Wind Energy Project Methodology And Literature Review For University Of Hull

Objective

The University of Hull is looking forward to mount a small wind turbine of 10-20 KW. The owner wants to mount a small power plant on the roof of the Cohen building at the height of 10m. The purpose of this project is to escalate the project owner with the peculiarities of mounting a wind turbine in its premises by focusing on potential resource availability, Average efficiency of the wind speed, power output in relation to the wind energy, and annual energy produced by the proposed wind turbine in a year. 

The objectives of the proposed project are highlighted below:

• Collection of wind speed time series for 12 months
• Determining the average efficiency and rated wind speed for the proposed wind turbine
• Calculation for analysing the power output time series
• Analysis of the annual yield produced by the proposed turbine
• Analysis of the literature review for finding the facts related to the efficiency of the wind turbine

The purpose of this paper is to measure and collect the different wind speed for calculating the average power output produced by the turbine. The variation can occurred in the collection of the data during the meteorological year chosen for study due to the variation in the climatic condition. The efficiency of the power output can be measured by analysing the average wind speed calculated for the complete year. The type of turbine used by the university depends on the size and weight of the turbine which is suitable for fitting it into university premises. The increasing demand of electricity at the university compelled the owner to mount a wind project in its premises for enabling the distribution of electricity efficiently. The deployment of the wind turbine is the most promising project for the organization because the demand of electricity increases at the night, it is cheaper than the solar cell plant, the height of the building is suitable for mounting Wind turbine, and others.

From the analysis of the project site, It is concluded that the location of mounting the wind turbine at the height of 10 metre at the building roof in suitable due to the availability of wind speed around average of 6.2 metre/sec throughout the year. It is the cost effective technology to supply the electricity for the university premises. The location of the weather station is suitable for collecting average wind to get annual efficiency of 1 KWH.

The university is equipped with lots of trees which are capable of providing average speed of 6.2 m/s throughout the year. The mounting of the wind turbine at the building roof which is at height of 10 metre is capable of collecting sufficient amount of wind speed. It has been noticed that the climate of the region around the university is 0.5% higher temperature than the nearby surrounding area. The social, ethical, and local issues with the local government should be resolved before implementing the proposed project. The variation in the energy output can occurred due to the amount of wind received. The 10% variation in the wind speed can affect the annual efficiency of the project around 28%.

Regional Climatic Condition

It is proposed that turbine based on vertical axis is better than the turbine based on horizontal axis to collect relevant data for energy generation. The Vertical axis turbine have the capability to collect wind speed from all the direction. The Drag driven VAWT is chosen for the construction of the wind power plant because it is mostly used globally for handling the wind power project. It is silent so it is capable of minimizing the noise pollution which can be the major problems to the local community members with the installation of other turbines. It is reliable to handle the situation of high power of wind. This is robust to handle the situation of natural disaster. The only drawback of the Drag driven VAWT turbine is that it is highly sensitive to the functionality of turbulence.

The increase in the wind amount speed will directly increase the energy output produced by the wind turbine generator (Karatepe and Corscadden, 2012). The variation can occurred in the collection of the data during the meteorological year chosen for study due to the variation in the climatic condition. The graph below shows that mounting the wind turbine at the height of 10 m is having the average speed between 2 to 6 metre per second but for some time it can rises to the height of 13 metre per second during the analysis of the whole year.

The average variation which occurs in the wind speed during the 12 months is shown in the graph below. The average speed of the wind on the monthly basis can be predicted from the graph below. The graph is drawn between average wind speed in relation to the associated month:

There are 4 basic terminology of the wind turbine are stated below:

• Rotor: The rotor is used for expanding the surface area of the aerodynamics with the inclusion of blades in it. The generators are used for increasing the rotation per minute of the wind turbine by accelerating the kinetic energy provided to the turbines. The efficiency of producing the electricity depends on the kinetic speed provided to the system (Sarkar and Behera, 2012).
• The gearbox is equipped for increasing and decreasing speed of AC / DC generator. The proposed turbine does not make use of gear box because it is 10 Watt. 
• Tail is used for aligning the speed of wind with the input required for generating the turbine generator.
• Generator is enclosed in the turbine for converting the wind kinetic energy provided by the rotor into AC electric current for supplying electricity to the university premises.

The size of the wind turbine chosen for mounting it into the university premises depends on the energy required in kilowatt hours. According to the given requirement of the university, it wants to generate 1 KWH energy for the making the university functional (Joshi, Sainis, and Souza, 2014). The estimation of the energy consumed by the university helps in measuring the size of the wind turbine used which depends on the following

Annual Energy output should be equivalent to the 1 KWH

Rotor diameter is responsible for collecting the wind energy and converts it into kinetic energy to convert it into electrical energy

Type of Wind Turbine Chosen

Annual Average wind speed is calculated on the basis of wind speed data collected per day for the complete year.

Familiarity with Modern Literature and Appropriate theory

Many researchers have proposes different models of climate for analysing the climatic condition of the particular area. The numeral projection to the climatic changes induces accuracy in the calculation of wind speed. The sound produced by the aerodynamics blade of the turbine is directly proportional to annual throughput of electricity because high sound will make the rotor revolves at very high RPM (Essandoh,  Hammond, and Adam, 2015). High rotation rate of the rotor is responsible for generating high kinetic energy. High kinetic energy is supplied to the generator of the turbine to provide effective annual yield of energy throughput.

The flow of wind creates the sound of aerodynamics which results into the increasing speed of the rotor. The speed of the rotor directly depends on the sound caused the Aerodynamics blade due to the wind blowing in the nearby surrounding area. The sound of the wind increases with the height at which the turbine is placed.  It is the cost effective technology to supply the electricity for the university premises (Ontario, 2015). The location of the weather station is suitable for collecting average wind to get annual efficiency of 1 KWH (Ragheb and Ragheb, 2015).  The increasing speed of the wind increases the rotation per minute of the rotor which is responsible for increasing the kinetic energy supplied to the generator as input. The average rotation per minute done by the rotor is equal to 1150. The regular deployment of oil and greasing procedures helps in increasing the RPM speed of the rotor and thus the power input which is supplied to the turbine to generate electricity (Corne and LindStrom, 2011).

During the course plan of deploying wind power plant on the premises of the university, we collect the wind speed on the capacity of the wind turbine which is mounted on the building roof at the height of 10 metre above the ground level (AWS scientific, 2015). The DC / AC inverter is used for converting wind energy collected to generating the supply of AC current. The wind turbine is comprised of three components which are classified as rotor, tail, and a frame which is comprised of a generator. The spinning process is associated with the turbine blade for accelerating the wind speed (Hdidouan and Stafell, 2017). The rotor is responsible for collecting the Kinetic energy of the wind which is used for generating the turbine motor. The energy produced by the turbine is directly proportional to the kinetc energy supplied to it through rotors blade of the machine.

Components of the Wind Turbine

Data gathering and analytical procedures:

During the curriculum of the project, data related to the wind speed is collected at the same time 12.00 noon throughout the year. The potential resources which are gathered for the period of 12 months are illustrated in the table below:

 From the above table we are able to calculate the Average wind speed = 6.2 m/s

Average of the rated wind calculated for the period of 12 months can be calculated from the table given below:

 Average rated wind speed = 6.12 m/s

Power Output produced for the period of three months

 The total energy output is 1.57 KWH

Annual Energy produced for the period of 12 months:

 The annual energy produced = 9261 KWH

Interrelationship between Coefficient and Power:

The power Coefficient of the turbine machine is rpresented with C_p which is used for calculating the wind turbine efficiency. The efficiency of the wind turbine can be measured by calculating the ratio between Actual electricity produced by the Wind turbine and total kinetic energy provided to it as input (Verma, 2013).

C_p = Power Output / Power Input

The power input which is provided to the wind turbine is calculated by the given formula:

Here, in the formula above rho” represent the air density which is equivalent to 1.225 Kg / m³. A is equal to the swept area used in the given scenario and V is the speed of the horizontal velocity of the wind (Essandoh, Hammond, and Adam, 2015).

The Annual energy power Output can be calculated from the given formula:

Where C_p can be calculated by using the following formula:

Here,  represent aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine blade,  is the mechanical efficiency of the wind turbine, and lastly  is the electrical efficiency of the wind turbine.

The differences in the coefficient of power occur due to the variation in the wind speed. This is major error which occurs during the curriculum of the project.

The specification of the wind turbine used in the given scenario is WTT 5000S. The proposed turbine is equipped with following specification which are detailed below:

• The kinetic energy collected from the wind turbine blade are used for generating the AC current which should be supplied for the university premises.
• It is cost effective
• The operational speed of the proposed turbine is in between 2.5 m/s to 15 m/s (Burger, Colella, Quinlivan, and Rousseau, 2007).
• The Average annual efficiency of the proposed turbine is equivalent 9261 KWH
• The turbine can be easily fit into the roof of the building due to its appropriate size and weight according to the premises of the university.

The following table shows the specification of the wind turbine which is implemented for the use of university campus.

The total cost of the turbine machines is approx. $ 4000. The extra charges have to be paid for shipping of the machine into the university. The necessary action plan should be developed for mounting the Wind turbine at the height of 10 m above the ground level.

Familiarity with Modern Literature and Appropriate theory

The successful implementation of the proposed project helps in producing the annual power output around 9261 KWH. The variation in the wind speed input directly reduced the efficiency of producing energy about 25% (TZouvelekis, 2014). The power efficient of the output can be analysed from the graph below which is developed for predicting the information related to the power input and power output during the 12 months. The X-axis of the graph represents the number of days and the Y axis represent the speed of wind measured for the particular day at noon time.  

From the above graph we can analysed that maximum speed of the wind can be measured in the month of February. The graph below shows the total wind energy harvested for the particular month

The following graph shows the relationship of wind speed and the power output produced correspondent to each other

The speed of the wind is directly affected by the height at which turbine is placed.  The average annual energy produced is calculated by the formula stated above to get the accurate result.  

From the analysis of the calculation, we are able to predict that

1. Average speed of the wind = 6.2 metre per second
2. Average rated wind speed = 6.12 metre per second
3. Average power Output produced = 1.57 KWH
4. Annual Energy produced = 9261 KWH

The total cost of the turbine machines is approx. $ 4000. The extra charges have to be paid for shipping of the machine into the university. The necessary action plan should be developed for mounting the Wind turbine at the height of 10 m above the ground level (Casini, 2016). The wind turbine is comprised of three components which are classified as rotor, tail, and a frame which is comprised of a generator. The numeral projection to the climatic changes induces accuracy in the calculation of wind speed. The sound produced by the aerodynamics blade of the turbine is directly proportional to annual throughput of electricity because high sound will make the rotor revolves at very high RPM. The spinning process is associated with the turbine blade for accelerating the wind speed. The rotor is responsible for collecting the Kinetic energy of the wind which is used for generating the turbine motor. From the above scenario, we are able to analyse the potential resources required for generating the turbine. The generating of electricity from turbine depends on the data collected of the wind speed on the daily data. The power curve can be drawn by determining the power coefficient which is the ratio between kinetic energy supplied to the output produced by the turbine generator (Irshad, 2015). The power coefficient is used for calculating the annual energy output produced by the turbine. The mounting of the 25 KW Turbine at the height of 10 m is suitable for the organization in producing 9261 KWH energy. The requirement placed by the university is completely satisfied with the proposed model. The variation in the wind speed input directly reduced the efficiency of producing energy about 25%

Method

The variation in the wind speed depends on the atmospheric condition. The space and height are the two major factors for the difference in the occurrence of the wind speed. The height at which wind turbine is located affects the speed of the wind and therefore power input in the form of kinetic energy given to the generator through rotor (Motor challenge, 2016). The power Coefficient of the turbine machine is represented with C_p which is used for calculating the wind turbine efficiency. The efficiency of the wind turbine can be measured by calculating the ratio between Actual electricity produced by the Wind turbine and total kinetic energy provided to it as input. The following graph shows the variation of wind speed due to the atmospheric condition.

The intensity of the turbine can be increased depending on the highest wind speed noted for the day. For example, On February 15, the speed of the wind measured was equivalent to 13 metre per second which is the highest speed for the day. The calculation of the wind speed is the basis for calculating the average power output produced by the wind turbine. The low frequency of the blade will provide less input which results into low production of the energy.

Conclusion

The analysis of the proposed model, we are able to conclude that the daily requirement of electricity placed by the university can be satisfied because the proposed model is capable of producing average annual energy output equivalent to 9262 KWH excluding variation in the wind speed calculated during the day. The power Coefficient of the turbine machine is represented with C_p which is used for calculating the wind turbine efficiency. The specification of the wind turbine used in the given scenario is WTT 5000S. The increase in the wind amount speed will directly increase the energy output produced by the wind turbine generator. The numeral projection to the climatic changes induces accuracy in the calculation of wind speed. The sound produced by the aerodynamics blade of the turbine is directly proportional to annual throughput of electricity because high sound will make the rotor revolves at very high RPM. The variation can occurred in the collection of the data during the meteorological year chosen for study due to the variation in the climatic condition. The variation in the wind speed input directly reduced the efficiency of producing energy about 25%. The estimation of the energy consumed by the university helps in measuring the size of the wind turbine. The total cost of the turbine machines is approx. $ 4000. The extra charges have to be paid for shipping of the machine into the university. The necessary action plan should be developed for mounting the Wind turbine at the height of 10 m above the ground level.

References

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Burger, M., Colella, S., Quinlivan, S. and Rousseau, J.  (2007). Construction of the wind turbine project in the town of Florida. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-040307-202930/unrestricted/windMQPc07PART1.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Casini, M.  (2016). Small vertical axis wind turbines for energy efficiency of building. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.jocet.org/vol4/254-H0020.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Corne, J., and LindStrom, A  (2011). Wind data management and the impact on wind power farm investment. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/152507.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Essandoh, E., Hammond, A., and Adam, F.  (2015). Wind data collection and analysis in Kumasi. International journal of mechanical and mechatronics engineering, 13(4). Available at: https://www.ijens.org/Vol_13_I_04/132004-5858-IJMME-IJENS.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Hdidouan, D. and Stafell, I.  (2017). The impact of climate change on the Levelized cost of wind energy. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116307856 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Irshad, W.  (2015). Wind resource assessment: Statistical and computational fluid dynamic analysis. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-191858/00thesisfinaldraftpdf.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

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Ontario.  (2015). Electrical generation using small wind turbine at your home or farm. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/03-047.htm [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Ragheb, M. and Ragheb, A.  (2015). Wind Turbine theory- The Betz equation and optimal rotor tip speed ratio. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16242/InTechWind_turbines_theory_the_betz_equation_and_optimal_rotor_tip_speed_ratio.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Sarkar, A. and Behera, D. (2012). Wind turbine blade efficiency and power calculation with electrical analogy. International journal of scientific and research publication 2(2). Available at: https://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_feb2012/ijsrp-feb-2012-06.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

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Verma, P.  (2013). Multi rotor wind turbine design and cost scaling. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.in/&httpsredir=1&article=2252&context=theses [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]

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