What is a VOR station?
1. A VOR station can also be referred to as a Vhf Omnidirectional Range Radio, which is one of the most common ground-based navigational aids that an airline or a generalized navigation system used in aviation. VOR navigation gives the opportunity and allows to fly from point to point along with different established Airways between different VOR stations (Ostroumov and Kuzmenko 2019). With time these forms of stations are phasing out by the newer Technologies, there are still hundreds of VOR stations that are still prominent. They are prominently utilized for their valuable source of position information for Cross Country flights along with instrument approach procedures. In situations where the aircraft gets lost, proper help can be provided where a quick pinpoint of location can be made.
The best way to understand how VOR works can be seen with the concept of the frequency range, which is between 108.0 MHz and 117.95mhz (Marzioli et al.2021). Every one of these stations is oriented towards the magnetic north and is omitting 360 radicals from the stations. the VOR sends out one specific stationary master signal and one other rotating variable signal, which are also referred to as reference and variable phases.
There is an antenna present on aircraft that is dedicated to the whole process of recording the VOR signals which are mostly located on the tail of the aircraft, which picks up this specific signal and transfers the same to the receiver within the cockpit (Yu et al. 2018). The aircraft on receiver compares the difference between the VOR variable along with the reference phase and focuses on determining the aircraft’s bearing from the different stations. This specific bearing can be stated as the radial that the aircraft is currently on. In general, VORs have distance measuring equipment or even different tactical air navigation equipment which is installed within the station. When the VOR is collocated with the entire distance measuring equipment, it can be labeled as VOR-DME. Signals provide considerable and higher accuracy which can be stated to have reliability due to a combination of factors (Li et al.2017), June. The most integral factor is the fact that it provides a bearing from the station to the aircraft, which in many ways does not vary with the wind or the different orientation of the aircraft. It can also be stated to be less vulnerable to the fractions around Terrain features as well as the coastline and from phase encoding suffers fewer interfaces that can take place through to thunderstorms. With a predictable accuracy of 90 M which is 300 feet,2 sigma at 3NM for a VOR beacon, which is compared to the accuracy of an augmented Global positioning system or often referred to by the concept of GPS which is less than 13 m and a 95% accuracy.
VOR stations in a way can be treated as a connective point that creates a link of the entire radius that can help in deciding the generalized location of the aircraft properly (Geise et al. 2019, March). These stations in particular are one of the primary reasons how the generalized radius of the very high-frequency omnidirectional range can be established across the cross-country scenario where it was utilized first in the United States and was then created as a standard air navigation system in the world. One of the most important reasons for the operations of these stations and how it is used in Aircraft navigation is integral is the factor that the generalized complexity of utilizing this technology and this navigation system is prominently simpler and easier to adapt in comparison to the recently launched and the recently adopted system like the GPS (Ostroumov, Kuzmenko and Marais 2018). In the past, this very navigation system has been one of the core reasons why aircraft navigation became easier and more achievable than a dangerous act.
How does VOR navigation work?
2. The history of navigation has constantly evolved from a point where there was no form of navigation system available, and the principle method remained as to navigation in which the Sun The Moon and stars were used to determine position. After the discovery and the utilization of the very high-frequency omnidirectional range which was still a prominently short-range radio navigation system for aircraft the scenario which started in 1937, there were new avenues that were opened with the discovery of the built-in Global positioning system also known as the GPS which would make their prominence relevant in 1960(Pollack and Ranganathan 2018). Its first route was wired when the jet started flying on the Arctic route. GPS which has progressively changed is the generalized standard and was originally developed to satisfy the general navigation needs of our military; there are many different changes as the current systems are integrated under the flight management system where navigations are included with not only GPS but internal navigation as well as the traditional radio beacons like the VOR are all incorporated in the autopilot system and are also controlled by another integrated part of the navigation system.
Further from the generalized utilization of the GPS There comes a time when the Pilots can type data into their flight management computer and during the process of the flight the system can calculate the positioning with the proper data that it can receive from the satellites off the GPS, inertial navigation as well as the radio beacons (Lo 2020). The VOR stations which were more relied upon the idea of radio antenna based signal system which was short-range to the Global positioning system which is a space-based radio navigation system that is focused on consisting of a constellation of satellite broadcasting navigation systems along with a network of different ground stations as well as satellite control stations which are used for monitoring as well as control the entire progression of navigation and its current scenario has become a more prominent Idea banner before. Navigation which was something that was considered as a priced technology in the past, has progressed to a point to wear one of the most accurate forms of navigation can not only be done by the aviation systems globally but by any person who has a smartphone (Sabatini, Moore and Ramasamy 2017). The GPS, which is currently utilized around the world, is owned by the United States of America but with time and progression, GPS systems of other countries like Russia and China along with Europe are also in progress. With the complete takeover of the GPS that is progressing with time and technological changes, the older forms of navigation can be done by VOR and NDBs. Even when GPS navigation is present and is widespread with its technological advancement, there are still many intersections that utilize the older techniques which connect the Airways that are utilized specifically in local travels.
In most of the airline’s systems in aviation, specifically in commercial traveling, there is an option provided with GPS along with the older techniques like VOR even present within the system but mostly GPS is only utilized and the other systems are only taken into consideration when there is a major emergency. The future and Navigation systems are in the avionics systems that provide a Direct Data Link communication between the pilot and the Air traffic controller this communication can help and include and change the way a traffic control clearance, as well as pilot request along with position reporting, can be done more easily (Klochan et al.2016). With the changing times and the increasing amount of Air Traffic the traffic control ability to monitor aircraft is becoming rapidly outpaced with the growth and the changing mode of Travels and the effort to improve aviation communication and navigation along with surveillance, the generalized future systems are primarily focused on the future and navigation system that allows controllers to play a more passive monitoring role which is with the use of increased automation as well as satellite-based navigation.
Advantages of VOR Navigation
This current system is utilized mostly in general defense-based systems along with the recently launched Boeing models. The surprising part of the aircraft navigation system since the introduction of newer Navigation systems is that with the increasing popularity of air travel the entire system of navigation globally is becoming more complicated with the increasing amount of crowd that is creating a higher scope of accidents and the higher scope of lack of navigation from time to time. This is the very reason why the new technology of the fans system is chosen as one of the best ways of developing a concept for future aircraft management as it not only provides proper and positive control, is used in areas that have radar, and is commonly referred to have a good radar control (Dave et al.2022). The system will not only help in improving the communication between the Pilots and the control room sections along with proper navigation improvement that at times can become faulty with the older techniques and even with the limitations of GPS. In terms of surveillance improvement, this entire utilization of this specific form of navigation concept will help not only in the defense system but also to ensure and control navigation-based traffic, which is increasing and becoming a huge problem.
At present scientists and different types of organizations are also working on looking after new and Navigation systems that do not utilize higher levels of toxic rays and connectivity based systems which are not only creating an issue with the increasing Air Traffic and finding the right navigations and routes through satellite but are also directly impacting the entire animal ecosystem especially for birds (Krzykowska and Krzykowski 2019). Most of the systems of Aviation that are created in recent years have multiple forms of navigation created and set up even if at present the most popular form of irrigation is still GPS to us sure that the right results have been provided and in terms of emergency different forms of navigation can help save millions of lives.
3. The VOR stations utilized in the past are needed in the modern world and one of the main reasons why they are not completely taken down from primary and even currently created Airlines is the very fact that the accuracy rate of these stations and the utilization of these stations is extremely integral. These stations not only help in providing a proper support system to Pilots during the time of any situation where the general navigation system of GPS does not work(Burigat and Chittaro 2016). Apart from that, it is one of the fastest ways of direct communication between the control room and the Cockpit, which is one of the crucial reasons why it is still considered to be utilized and needed in the modern world.
Furthermore, there is also a major need for these stations as in the current time with the faulty and the increasing pressure on the air traffic system a reliable and a long-term system can we use which has a better and accurate system, not for long-term flights but local on countrywide traveling. The Utilization Of Gps In The Current Time Has Reduced The Need And Importance Of The Vor Due To Its Shorter Range And a General Sense Of Limitation That It Has. However, it is a very potent form of navigation system that has been more long-lasting and has stayed relevant for a longer period as GPS has progressed over time more rapidly.
Evolution of Navigation Systems
Understanding the utilization of the system and the station in other different forms of Ideas like using to create short-range communication between different airlines and the stations directly can help in avoiding major accidents that happened specifically during the time of takeoff and landing which are becoming extremely common these days with the decreasing quality of the entire construction systems of the landing areas (Psyllou Majumdar and Ochieng 2018). Apart from that, the higher and the worst forms of weather conditions are becoming common phenomena in the current world where global warming has led to changes in weather which are drastic and heard of the system of GPS at many stocks becomes unavailable. The utilization of a short-range navigation system in such systems can be a backup that will help save lives and also can help bring forth a better backup that is reliable even if it is not as long range and as accurate as GPS.
References
Burigat, S. and Chittaro, L., 2016. Passive and active navigation of virtual environments vs. traditional printed evacuation maps: A comparative evaluation in the aviation domain. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 87, pp.92-105.
Dave, G., Choudhary, G., Sihag, V., You, I. and Choo, K.K.R., 2022. Cyber security challenges in aviation communication, navigation, and surveillance. Computers & Security, 112, p.102516.
Geise, R., Neubauer, B., Zimmer, G. and Weiss, A., 2019, March. Wind Turbines and their Impact on Navigation Systems-Results of the min-VOR-Win Project. In 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Klochan, A.E., Al-Ammouri, A., Romanenko, V.G. and Tronko, V.D., 2016, October. Aplication of polarymetry in aviation navigation systems. In 2016 4th International Conference on Methods and Systems of Navigation and Motion Control (MSNMC) (pp. 263-266). IEEE.
Krzykowska, K. and Krzykowski, M., 2019. Forecasting parameters of satellite navigation signal through artificial neural networks for the purpose of civil aviation. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2019.
Li, H., Hai, X., Sheng, G., Guo, Y. and Pan, C., 2017, June. Research on the compatibility between FM-CDR and aeronautical radio navigation service ILS/VOR. In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Lo, S., 2020. Navigation for aviation. Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications, 2, pp.1871-1891.
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Ostroumov, I.V., Kuzmenko, N.S. and Marais, K., 2018, October. Optimal pair of navigational aids selection. In 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Methods and Systems of Navigation and Motion Control (MSNMC) (pp. 32-35). IEEE.
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Pollack, J. and Ranganathan, P., 2018. Aviation navigation systems security: Ads-b, gps, iff. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM) (pp. 129-135). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp).
Psyllou, E., Majumdar, A. and Ochieng, W., 2018. A review of navigation involving general aviation pilots flying under visual flight rules. The Journal of Navigation, 71(5), pp.1130-1142.
Sabatini, R., Moore, T. and Ramasamy, S., 2017. Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 95, pp.45-98.
Yu, L., Haifeng, Z.H.U., Huabo, W., Min, W. and Huizhu, Z., 2018, June. Integrated Navigation Based on DME+ VOR/INS Under the Integrated Radio Condition. In 2018 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS) (pp. 1352-1358). IEEE.
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