Problem Statement
1770. Since then, engineers are trying to reduce the accident occurrence and improve the safety mechanism of the vehicles. It is obvious that accidents are pretty much depend on the breaking mechanism. Anti-lock breaking system is
one of the approach which was first introduced in 1930 by aerospace industry.
Later, this is embedded commonly in airplanes and in 1960s, the high end automobiles are comprised were fitted with rear only ABS. Nowadays, most of the late model vehicles uses the anti-lock breaking system and these practice has
been widely popular due to the rapid progress of microcomputers and electronics technologies. ABS is believed to be a significant contribution to the vehicle safety as the main objective of the system is to keep the vehicle stable and
steerable in the period of heavy breaking moments by reducing the wheel lock to an extent. It is obvious that, the wheels are tends to slip on wet and icy surfaces when break is initiated.
These results the vehicles to stopping at long distance and the vehicles losses the steering stability. The ABS is used to prevent the wheel slip to an extent by obtaining maximum friction and maintaining the steering stability. This approach is pretty much effective to stop vehicle at short distance when breaks is initiated. The optimal goal of the design is to able to regulate the velocity of the wheel. Traction control system (TCS) and vehicle dynamic stability control and traction control system uses the ABS technolgy for optmal uses. (Caban et al., 2016). The anti-lock breaking system are comprised with hydraulic modulator unit with pump and valve, brake master cylinder, an electronic control unit (ECU), wheel speed sensors and vehicle’s physical brakes.
2 Problem Statement
This report will discuss about some advanced ABS system include accelerate ometer to demonstrate the fundamentals of the vehicle. This paper was created to demonstarte the ABS after evaluting several research works done by experts
on this domain while focusing on associates of the system. this paper aslo provides the basic uderstanding of the ABS and how it can enhance driving experice.
3 Literature Review
The need of developing anti-locking system is very simple as if the wheels of the vehicle is locked while initiating breaking certain issues occurs. Consequences are tires will be abnormal, steering control will be lost and the breaking distance will increase. This issues are very critical and in worst cases, accidents can occur. When break is initiated by the driver, the breaking mechanisms generates a force that lessens the vehicles motion by apply force in the opposite direction 4(Yoon & Kim, 2015). However, there are certain challenges faced by the engineers for developing an optimal anti-lock breaking system as the braking system embedded with transportation delays which can be infulanced the apidly due to tire bouncing, brake pad coefficient of friction changes, On rough roads, control system bandwidth, brake pad coefficient of friction changes, the tire slip ratio varies widely and rapidly due to tire bouncing, he tire slippage measurement signal, crucial for controller performance, is both highly uncertain and noisy.
Literature Review
Depending on road conditions, the maximum braking torque may vary over a wide range and For optimal performanc. . Mainly, ABS is consist of hydraulic brake system with antilock components which is the key to control the whole
system (Dhivya & Murugesan, 2015). Complicated relationship among the slip and friction generates non liner control problems. One of the other problem is liner velocity of the wheel is not correctly measurable. For constructing the optimal breaking systems, the friction between the tyres and the road also needs to measured, however it is hard to find the appropriate statistical data as it differs due to dissimilarity factors. Engineers are constantly trying to develop complicated sensors to tackle this issues.
4 Optimal control methods based on lyapunov approach
Soft computing is one of the most popular technology which is currently applied in several aspects of ABS control. there are sevral control types and the most efficient PID is utilized to increase the performance level of Antilock system. PID controller is comprised in the rear wheel for enhancing the steer ability, stability and improve the control ability of vehicles during the breaking moments. it is very musch efefctive to increase the lateral stability along with
the longitude and deduce the the slip of vehicles. this development approach is efefctive for both four and two wheller cars (Sardarmehni & Heydari, 2015).
5some experts study and aanlyze the controller efficiency and states that rear whell as yaw motion can be effctive to groe stability and reduce the chancces of the accidents and potential slip affect. The design of the PID is very simple however it has some limitation as it does not have enough robustness for implementing it practically. To overcome this issue, new non liner PID control algorithm can be used as it provides the advantages to combine easy tuning
and robustness. It can be effective to stop the vehicle at short distance interval with better velocity performance compare to the typical loop- shaping controller and PID controller. Optimal control methods based on lyapunov approach. In control theory, nonlinear systems such as ABS are difficult and challenging to control optimally. Some experts proposed a nonlinear feedback approach for active braking system. With the input constrains the control system can be bounded. (Actuator)Hydraulic modulator: this is one of the crucial part of thesystem whcih is used to break preasure by electrical control system whcih can also be obtain from the ECU.
Optimal control methods based on Lyapunov approach
Disc Brake: The disc is the main crucial part
of the system as it pushes the brakes closer while the breaking preasure aslo increases (Khadse & Karmore, 2016). Speed sensors: ABS system utilized the speed sensor with the effect based on sensor voltage. the freqyecy of this is turn This paper was illustrate the basic understanding over the anti-locking braking system, in order to understand this topic and provide the description several learning materials will be collected from multiple sources. As anti-lock breaking system is a common approach in the vehicle design, several useful insights are available associated with the chosen topic. In order to conduct the research secondary research methods will be followed which is associated with finding information from existed literature such as journals, articles and books.
Several online sources such as blogs, library are also provides useful insights which could be useful to provide a clear description of the research topic. It is not possible to spend much time on libraries to extract information for several books. Online libraries can be used as an alternative. Online libraries are have vast amount of literatures in their database and it is also easy to locate the desired literatures 6out of hundreds of them. Usually, the web is consist of vast amount of literatures,however, not every literatures is comprised with the desired information which would be useful for the research. The appropriate literatures will be chosen and later reviewed to conduct the research.
References
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Caban, J., Dro´zdziel, P., Vr´abel, J., Sarkan, B., Marczuk, A., Krzywonos, ?L., & Rybicka, I. (2016). The research on ageing of glycol-based brake fluids of vehicles in operation. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 10(32).
Dhivya, P., & Murugesan, A. (2015). Intelligent Car Braking System with Collision Avoidance and ABS. International Journal of Computer Applications.
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