Understanding Qualitative Research In Psychology: Key Concepts And Implications

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

The Scientific method’

· Positivism

· Empiricism (vs. empirical)

· Hypothetico-deductivism

o Falsification

Straightforward relationship between the world and human perception, and its understanding.

Being closely related to positivism, it assumes that knowledge about the world is derived from facts of experience.

Popper’s hypothetico-deductive method says that testing of theories happens from deriving hypotheses from the theories itself and test them in practice, via experiment or observation. Popper said that scientific research must rely on deduction and falsification. Accordingly, hypothetico-deductivism looks for disconfirmation, or falsification.

Critique of ‘the scientific method’ (e.g., The God trick, Haraway, 1988)

Popper’s solution of hypothetico-deductivism was a solution that was to avoid problems with induction and verification. However, it was challenged in 1960s and 70s for not being able to acknowledge the part played by historical, social and cultural factors in knowledge formation. Criticisms against hypothetico-deductivism include that it cannot provide proper space for theory development, it is elitist and is a myth.

Social constructionism

It says human experience is mediated historically, culturally and linguistically. Language is an imperative facet of socially constructed knowledge. Research from such perspective  identifies different ways of f constructing social reality that are obtainable in a culture, for exploring the conditions of their use and for tracing their insinuations for social practice and human experience.

Epistemology

 theory of knowledge: it studies the nature of knowledge, rationality of belief and justification

Methodology

It is the universal approach to studying research topics

Big Q vs. little q methodology (Kidder & Fine, 1987)

Two meanings of qualitative research are Big Q and Little Q. Big Q refers to inductive,m open ended research methodologies. Little Q means integration of non-numerical data collection techniques into hypothetico-deductive research designs

Reflexivity

· Epistemological reflexivity

· Personal reflexivity

· Critical language awareness

· reflect upon the assumptions made during research

· reflecting upon the ways values, experiences, interests, beliefs, political commitments, wider aims in life and social identities shaped research

· words used to describe experiences

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

1. It is a continuous method and requirement is of conducting extensive research on phenomena, new knowledge acquirement.

2. the benefits of employing qualitative research methodology are: Obtainment of a more practical feel of the world, Flexible ways of performing data collection, analysis and interpretation, Holistic view of phenomenon under evaluation

3. My experiences have shaped the research, giving new perspective to things. I chose this topic as it is not well researched.

WEEK 2

Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: A reflective process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 22(4), 431-447.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The intelligent and interrogative procedures required for creating viable subjective research inquiries can give shape and bearing to a review in ways that are frequently thought little of. This article addresses both the advancement of beginning examination inquiries and how the procedures of creating and refining inquiries are basic to the moulding of a subjective review.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Process of developing questions

Starting the process, creation of an overarching question for guiding the inquiry process, development of sub-questions and new questions, dialogic process of theory and questions, reflexivity and ethical considerations

Writing good qualitative questions

Making questions work for the researcher, situating questions in a paper or dissertation,

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

Crotty, M. (1998). Introduction: The research process. The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process (pp. 1-17). Crow’s Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The book joins approach and hypothesis with extraordinary lucidity and accuracy. The major epistemological positions and hypothetical points of view that shading and shape ebb and flow social research are elaborated on: constructionism, positivism, interpretivism, feminism, postmodernism and critical inquiry.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Ontology

Epistemology

· Constructionism

· Objectivism

· Subjectivism

Epistemology is what is given to understand

Constructionism is like ‘epistemology’, which is the most universal way of constructing knowledge.

Objectivism is the epistemological view that things exist as significant elements freely of cognizance and experience, that they have truth and importance living in them as articles

Subjectivism might be characterized as the view that appreciating human conduct comprises exclusively in reproducing the self-understandings of those occupied with performing them.

Theoretical perspective

(E.g., Positivism; Critical inquiry; Hermeneutics, Phenomenology)

The major epistemological positions and hypothetical points of view that shading and shape momentum social research are discussed and the writer uncovers the philosophical roots of these schools of request and shows how different controls add to the act of social research as it is known today.

Methodology

(E.g., Ethnography, Phenomenological research, Action Research, Discourse Analysis)

This book joins methodology and hypothesis with incredible lucidity and accuracy, demonstrating to understudies and specialists proper methodologies to explore the labyrinth of clashing phrasing. Phenomenology is followed here.

Method

(E.g., Narrative, Life history, Observation, Questionnaire, Statistical analysis)

Narrative, Life history, observation, statistical analysis, Phenomenological research

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

1. Constuctionism, as it is the universal way of learning

2. Phenomenology is the approach that distinct from nature of being

3. Phenomenological research studies consciousness and the objects of direct experience

4. I would use Semi-structured interviews and Thematic Analysis. This form of interviews have a open framework and this form of analysis is flexible.

WEEK 4

Breakwell, G. M. (2006). Interviewing methods. In G.M. Breakwell, S. Hammond and C. Fife-Shaw (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (3^rd ed.)(pp. 232-253). London, UK: Sage Publications.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Research method is the systematic philosophical approach with the help of which data can be collected by involvingappropriate methodological tools. Interview is the most effective data collection method with the help of which data can be collected by conducting an interpersonal communication for receiving immediate feedback from the participants.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Interview schedule

Interview schedule is the set of questions that are made to guide the interviewer for conducting entire interview session properly.

Structured interviews

Structured interview is primarily made for the survey research. The interviewer has to make sure that the questions have been arranged in the same order to every individual.

Unstructured interviews

In the unstructured interview, questions are not prearranged. At the same time, the interviewer needs not to follow an equal order of the questions.

Double barrelled questions

Double barrelled questions can be considered as double direct question that an individual tends to ask informally. The interview is not bound to answer to answer this particular question

Acquiescence response bias

Acquiescence response biasis the tendency of a respondent where that particular individual tends to provide all positive answers properly being biased.

Researcher effects (or experimenter effects)

Researchers’ effect is the form of reactivity based on which the participant gets influenced unconsciously for providing necessary response.

Interviewer effects

Interviewer effects is the distortion of response based on which the personality of the interviewer reflects.

Inter-rater reliability

Inter-rater reliability is a form of score based on which the participants get to know on how much scores they have received from the judges.

Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1990). Interview processes. In-depth interviewing: Researching people (pp. 76-104).

Melbourne: Longman Cheshir

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

In-depth interview is the qualitative research technique that involves small number of interviewee with long time interview session.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

In depth interviews

Long-time interaction with limited number of respondents

Rapport

Bonding between the sender and receiver

Recursive model of interviewing

A recursive model is a special case of an equation system where the endogenous variables are determined one at a time in sequence

Interview guide/schedule

The set of questions that are made to guide the interviewer for conducting entire interview session properly

Funnelling

The process of guidance to conduct the session successfully

Storytelling

The activity to give an in-depth overview about the subject of interview to the respondent

Solicited narratives

An effective oral conversation between the interviewer and interviewee

Types of questions (e.g., descriptive questioning, contrast questioning, opinion/value questions, feeling questions, knowledge questions etc.).

Depending on the research issue the respondents decides the types of interview question such as descriptive questioning, contrast questioning, opinion/value questions, feeling questions, knowledge questions etc.

Probing

Systematic method of exploring the entire research issue

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

Without having an in-depth interview with proper rapport with the respondents the entire process of research work cannot be accomplished properly.

Willig, C. (2013). Qualitative research design and data collection. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rd ed.) (pp. 23-38). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Qualitative research design and data collection is able to gather necessary information by providing immediate feedback

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Reflexivity

Own perception of an individual

Ethics

· Informed consent

· No deception

· Right to withdraw

· Debriefing

· Confidentiality

· Taking permission before conducting the interview

· Data that would be collected would not be deceived or licked out

· Participants are allowed to close the conversation at any time even at the middle of interview

· To examine the participants’ reliability while maintaining the session

· Data protection act should be maintained for maintaining confidentiality

The Research Question

Research questions are formed to find out the research objectives

Semi-structured interviews

The interviewer sometimes intends not to follow a proper structure of interview question. O

The interview agenda

· Descriptive questions; structural Q’s; contrast Q’s; Evaluative Q’s

Based on the research issue the researcher decides to follow the pattern of interview questions whether it is descriptive, structural or contrast

Participant observation

While providing response participants tend to depict the personality of that individual for creating a reliability

Focus groups

Group discussion for receiving collective response

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

 While collecting data and information for a particular research, participants observation, ethical consideration and group discussion is highly significant.

WEEK 5

Willig, C. (2013). Phenomenological methods. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.) (pp. 83-98). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Phenomenology

. Phenomenology is the approach that is distinct from nature of being

Intentionality

Capacity to represent, stand for things or states of any situation

Descriptive phenomenology

It separates itself from those methodologies that are entirely interpretive.

Interpretive phenomenology

it intends to give point by point examinations of individual lived understanding

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

It is a way to deal with psychological subjective research with an idiographic core interest

Purposive sampling

It is a  non-probability sampling selected on the basis of population traits and objectives

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

1. In this form of research, interview can be used in a non directive way for gathering experience, or report or aesthetic expressions

2.  The goal of phenomenological research is to describe real experience of any phenomenon.

Le Compte, M.D., & Goetz, J. P. (1984). Ethnographic data collection in evaluation research. In D. Fetterman (Ed). Ethnography in educational evaluation (pp. 37-59). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

A basic guide is offered with respect to ethnographic assessment information: the investigative depictions or reproductions of in place social scenes and gatherings which portray the common convictions, hones, ancient rarities, society learning, and practices of some gathering of individuals

List the key concepts that are discussed

Ethnography

Observational research

Participant observation

In depth interviews

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

Amid the previous decade, enthusiasm for the utilization of ethnographic research systems has expanded among instructive strategy and assessment analysts, which would continue with research works in the field.

Tolich, M., & Davidson, C. (1999). Taking the role of the other.Starting fieldwork: An introduction to qualitative research in New Zealand (pp. 69-87). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Qualitative research offers huge data in transcripts and observational fieldnotes. High quality analysis is based on skill, integrity and vision.

List the key concepts that are discussed

Informed consent

consent approved in complete knowledge of the probable consequences

Confidentiality

Protect participants data in research

Anonymity

Protect participants identity in research

Deceit (in research)

Use misleading or misinformation fro confidentiality, without harming

Voluntary participation

People cannot be forced into participating in research

‘Tearoom trade’- Laud Humphrey’s (1970) Research (and ethical violations)

violation of the standard codes of academic lead and moral conduct in expert logical research

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

To determine and be aware of scientific misconduct

1. updated information of current scenario

2. reviewing of the obtained information and its relativity with the topic

3. not revealing participant information or any other sources

4. checking their progress report

WEEK 6:

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006).Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Understanding of different variables, representation of themes, presenting comparisons and establishing relationships between variables

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Understanding of different variables

Using theme analysis in qualitative research

representation of themes

Using of human interpretation in qualitative research

comparisons

Comparative discussion and analysis concerning variables

relationships between variables

Linking of the variables

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

It links the variables to understand the exact situations, the theme represents the internal issues and evaluates the ideas of resolving those issues

Willig, C. (2013).Grounded theory methodology. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.)(pp. 69-81). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967)

Human interpretation, inductive method, qualitative method, perceptual implication, analytical competency skills

Constant comparison analysis

Presenting the key features between two concepts

Negative case analysis

Irrelevant data which is contradicting the support matter

Theoretical sampling

Extracting data from particular quantity of information

Theoretical saturation

Intact analysis without fillers

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

1. Grounded theory can be used to search for the information and explaining through relatable implications

Willig, C. (2013). Case Studies. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.)(pp. 100-112). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Intrinsic versus instrumental

Single vs. multiple design

Single design focuses on independent variable, multiple design presents relationship between both variables

Descriptive vs. explanatory

Descriptive research takes existing information for hypothesis development, explanatory concentrate on existing theory and describing in a vast manner

Triangulation

Generalizability

The generalness of the information and the extent of its link with the topic

What are the implications for these ideas for your research?

Use of human interpretation to understand the issues as well as the recommendations

  1. Yes, situational analysis would be helpful in understanding the scenario and making implications accordingly

 Benefits: provides vast scenario, specifies role of related stakeholders

WEEK 7

Willig, C. (2013). Discursive psychology. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.)(pp. 114-127). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Relationship between both variables

How psychology works in qualitative research

Distinction between contradictory views

Comparison between the direct and indirect views

Lack of understanding non verbal communication

Not understanding body modulation , voice modulation and similar non-verbal forms of communication

Unable to establish skills

Improper skill assessment

What are the implications for these ideas for your research?

Improving body language, creating interesting scenario for discussive scenario, a clear and precise language used

Willig, C. (2013). Foucauldian discourse analysis. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.)(pp. 129-141). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Biasness

Respondents are secretive

Cannot reveal strategies

Respondents are not inclined to reveal strategies of the organizations they are  a part of

hesitation

Respondents are apprehensive about information sharing

Lack of understanding

Respondents are unable to understand the concern of the research

What are the implications for these ideas for your research?

Article generates the idea about using the alternative research study instead of using a qualitative research, and it is presenting the argument against the use of qualitative research.

WEEK 9

Willig, C. (2013). Quality in qualitative research. Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3^rded.)(pp. 169-176). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

The key points in this book contain the answers as to why qualitative research is used in psychology and how is that carried out. This research work provides a clear introduction of eight different approaches of using qualitative method and the way they must be used. The contents of the books reflect the developments in this field. Conceptual issues and the different epistemological and theoretical challenges in qualitative research are discussed in the book.

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Authenticity

Information collected needs to be authentic and derived from reliable source

Exact situational analysis

Focusing on the actual scenario of the case study and finding their impact on internal or external analysis

Interpreting with personal experience

Information gathered from personal experience from the journey inside the scenario.

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

It provides the exact information derived from the responses of the people who are directly involved with the situation.

Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 63-75.

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Direct involvement in the situation,

Responding according to their convenience

Reflecitve analysis of the situation

Human interpretation

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Direct involvement

Direct communication

Human interpretation

Analysis of the scenario and personally interpreting it

Reflecitve analysis

Analysis of the scenario and personally interpreting it

Responding according

Based on personal analysis, the findings would extract response accordingly

What are the implications of these ideas for your research?

  Authenticity, reliability, existing strategies

WEEK 11

Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L. (2004). Ethics, reflexivity, and “ethically important moments” in research. Qualitative Inquiry, 10(2), 261-280. doi: 10.1177/1077800403262360

What are the key points in the article/chapter?

Ethical considerations, inconvenience, perceptive values, power of reflective analysis

List the key concepts that are discussed.

Ethical considerations

Authentic, no persuasion, reliable source

inconvenience

Respondents must not feel uncomfortable in responding

perceptive values

Using perceptions to judge research questions

power of reflective analysis

Ability to clarify the scenario as a reflection

What are the implications for these ideas for your research perspective value of the respondents, evaluation of the exact scenario, within the organization.

The respondents can answer as per their convenience because no one can persuade them

If the respondents are not comfortable with the question they can ignore it.

Respondents can present their judgements by presenting reflective analysis