Treatment of Terrorism and Diseases
Discuss about the Tool for Preventing Chronic Diseases.
During the period of second half of the twentieth century the international community facing the issue related to the terrorism, and this result in adoption of different treaties which deals with different types of issues such as terrorist acts and obligations of states in this context. Previously these legislations only deals with the acts which affect the civilians, but now scope of these legislations extended and now they cover terrorism acts against military personnel and installations. This contribution mainly attempt to assess the consequences related to this evolution and also the protection of armed forces engaged in the so-called ‘‘war on terrorism’’. Different terrorist activities in the world are considered as terrible way to remember that terrorism is also an medical issue, because whenever something like this happen we are forced to think about deaths. There are number of people who get injuries in the skin or in the soul, and then results for those who survive after the deaths of their families and friends (Medicinenet, n.d.). This approach mainly encourages the policy makers to deal with the terrorism in the appropriate manner and not as a hypothetical situation. It mainly provides the policy makers as a useful model which helps them in dealing with the terrorism in a comprehensive manner. It also ensures policies which restrict future attacks and in case they occur than then respond them in proper manner (Price, 2017). This paper defines the way through which International Law treat the terrorism and diseases in different manner. It further states the possibility to imagine them as interchangeable, and also apply similar legal tools towards their combatting. This report is divided into three arguments, first argument states different treatments conducted by international law for terrorism and diseases? Second argument deals with the fact whether there is any similarity between international law and diseases, or there is any possibility to use these terms interchangeably? This paper state the alternative framework which theorizes the threat related to the terrorism on the basis of epidemiological approach which considers it as a chronic disease like cancer instead of a military, ideological, or socio-economic problem. Last and third argument states whether it is possible to use similar tools for dealing with the terrorism and diseases in context of international law? After highlighting the similarities in the terrorism and diseases, it present a staging system and tools which can be used by the policy makers for the purpose of educating the public in this regard and allocate counterterrorism resources in more efficient manner. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion.
Similarities between International Law and Diseases
Terrorism is not considered as new phenomenon, during the period of second half of the twentieth century, there are number of countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia challenge movements of different kinds which include violence against the innocent civilians for the purpose of achieving their goals. For the purpose of responding these movements, international community adopts series of treaties which deals with particular types of issues and terrorist acts. These treaties also impose obligations on states to take action against such acts. Presently, almost 13 international treaties are adopted by the international community against the terrorism, as well as there are number of regional treaties also. It must be noted that, process of drafting a general treaty against international terrorism is almost complete. Different conflicts around the world have been described as part of a “war on terrorism” (Donnell, 2006).
These treaties deals with almost 50 type of offences which include 10 crimes against civil aviation, 16 crimes against shipping or continental platforms, 12 crimes against the person, 7 crimes involving the use, possession or threatened use of ‘‘bombs’’ or nuclear materials, and 2 crimes related to the financing of terrorism. These treaties are considered as established code against the terrorist offences. The most reliable evidence of this fact is the 1999 Convention against the financing of terrorism, which deals with the crime of donating or collecting funds (yamei, 2017). These treaties also define the duties of state parties in context of crime related to the financing the activities related to the terrorism, and thee activities are defined in the treaties listed in the annex is independent of their ratification of them. These treaties also allowed the states parties which are not even the parties of the treaties for making reservations by limiting the scope of their obligations under 1999 convention in context to the financing of the activities prohibited by any non- ratified treaty or treaties. In 2002, organization of American States adopted a second treaty against the terrorism which uses similar approach. The inter-American convention is considered as series of obligations imposed on the state parties in context of crimes defined in ten treaties. The 1999 convention in context of financing of terrorism and other 9 international treaties listed in the annex. The 1977 European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism which is amended by the Protocol of 2003 also adopts same approach. This treaty also establishes the series of obligations related to the acts of terrorism which are defined in other 10 international treaties. This idea is also supported by the UN Security Council Resolution 1566 that crimes stated in the existing international treaties form part of a code of terrorist offences (Security council, n.d.). After considering the above facts, it can be said that not only terrorist offences but other acts also which adopt similar approach are covered under the code established by the international community. All these facts stated the way through which terrorist activities are treated by international community (UNODC, 2009). On the other hand, two main aims of our national public health agenda are to increase the quality and number of years of healthy life, and also to eliminate the health disparities. In case of chronic diseases, these goals facilitates a comprehensive strategy which mainly includes interventions for prevention and control of categorical diseases and their risk factors, changes occurred in behavior of individual, environmental change, improvements in clinical and preventive services, and organizational change. It mainly promotes the patient compliance and health providers by establishing best practices in all the persons, and they not consider the racial/ethnic background, sex, geographic determinants, or socioeconomic status of the person. These interventions can be accomplished through different mechanisms which include health education, development and use of information systems, and development and implementation of policies and guidelines. These interventions can be accomplished through different types of mechanisms which include health education, development and use of information systems, and development and implementation of policies and guidelines. Policies related to this are implemented as regulations, ordinances, and other laws and as organizational practices (Magnusson, 2010). It must be noted that achievement of these predominant national objectives requires strengthening of the infrastructure in context of public health and also the development of adequate capacity for the purpose of undertaking the core public health functions of assessment, development of policy, and assurance. In all these areas, international law play very important role. This can be understood through example, identifying and strengthen the important factors of the public health infrastructure such as development of health workforce which is diverse and competent, information and communication system, and health department surveillance and laboratory capacities. All these facts are considered as important factors of proper legislation. It must be noted that legislations play very important role by helping the state and local governments with the power to encourage or influence the health care providers, associated health professionals, and those business organizations which promote and protect the health of the public in order to increase the quality and number of years of healthy life. These laws play most important role in the elimination of disparities for the purpose of accessing and delivering quality health care. Additionally, appropriate laws take help from the local public health agencies for the purpose of assessing the burden of chronic diseases and to deal with these diseases (Mensah, Goodman, Zaza, Moulton, 2004).
Use of Similar Tools for Dealing with Terrorism and Diseases
War related to cancer is almost similar to the war related to the terrorism; because both the wars are difficult and it is possible to apply lessons learn from one war on other. In political context cancer is considered as socioeconomic disease which mainly affects the poorest people. And in similar way terrorism find a home in those nations which are not developed. Possibly, improvement in global economic well-being will help. It is necessary to detect the cancer at early stage, because it is an agreeable fact that local treatment of this this disease is effective at that time also when there is no advanced treatment of this disease. Pap smear play important role in reducing the cervical cancer mortality and, more recently, the effectiveness of prostate specific antigen screening in reducing prostate cancer mortality are cases in point. In case of war on terrorism, investment at global level in intelligence gathering and dissemination will be needed for early detection of activated cells and infiltrated nodes (National Intelligence Council, 2000). Some other similarities are also there, because there is need to make sustained and considerable investment before the first signs of progress appear. After conducting number of research and spending billions of dollars there is reduction in the rate of mortality from common solid tumors of adulthood like lung and breast cancer. On the other side, terrorism can also be prevented from with this similar approach, which means it is necessary to apply treatment before the first signs of progress appear. For both the approaches, experts stated that these wars can only be won by making investment in the specific area such as etiology, causation, prevention, screening, early detection, focusing on a particular target, make efforts to destroy this issue with little associated damage, and implementing regulations and protocols for resolving these issues. In actual, it is necessary to take strict action in both the cases because any point of leverage will turn into a big problem. But, it is possible to win both the wars by ensuring talent and commitment of the people involved, as well as the political will to see each challenge to its end. After considering the above facts, it can be said that there are lot of similarity between these two, as stated Cancer is to the patient and their family what terrorism is to a free society. Therefore, it is necessary to overcome from this threat (Curt, n.d.).
Staging System and Tools for Policy Makers
It must be noted that not only terrorism behave like chronic disease, but there are many other challenges such as preventing and treating cancer are exactly same to those associated with the terrorism. Scholars of terrorism stated different analysis of the international law framework under which similar tools can be used for treating these two issues such as comprehensive analysis of rule of law framework applied on counter-terrorism response such as human rights approach at international level, humanitarian, criminal, and refugee/asylum law and it also includes strengths, lacunae, pressure points, and interrelationship between its legal principles. In similar manner these approaches can also applied to won war of cancer. Another tool is determining the pressure between the causes and preventions used to overcome with these causes. In similar manner, it is necessary to evaluate the pressure between the security imperative and complying with the rule of law that are related to the governmental and institutional policies and practices. Really multinational, multidisciplinary coverage related to the global expertise from legal practitioner, judicial, policy-making, military, policing, civil society, academic and institutional experience. In similar manner, in context of cancer it is necessary to ensure global expertise for preventing this disease which includes medical practitioners, experts, institutions, etc (Norman, 2017). It is necessary to implement the recommendations made by experts and international forums in both contexts for the purpose of ensuring best practices in both (Oxford university press, n.d.). It must be noted that international community use the similar tools to deal with the cancer and terrorism, because there are number of people who use the diseases as terrorist weapons for the purpose of destroying societies. This can be understood through example, in the early period of 1990, disclosures related to the Soviet Union’s and Iraq’s biological weapons programs caused many experts to focus on explosion of the biological weapons in the community at international level. At the time when intelligence department of US suspected that the Soviet Union and Iraq had developed biological weapons, but they are not able to estimate the huge scale and sophistication of the Soviet and Iraqi programs. Different evidences related to the Soviet and Iraqi bioweapon increase the fears that explosion of biological weapons had become big issue at international level. Various experts show concern that possession of biological weapons by rogue states as big issue, but also state that exploration of biological weapons make the things easier for terrorists to gain access to pathogenic microbes (Zwaagastra, 2016). These fears results in the establishment of protocol related to the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 (“BWC”) in the first half of the 1990. This protocol results in verification mechanism in context of BWC’s prohibition on the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons. Adding momentum to this effort completed the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993, which also contained verification mechanism for the purpose of improving the compliance with the Convention’s prohibitions. Another attack in context of disclosure on biological weapons and bioterrorism-proposals is the anthrax attacks, and in this development, production, or possession of a biological weapon by any individual or state is considered as crime at international level, and this crime is punishable by applying universal jurisdiction. Above stated facts clearly stated that these conventions restrict both terrorism and diseases at the same time. Therefore, it is possible for the international community to use same tools to deal with both diseases and terrorism. The Sussex program initiated by Harvard related to the Chemical and Biological Warfare Armament and Arms Limitation created this idea in this proposed convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Developing, Producing, Acquiring, Stockpiling, Retaining, Transferring or Using Biological or Chemical Weapons. It must be noted that, making the use, development, or possession of a biological weapon a crime under international law in context of principle related to the universal jurisdiction result in increased enemies of human kind (Fidler, 2000).
Conclusion
Conclusion:
After considering these facts, it can be said that terrorism and diseases are similar because both leave same kind of impact on the society and family of the victim. As stated, various activities related to the terrorism conducted in the world are considered as terrible way to remember that terrorism is also an medical issue, because whenever something like this happen we are forced to think about deaths. Various people who get injuries in the skin or in the soul either because of terrorism or because of disease suffer a lot and then consequences for those who survive after the deaths of their families and friends. Currently, both the issues are treated differently by international law but various evidences present which shows that these issues are similar in nature and for dealing with these issues, international law can use similar approach and tools.
References:
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