Weekly Portfolio Learning Table (Week 1-4)

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 1 Topic:

Define project management for operators of mines, plants and owners of large assets.

The learning has helped in developing an overall understanding of the following:

The general conditions for construction contract.

The termination or suspension of contract.

The content and purpose of letter of intent.

The different construction terminologies.

 The productivity and quality control.

The learning and the experience have helped in developing the understanding of different terminologies related to project management. The experience have been gained on the systematic process of the project management. The study have helped in gaining extensive knowledge in the tolls that ate used for developing, evaluation and designing a project. The readings and experience have helped in understanding the meaning of the project management. The prpoject management can be defined and the discipline that is relate with the planning of the work, execution of the work, controlling and completion of the work. Uit is seen from the experience that the knowledge and implementation of the project management plays a very vital role in achieving the objective and meeting specific criteria’s. The knowledge and experience has helped in understanding that there are different project management methodologies. The reading has helped to understand the project management methodologies that can be applied in the operation of mines, large assets and palnts. Therefore it can be said that the reading has helped in forming an overall understanding of the project management and the bird eye view of the entire gamut of project management operations.  The reading has helped to understand that there are nine project management knowledge areas that includes

· integration management

· scope management

· time management

· cost management

· quality management

· human resources management

· risk management

· procurement management.

Whyte, J., Stasis, A. and Lindkvist, C., 2016. Managing change in the delivery of complex projects: Configuration management, asset information and ‘big data’. International Journal of Project Management, 34(2), pp.339-351.

Hager, J., Yadavalli, V.S.S. and Webber-Youngman, R., 2015. Stochastic simulation for budget prediction for large surface mines in the South African mining industry. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 115(6), pp.531-539.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 2 Topic:

Explore and explain the project justification and contract processes.

The chapter three deals with the general condition to the construction contract.

The chapter four deals with the bonds and insurance.

The reading of chapter three helps to understand the importance of the project management document.

The reading of chapter four helps to understand the importance of bonds and insurance in project construction business. This chapter helps to understand the risk involved in the business and the reason for failure of contract. The understanding of the bonding process and different terminology related to the bond is gained after reading this chapter. The knowledge is gained for the qualifications that a company should have before issuing the bond. The reading helps to understand the risk that a builder has to undertake in construction project. The chapter have provided an understanding of the workers compensation insurance and the formula for calculating the premium. The understanding related to controlled insurance program that was gaining popularity since 1960 is also gained.   

The reading of Australia National Audit Office (2012) Developing and Managing Contracts- helps to develop contracts that have the right outcome and achieves value for the money.

The knowledge related to general condition of contract is gained from administration manual.

In chapter three general condition to the construction contract is discussed. After reading this chapter, it can be said that a project manager should read all the documents pertaining to the contract. This includes any conditions like general, supplementary or special condition. The documents provides different situations that may arise in the tenure of the project. The document also helps to provide reasons that will be helpful in handling the different situations. In order to manage the contract it is necessary to have the full understanding of the information. This will helps in making the correct and intelligent decisions. This is learned that the documents have legal consequences.

In chapter four the bonds and insurance are discussed. On analysing different projects and reading the material it can be seen that there are certain inherent risk in the management of the project. The responsibility of the project managers are wide. This responsibility includes controlling the risk of the business. Bonds and insurance can control the risks related to the project. It can be seen that the bonds are more beneficial to the persons that are working with the contractor whereas the insurance are more beneficial to the contractor.  

The reading of Australia National Audit Office (2012) Developing and Managing Contract is a useful resource in developing a contract.  The understanding of the general conditions of the contract  is gained through HB 104-2000 Administration manual for AS 4000-1997.  

Walker, D.H.T., Harley, J. and Mills, A., 2015. Performance of project alliancing in Australasia: a digest of infrastructure development from 2008 to 2013. Construction Economics and Building, 15(1), pp.1-18.

Rose, T.M. and Manley, K., 2014. Revisiting the adoption of innovative products on Australian road infrastructure projects. Construction Management and Economics, 32(9), pp.904-917.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 3 Topic:

Explore and explain the financing of projects.

The learning has helped in developing the understanding of the following:

The meaning of project finance,

The different sources of finance.

The understanding of the techniques for selecting the best project financing options.

The learning and experience have shown that every project requires finance for implementation and running it successfully. The project finance is the source of financing the long-term project. It has been seen that the project finance requires analysis of revenue and cost drives, trend of the market, rate of interest etc.

Elsas, R., Flannery, M.J. and Garfinkel, J.A., 2014. Financing major investments: information about capital structure decisions. Review of Finance, 18(4), pp.1341-1386.

Czarnitzki, D., Hall, B.H. and Hottenrott, H., 2014. Patents as quality signals? The implications for financing constraints on R&D (No. w19947). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 4 Topic:

Identify and apply project contract conditions to project teams and project processes.

The chapter 6 deals with the successful project completion demands successful start.

The chapter 7 deals with organising the project team.

The reading is done for AS 4915 -2002 project management general conditions.

The reading of the chapters and other document has helped in gaining following knowledge:

The importance of reviewing different aspect.

The importance of preparing drawing and punch list.

The necessity of preparing material safety data sheet.  

The meaning of the project end syndrome and ill effects.

The reading, assignment and experience has helped to gain understanding of what is considered important by the owner. On reading of chapter 6, it has become very clear that the success of the project depends on the way the project has commenced.  The managers should have the completed understanding of the projects and this should be done by reviewing different aspect. The managers should prepare drawings of the complex project and the report related to inspection and testing. The intention should be made very clear at the start of the project through punch list. It is important in the efficient management of the project that the material safety data sheet should be prepared for maintaining the list of all hazardous items. It is important that proper preparation should be taken for the first meeting with the subcontractor. It has been seen that at the end of the project the managers and supervisors are more interested in the next project. It is a dangerous end of the project end syndrome that should be avoided because it can cause loss and damage to the project.  Based on the above discussion it can be seen that the learning from the experience, reading and assignment has helped in identifying and applying conditions for project contract conditions to project teams and project process.

Kendrick, T., 2015. Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

Zou, W., Kumaraswamy, M., Chung, J. and Wong, J., 2014. Identifying the critical success factors for relationship management in PPP projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.265-274.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 5 Topic:

Define and apply estimating processes and concepts to the project.

The chapter 8 deals with the process of estimation.

The reading of the chapters and other document has helped in gaining following knowledge:

The necessity of preparing estimation.

The basics of preparing estimation.

The types of data that are used in preparing the estimation. The importance of estimation.

The reading, assignment and experience has helped to gain understanding of what is considered important by the owner. On reading of chapter 8, it can be understood that it deals with the estimation of the cost of the project. This chapter reviews the basic process of estimation that are ignored due to the development of advanced estimation software. The reading of this chapter has helped in understanding the master format for estimation provided by the Construction specification Institute. The estimation requires data this data can be built by purchasing a data manual.  On the other hand, the data is prepared in-house that can be used for preparing the estimate is obtained from combing the codes of cost and the daily report. It can be seen that the unit cost varies from one job to another due to various reasons. Therefore, it is important to analyse the unit cost. It is the responsibility of the manager to monitor the reporting of cost for that managers are required to number of steps. It has been seen that when disparity in cost appears then the manager should verify whether the disparity is due to actual cost or estimated cost. It is seen that the most successful contractors evaluates the estimates after it is completed. It is seen that the application of the estimation process is very important in making the project successful and profitable.  In order to improve the estimation process the management often analyses the data of the completed project.  It is seen that for comparing the actual with the estimated figures the project parameter cost model is used. There is another method of preparing the budget or estimate known as order of budget or estimating. This is commonly used when the contractor discusses the specific types of the contract with the prospective clients. Therefore, it can be said based on the learning and experience that the estimation is critical for successful management of project.

Tan, C.H., Yap, K.S., Ishibuchi, H., Nojima, Y. and Yap, H.J., 2014. Application of fuzzy inference rules to early semi-automatic estimation of activity duration in software project management. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 44(5), pp.678-688.

Ahlemann, F., El Arbi, F., Kaiser, M.G. and Heck, A., 2013. A process framework for theoretically grounded prescriptive research in the project management field. International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), pp.43-56.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 6 Topic:

Manage the project requirements and change processes.

After learning the chapters and other requirements has helped to gain understanding relating to:

The process of awarding subcontractor.

The requirement of up to date knowledge of the subcontractor.

The analysis of bid summary sheet.

The requirement of the purchase order.

The importance of change order.

The cardinal rule for change order.

The learning from experience, reading and assignment has helped in understanding the requirement of the project and the change process. It is seen that the process of awarding the subcontract is more complex process than just mere selection of contractor. In a study conducted by the Construction, finance Management Association it can be seen that more than in 70% of the cases the project manager negotiates the subcontractors and purchase orders.  Therefore, it means that the project manager should have through and up-to-date knowledge of all the requirements. The selection of subcontractor should be done after proper interview and it is suggested that a checklist can be prepared so that proper subcontractors are selected. The contractor should at least received bid from the three parties that are willing to become the subcontractor. This bid should be received in bid summary that provides information relating to the scope of the work represented, the estimated budget and the bid price. It has been observed that the contractors arranges subcontractors using the bid analysis. It has been seen that in some cases it is important to determine if the work is to be given to the subcontractor or doing thing by own would be a better option. However it should be noted that the decision to  undertake the project and not give it to the contractor should not be based only on the budget. It is important that while making that decision it should be considered whether the contractor have the required expertise. It is seen that there are certain key questions that are asked at the time of negotiation. The terms and conditions of the subcontractor agreement should be clear to all the parties not present at the time of negotiation. In case there is only equipment and material that is purchased and no labour is required for installation then in such cases purchase order is made instead of  subcontractor agreement. The purchase order can be price protected and it is important in case there is fluctuation of price. The readings of different material has helped to gain an understanding of the matters that should be avoided at the time of making the contract or purchase order. This has been seen that a hard working subcontractor working in an ethical manner can produce buyout that benefits all the parties. It is seen that the change order is the most critical aspect of the entire construction contract. The change order is done for changing the scope of the arrangement or sum of the contract. The cardinal rule that is followed for the change order is that the perspective should be changed first. The change should be viewed in the manner that the change have been directed to one own self.

Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers.

Heagney, J., 2016. Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 7 Topic:

Define and apply quality assurance and quality control.

The learning of various chapters and other requirements has helped to gain understanding relating to:

The meaning of quality control

The meaning of quality assurance

The difference between the quality control and quality assurance.

The beginning step of quality design.

The steps for improving the quality control.

There have been immense knowledge that have been gained in the field of quality assurance and quality control from the reading the chapter, assignment and experience.  The emphasis on quality has increased in construction because the contractors are not only using quality for gaining better reputation but also for controlling cost of the project.

It should be made clear at the very outset that the learning has helped to identify the difference between the quality control and quality assurance.  The quality control refers to the standard that is followed in assembling components of the project that have been integrated for the design of the project. On the other hand, it is seen that quality assurance refers to the standard that have been applied in maintaining the quality. This can be explained with the help of an example from the real life scenario that if an architect states that it complies with the specification 301 of the American Concrete Institute that means the contractor has installed the column plumb of tolerance level 114 inch in any 10 feet. This is an example related to quality controls. It is seen that the contractor are giving more emphasis on doing the job right at the first time rather than doing reworks which increases cost and wastage of time. It is seen that the quality control with the quality design. The learning has helped in gaining understanding of two important concepts like total quality management and benchmarking. The total quality management is the overall approach towards quality by the organisation. The total quality management has been successfully applied in the manufacturing industry and so it can be said that some parts of the TQM model can be applied in the construction industry. On the other hand the benchmarking is a process where the organisation studies the best practices in the industry and applies it to improve the performance. The international standard organisation provides quality management standards that have been widely applied in the different industry across the world.  It is seen that the application of the quality principles by the management has helped improving the quality in the industry. It is seen that there is six sigma approach to quality control that have helped in improving the overall quality and standard of the industry.

Konieczka, P. and Namiesnik, J., 2016. Quality assurance and quality control in the analytical chemical laboratory: a practical approach. CRC Press.

Lawrence, X.Y., Amidon, G., Khan, M.A., Hoag, S.W., Polli, J., Raju, G.K. and Woodcock, J., 2014. Understanding pharmaceutical quality by design. The AAPS journal, 16(4), pp.771-783.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week Topic 8:

Design and apply document management and governance processes.

The study have been helped to gain understanding relating to the following:

The process of documentation of construction project.

The provisions that are unique for a BMP contract.

The documentation that are given to the owner from the manager.

The documentation that are given to the architect.

The process of coordination.

The documentation relating to the close out requirement.   

The learning and experience has helped to understand that the documentation relating to the construction of the project involves maintaining sufficient records so that the history of the construction process could be understood. It should be noted that the proper documentation does not means creating and maintaining huge data and information. It is essential that only important and accurate information should be recorded. It is seen that the documentation is important because it achieves the following purpose:

· The documentation helps in maintain the record of completed work.

· It helps improvising information that are essential for decision-making.

· The documentation helps to solve the queries of the client on a regular basis.

· The documentation in the form of emails,  letters, photographs or schedules helps to serve as an evidence in case of any complication or law suit.

· The documentation provides evidence that the project have been managed efficiently.

· The documentation helps in tracking information related to the project and helps in finding out discrepancies.

· The documentation helps the project manager to stay the up to date about the project. Therefore, it helps them to avoid any unpleasant surprise.

· The documentation is very helpful for every individual that are working in the organisation. It helps the member in having complete knowledge of their tasks. It helps them to have a completed knowledge and idea of what is expected from them. The manner in which they are required to manage their work

· The proper documentation will ensure that all the information are stored properly. This stored information will provide the knowledge base for all the members in the project.

There are various types of documentation and each documents are different from each other based on the types and use. Therefore, it can be seen that the documentation serves an important purpose in the management of the project and is an important tool for proper governance. It should be remembered that the documentation is an important process and essential component of the construction project. Therefore it can be said that in order to reduce or avoid the misunderstanding of the future in the construction process the only important thing that should be remembered in the documentation.

Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Ahern, J., Cilliers, S. and Niemelä, J., 2014. The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: A framework for supporting innovation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, pp.254-259.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 9 Topic:

Manage change, disputes, arbitration and mediation.

The learning of various chapters and other requirements has helped to gain understanding relating to:

The reasons that triggers disputes and claims.

The proposal process of the bid and the potential related to dispute.

The various reasons that causes dispute.

The mediation and arbitration process.

The reading and experiences have helped in understanding the reason for the dispute and the process that is helpful in mediation and arbitration. It is seen that many times the project manager are required to deal with the dispute that are resulted from claim. It is seen that dispute can arise at any stage of the process. It is some time seen that in some cases the litigations are forced upon the contractor. The project managers are responsible for documentation and are familiar with the legal terminology and the court decisions. Therefore, it can be said that they are in a better place to handle the dispute. It is seen that there are certain principle reasons that causes the dispute due to misunderstanding. These reasons can be said to be the errors in the plans and specifications, inaccurate response, I n adequate fulfilment of responsibilities, the unwilling ness to comply with the terms of the contract etc. It can be said this all and other factors are the reason that causes dispute. It is seen that the key process of resolving the dispute is to address the issue and negotiate for settlement.  It is important to note that only of the negotiation fails then the consultation should be done for taking legal steps. It should be remembered that in the construction industry there are many contracts that are made. Therefore, it is inevitable that in some cases there will be conflict arising from the misunderstanding of the obligation of the contract. It should be remembered that all dispute cannot be solved quickly. It is important that proper documentation relating to the dispute is prepared appropriately. It should be remembered that sometimes dispute can be resolved easily if the problems is seen from the prospective of the other party. It is because that the resolution can be reached with an open mind and the attitude of forgiveness.

Goldman, B., Goldman, B., Shapiro, D.L., Shapiro, D.L., Pearsall, M. and Pearsall, M., 2016. Towards an understanding of the role of anticipatory justice in the employment dispute-resolution process: An investigation of EEOC-sponsored mediation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 27(2), pp.275-298.

Murphy, S.E., Spillane, J.P., Hendron, C. and Bruen, J., 2014. NEC contracting: evaluation of the inclusion of dispute review boards in lieu of adjudication in the construction industry in the United Kingdom. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 6(4), p.04514002.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 10 Topic:

Critically analyse the implications and impacts of safety.

The learning of various chapters and other requirements has helped to gain understanding relating to:

The law namely the occupational safety and health act.

The factors that have helped in declining the rate of accidents.

The ways in which the safety can be useful.

The statement of company policy relating to safety.

The coordination at the time of hazard.

The program relating to the communication of hazard.

The learning have shown that the construction industry of the country has gone up and down in the recent past. However, it is seen that the rate of accident have declined over the years. On analysis, it was seen that the construction industry previously had many accidents thus making it one of the hazardous industry for the workers. In order to solve the problems the occupational safety and health act was introduced in the year 1970. The act is very important and plays an important role in maintain and promotion of wellbeing of the workers. The act helps the worker to be protected against the risk resulted from the workplace. In addition to this, various factors have helped in reducing the rate of accident. One of the factor that have helped in reducing the rate of accident is the quality and quantity of training. It is seen that most violated safety norm of the OSHA are related to fall protection, scaffolding and accident related to electricity. It has been observed that proper implementation of safety norms is helpful in attaining long-term strategic objective. The long-term advantage that is gained from the application safety norms is much more than the short-term cost that are required to be incurred. Therefore it can be said that there are many benefits of the maintain of good record of safety. There are insurance that covers the safety of the worker and it is known as the workers compensation insurance. Therefore, it can be said that the importance of developing the company safety program is indispensable. The statement of the policy of the company should include the program for prevention of the accident. The working rules and regulation relating to the safety program should be included in the policy of the company. The company should develop a objective of the accident prevention program that provides detailed outline of actions that should be taken for prevention of accident and at the time the accident took place. The requirement of OSHO is the hazard prevention program. It is seen that same importance is given to this program.

Tenzer, S., Docter, D., Kuharev, J., Musyanovych, A., Fetz, V., Hecht, R., Schlenk, F., Fischer, D., Kiouptsi, K., Reinhardt, C. and Landfester, K., 2013. Rapid formation of plasma protein corona critically affects nanoparticle pathophysiology. Nature nanotechnology, 8(10), pp.772-781.

Sandri, A.M., Landersdorfer, C.B., Jacob, J., Boniatti, M.M., Dalarosa, M.G., Falci, D.R., Behle, T.F., Bordinhão, R.C., Wang, J., Forrest, A. and Nation, R.L., 2013. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous polymyxin B in critically ill patients: implications for selection of dosage regimens. Clinical infectious diseases, 57(4), pp.524-531.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 11 Topic:

Explore modern approaches to extended projects.

The reading have been helped to gain understanding relating to the following:

The meaning of partnering.

The reason for collaboration.

The relationship between the teamwork and collaboration.

The benefits of partnering.

The learning have shown that the partnering in the construction activity has resulted in the significant savings of the cost and time. It is seen that in case of longer strategic partnering the great benefit have accrued to the level of savings of cost up to 40%. It can be said that the collaborating is a technique for management that delivers value to the promoters. It has been seen that there are many benefits of the team work that is understanding the objectives, finding solutions, reducing correspondence and improving working environment. The partnering extends the benefit that are received from the team work. In partnering the parties agree in a common goal for success, the resolution of the issues, the continuous measurement of the performance, the relationship to share gain and pain. Therefore, it can be seen that the partnering serves a very important purpose in the project management. It is seen that more and more construction projects are started with the partnering among the contractors.   

Mourad, A. and Darwish, K., 2013, June. Subjectivity and sentiment analysis of modern standard Arabic and Arabic microblogs. In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on computational approaches to subjectivity, sentiment and social media analysis (pp. 55-64).

Sharples, M., de Roock, R., Ferguson, R., Gaved, M., Herodotou, C., Koh, E., Kukulska-Hulme, A., Looi, C.K., McAndrew, P., Rienties, B. and Weller, M., 2016. Innovating Pedagogy 2016: Open University Innovation Report 5. Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University.

Illidge, T., Specht, L., Yahalom, J., Aleman, B., Berthelsen, A.K., Constine, L., Dabaja, B., Dharmarajan, K., Ng, A., Ricardi, U. and Wirth, A., 2014. Modern radiation therapy for nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma—target definition and dose guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 89(1), pp.49-58.

Description of topics including reading samples

Learning outcomes of the course

Learnings from your experience, this and prior course reading, assignments

Supporting documentation including your prior learning

Week 12 Topic:

Ensure sustainability

The reading have been helped to gain understanding relating to the following:

The impact that the construction have on the environment.

The meaning of sustainability in the context of the construction industry.

The sustainability of the building guideline.

The understanding whether green building is more expensive than the construction done in a conventional manner.

The manner in which the existing buildings are greened.

The contractor at the slow rate has embraced technology.

The meaning of the building information modelling.

The learning have shown that it is important to have development in a sustainable manner. The main aim of the sustainable development is that the development plan should be implemented after integrating it with the social, economic and environmental policies that guides the country. The Green building is designed in a manner that the construction activity is friendlier to the environmental concerns. It can be said that the sustainability and green building has become more mainstream.  The green building is important because the development and growth of the communities have large influence on the environment. The manner in which the building is manufactured, designed, constructed and operation is responsible for the consumption of various natural resources. On analysing, it can be seen that there are environmental, social and economic benefit that arise from green building. The benefits are provided below:

• It helps in improving and defend the biodiversity and ecosystems.

•  it helps improve the air and water quality

• It helps in decreasing the unused watercourses

• It helps in protect and reestablish the natural resources

• It helps in decreasing the cost of operation.

• It helps in Improving the productivity of the occupant

• It helps in increasing the value of the assets and profits

• It helps in increasing the life cycle and economic performance.

• Enhance occupant health and comfort

• It helps in improving the air quality indoor

• It helps in minimizing the strain on the local usefulness of the      infrastructure

• It helps in Improving the overall quality of life

It is seen that there are eight simple principle that should be followed for the sustainable design. The first principle is that a multidiscipline and integrated method should be used, as it is essential for success. The second principle that should be followed is that the simple is better than complex. The third principle that should be followed are that more significance should be given to the life cycle cost, as it is more important than the cost related to life cycle. The fourth principle is that the energy use should be minimised in the selection of all the matter relating to the construction. The fifth principle is that the planning should be done in a manner that it is easy to do the maintenance job. The sixth principle is that the passive strategies should be considered whenever it is important.

Stephan, S., Mosley, E. and Richardson, G., 2016. State of the Art Nutrient Upgrade (SANUP) and Beyond: The Past and Future of Sustainability Leadership at Alexandria Renew Enterprises. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2016(6), pp.3690-3698.

Yeheyis, M., Hewage, K., Alam, M.S., Eskicioglu, C. and Sadiq, R., 2013. An overview of construction and demolition waste management in Canada: a lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 15(1), pp.81-91.