristics, and capabilities. For example, if a person feel that his ability is poor than others, it is considered low self-esteem and if a person who feel that she is famous and well then it is considered high self-esteem. Self-esteem and self-evaluation are interconnected with each other. High self-esteem shows positive qualities and low self-esteem shows negativity. Parents, teachers, therapists and others focus on the development of self-esteem to enhance and increase the performance and productivity. The firm can easily measure objectives and outcomes through self esteem. Leadership does not affect directly to self esteem, but self esteem may be affected indirectly by leadership. In addition, self esteem is a strong and effective predictor in schools, and colleges to construct and make a effective image of students to improve and enhance their academic efficiency and performance. It also enhances and increases our confidence and positive attitude to attain desired objectives and targets. Self esteem is the sum and combination of one’s feelings, ideas and thoughts about who people are and it play a significant role in people life and well being. Healthy and effective self esteem is necessary for learning (Jacoby, 2016).
Factors Affecting Self-Esteem: Family, Friends, and Teachers
The origins of self-esteem include affect models of self-esteem and cognitive model of self-esteem.
Two components of self-esteem: The affective models of self-esteem has been developed and built at an early age. The two components include belonging and sense of mastery. Belonging related to the unconditionally valued and loved. A sense of belonging provides people a secure and safe base in life. The people are valued and respected. They feel happy and pleasure in their life (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs 2003). Belonging is quite different from reflected appraisals. The emotions of belonging do not occur at a mindful level. On the other hand, sense of mastery is the important component of self-esteem and well being across the lifespan. It is not same as perceived ability and competence. The affective model maintains a genesis of self-esteem to attain long-term mission and vision of the firm.
The development of self-esteem: In this stage, people develop trust and faith to survive life happily. This step includes the development and expansion of feeling of mastery. Children enlarge and build a feeling of mastery when they are promoted and encouraged to flourish, expand, create, explore and change their world. They may fail to build and explore these feelings when their families do not provide support them (Leary & Tangney 2011). Teachers and parents can contribute to develop and build self esteem among children. They provide right direction to students to make a bright future.
Attachment bonds and self-esteem: It maintains a significant relationship in other theories of self-esteem, development. Booth & Gerard (2011) noted that humans and animals as well infants bond with their caregivers.
Cognitive model of self-esteem: The Cognitive model is quite different on the origins and nature of self-esteem. The people make effective and dynamic decisions by using cognitive model. This model emphasizes and encourages that how people measures and evaluates in various domains to identify the overall level of self-esteem.
There are several factors which affect self-esteem such as family, teachers, friends, depression, social support, problematic behavior, and body image. Booth & Gerard (2011) explains that family affects the self-esteem widely. Parents develop and build children sense of mastery from the environment in which they raise and mature. The family members are related to one another and they operate together as a social group. Thus, they shape a child’s self-esteem, cultural identity, and socialization. In this way, children are influenced by siblings and parents behavior. Children learn a lot of things from parents and siblings. They learn that how to talk with other people in a polite manner and how to achieve expectations and outcomes. There are some family experiences that lead to healthy self-esteem includes receiving hugs and kisses, being spoken and listened to in a polite and good manner, receiving care and awareness, being told and encouraged that failure happens to every person, so disappointments are customary and accepted. There are some family experiences that lead to low esteem includes being disregarded and severely disciplined; being told that failure is not good, being ignored. All these family factors influence self-esteem positively and negatively as well. The parents need to focus on these factors to make happy children.
Depression, Social Support, Problematic Behavior, and Body Image
Apart from this, teachers also affect self-esteem and self-level of people. Teachers play a vital role in self-esteem. It is important for parents to be attentive of how everyone in their child’s circle affects them. It is also significant to know and understand the characteristics and attributes of teachers and childcare providers that can have negative and positive impacts on children. Every student needs to learn and be successful in school (Orth & Robins, 2013). The teachers understand and evaluate the children problems and issues. They develop and build confidence and trust among the children. They maintain a good environment in the classroom to provide knowledge and experience to children. In today’s competitive world, education and learning programs are very important for every student. Furthermore, they develop and explore competence and abilities among the students. Various differentiation working methods are used by the teachers to build morale and loyalty among children. They provide right guidance to students for making their career. Teachers play a significant role in order to understand feelings and problems of the children. Self-esteem is a significant element to everything students do. Self-esteem not only provides help to academic performance, it also supports social skills and competency (Canrinus, Helms-Lorenz, Beijaard, Buitink & Hofman, 2012). Teachers make an effective and dynamic relationship with students. Teachers help to improve and enhance behavior and nature of children. It is essential for teachers to empower and improve skills and abilities to assess and evaluate their achievements in a positive and effective manner. Children need to be encouraged and promoted to develop and build support systems both within and outside of the school so that they feel happy and confident to take risks and challenges in their learning (Myers, Willse & Villalba, 2011).
Friends also play an integral role to maintain self-esteem of people. Friends can cause a remarkable reduction in people self-esteem. People always compare with other because they think that they are inferior and lower compared to their friends. They try to find and identify the problems and issues with themselves. These types of friends affect people self-esteem because they frequently evaluate and analyze people. They believe in people and maintain trust among them. A good and true friend will provide support to people. Friends compliment and acknowledge them. In this way, they help to improve and enhance self-esteem of people. In addition, friends also develop and improve potential and capabilities of the individual. They help to reduce and eliminate the challenges and risk of personnel. They maintain an effective and dynamic relationship based on respect and mutual affection. In addition, they motivate and encourage people for doing work effectively and efficiently. In this way, friends can affect self-esteem positively. On the other hand, friends also have a direct impact on self-esteem. Some friends they do not motivate people and they distract them for doing wrong and incorrect work (Kim & Lee, 2011).
On the above-mentioned study, it has been evaluated and concluded that self-esteem plays a significant role in human life. People accept challenges and they do not fear uncertainty. If the people have healthy and high self-esteem then they feel happy and powerful to handle the challenges and barriers. They feel motivated to attain desired goals and outcomes in the competitive market. People become resilient and flexible with the help of self-esteem. Now it is recommended that parents and teachers should take care of children and they should maintain a dynamic relationship with them. The parents should listen and understand the feeling of children. In this way, they should provide support to children for resolving issues and risks.
References
Akinleke. O.W., 2012. An investigation of the relationship between test anxiety, self-esteem and academic performance among polytechnic students in Nigeria. International Journal of Computer Applications, vol 51(1), 0975-8887
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self- esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological science in the public interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Booth, M. Z., & Gerard, J. M. (2011). Self-esteem and academic achievement: a comparative study of adolescent students in England and the United States. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 41(5), 629-648.
Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., & Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: Exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers’ professional identity. European journal of psychology of education, 27(1), 115-132.
Jacoby, M. (2016). Shame and the origins of self-esteem: A Jungian approach. Taylor & Francis.
Kernis, M. H. (Ed.). (2013). Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives. psychology press.
Kim, J., & Lee, J. E. R. (2011). The Facebook paths to happiness: Effects of the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation on subjective well-being. CyberPsychology, behavior, and social networking, 14(6), 359-364.
Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self and identity. Guilford Press.
Myers, J. E., Willse, J. T., & Villalba, J. A. (2011). Promoting self?esteem in adolescents: the influence of wellness factors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 28-36.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455-460.
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