Types of Bias in Research Design
Answer 1.
When working on a research journey, there are 5 types of bias a researcher might have to face which include design bias. It happens when the researcher chooses to design the research based on their preference rather than on the suitability of the research work. The other buyers are selection or participant bias where a sense of arising towards manifesting the research criteria or the study inclusion method (Beins,2017). The 3rd bias can be publication bias, which is imposed by researchers through the publication criteria of journals. The 4th buyer can be analysis bias, which arises in the step of data processing through sorting and analyzing data, a researcher might focus on specific data samples which confirm their expectations. The 5th buyer can be data collection bias, which occurs when a researcher chooses to put forth their personal preference or belief over data samples.
Answer 2.
The core purpose of writing a critical literature review while conducting research is to properly establish and understand all the existing research, as well as debates that are directly or indirectly relevant to the topic, are the different criteria of the specific study. This creates a sense of a guiding direction for the research to understand what prospects have been explored in the past and can utilize the same to discover newer avenues around the specific research topic (Haruna et al.,2017). A literature review is also extremely integral in the context of learning a specific topic itself as it helps in establishing proper knowledge of the topic in every format possible. It also leads to the creation of a better sense of understanding and determining the results that can be differentiated in the process of data analysis. Yet a literature review establishes a specific ground of scope for the literature to go and ponder upon.
Answer 3.
The process of quantitative research is focused on 5 specific categories which are
i) it contains measurable variables which can be utilized or referred to as the variables of the study such as factors like age or the number of people as well as economic status for education status.
ii) Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments like questionnaires or services along with polls to understand the mindset of the people around the specific research itself (Wee & Banister,2016).
iii) in most cases it specifically assumes a normal population distribution to have a more reliable data analysis of the data which is preferred over another form of distribution.
The Importance of Literature Review
iv) Most quantitative research takes away data through different types of standardized research instruments; it also presents data in the form of tables or graphs or even figures.
V) An interesting fact about quantitative research is that it can be predicted and its outcome can also be predicted from the data analysis.
Answer 4.
Primary data and secondary data are 2 prominent prospects of information for any research. Primary data in one place can be referred to as the first-hand gathered data by the researcher. These kinds of data can be found by a researcher who has conducted data analysis on their own and discovered a research result by themselves (Tullu,2019). On the other hand, secondary data is data that was collected by someone else earlier. Primary data directly collects main sources, while secondary data focuses on the previous researcher who worked to find a direction within the work itself. The other primary difference between both primary and secondary data can be seen through the very fact that assessing primary data is a long and time taking process as it is collected to address a specific current research problem while secondary research data is mostly collected to address previously existing research work which makes it more quick and easy.
Answer 5.
There are many different types of variables in the research itself. However, there are 3 more prominent forms of variables that can be considered as the integral ones, which are the independent variables along with the dependent variables and the control variables. Independent variable is what a researcher is primarily intended to focus on as it changes to focus on what the researcher is primarily focusing on to measure with all techniques taken into consideration (Nardi,2018). On the other hand, the independent variable is believed to be the effect of all the dependent variables, which is the reason that the researcher will use and manipulate to see if the dependent variable changes itself. The controlled variable, on the other hand, is primarily controlled and turned into any direction based on the regard of the researcher itself.
Answer1.
Through the following case study it can be seen that JP could have taken some ethical and procedural steps that could have been adopted in his research design (Akhtar,2016). Apart from completely relying upon primary sources which were confrontation and interviewing of people of the different organizations from junior to higher levels the first criteria of a successful and efficient research design is focused on creating something where the person would have been able to gain better information about all the firms in question as well as a better understanding of what he can expect to be asked in these interviews (Schoonenboom & Johnson,2017). The other prospect that he should have considered in his process of research design would have been to rely upon different sources rather than only focusing on sources that are part of management consultant firms and would have also looked into the process of clients more seriously than he prioritized the firm employees.
Categories in Quantitative Research
Answer 2.
The process of gaining access, specifically in the process of research, is mostly not completely relied upon direct connections with people and recommendations but rather points out, and directly gets in contact with people (Patten & Newhart,2017). Apart from that, the best and most professional way to approach higher authorities and even any professional individual is to give them a basic understanding of the research that he was conducting. This could have been done with the utilization of an effective executive summary of the research and its current progression that would have intrigued people who were interested to be part of the process itself (Coe et al.,2021). Apart from that, another integral prospective gaming access is to create a favorable connection with people, which can be done through other ways of communication such as utilizing social media and the current time.
Answer 3.
JP would have piloted more effectively if he had gained proper access to proper information before having a one-on-one conversation with an official individual. This would have made sure that he gained all the insight and information of basic information even before he got in contact with the person in question. Not only would this help him in completely choosing the right kind of questions and limiting unnecessary questions that can be found online or on the company’s website (Abutabenjeh & Jaradat,2018). But it would have also saved a higher level of time. The other prospect that would have helped him have a more effective pilot would have been if he was able to utilize secondary resources in the right way. Further, before interviewing a well-established professional, he should have utilized the process with not working professionals but with general people whom he knows and is on his comfort level with.
Answer 1.
The biggest issue with Alice’s step of idea generation in research design is the lack of imagination and creativity in choosing the right form of the topic itself that holds the potential for greater data analysis (Barrow, Brannan & Khandhar,2021). The approach she chose to work on in the generation of research design was to first come up with an idea of research that is associated with something she likes and is something not she hasn’t seen being done before, rather than discovering a problem and its solution through research work. The other issue with the research design was the lack of direct primary data collection and focusing primarily on secondary data collection as a way of completing the research itself (George, 2016). One of the most suitable ways of finding the right answers and the right form of data would have been if she was able to contact any of these Twitter accounts officially and discuss their opinions too.
Primary and Secondary Data in Research Design
Answer 2.
The advantage of Alice’s sample selection technique was the very fact that with the way of choosing 3 specific differentiated divisions among the tweets that she was able to discover of the 3 companies there was a clear view of analysis where even if there was a lack of direct analysis she would have been able to find a regulated answer of the number of tweets that were acknowledged towards the positive conclusion and the number of tweets that were acknowledged with negative ones along with tweets that lead to direct interactions (Dooly, Moore & Vallejo,2017). However, the disadvantage of this process was the lack of coverage that she was able to gain as she only was able to gain data and information through the website and not through other prominent ways on Twitter, like using hashtags as well as data from prominent figures of these companies (Miracle,2016).
Answer 3.
The reason why it cannot be directly considered as a violation of any ethical procedure was the fact that she was only taking up and recording the data of tweets that were done by public accounts. However, even if no specific form of violation is considerably done when she has taken in and collected tweets from accounts that are public in nature (Greenwood,2016). The privacy policy of major social media platforms like Twitter or Facebook suggests that data that is not directly taken from someone whose account is public in nature is not a violation of any ethics as long as the credit is provided to the person who is in question. By utilizing all these public accounts, the biggest challenge for Alice will be to put forth these tweets and put proper referencing to every account she has taken it from (Qamar, 2018).
Answer 4.
By utilizing tweets from Twitter, a legal concern may exist over the ownership of the following data has none of the data that is utilized is owned by Alice herself, and most of the work that she is doing is through utilizing the data of other people (Kara, H., & Pickering,2017).She can only come up with a defensive plan from the process itself is by completely putting forth referencing of every tweet or by using a combination of secondary and primary along the way through which the ownership of the data will not be completely credited to social media platforms itself. Apart from that, without the relevance of any form of primary data, the credibility of the data will also be reduced.
Variables in Research Design
Answer 5.
The collection of data before considering or discussing the analysis technique can create major issues. Firstly, the integrity of the entire research process is not strong enough due to a lack of understanding of the widespread use of the data technique itself (Ryen,2016). Other than that, there is a missing sense of credibility within the work due to only utilizing Twitter-based data itself. Other than that, the in-depth analysis which is the most integral prospect of any research is not conducted here as there is only a specific prospect of the topic that has been worked on will reduce the credibility and importance of the research work.
Answer 6.
As suggested by her teacher, the credibility of the research is not strong enough, and the conclusion is basic and even not suitable enough in nature. The best path or the best course of action is for Alice to create a combination of different variable data collection factors along with the one she already has (Fiesler & Proferes,2018). Among the various tweets that she has received and has gone through, she can rectify some which held an interesting conversation or interesting issues that were resolved or not resolved. Utilizing this information, she can directly approach these people and gain their one-on-one perspective, which will provide proper proof as well as prominent data for the research work itself. Not only will it increase the credibility of the following work, but it will also help in assuring that proper conclusions are found not only through secondary data but real primary data (Bracken-Roche et al.,2017).
References
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