Theory of Technology Acceptance Model
Discuss about the E-Governance And It Role In Infrastructure Service.
E governance is regarded as the approach that is used by the government for using the most innovative technique of communication and information so that business and public are provided with convenient access to government services and information that helps in improvement of service quality and increased participation in government activities by providing opportunities. In most Arab countries, the public sector continues to suffer from mounting deficiencies in terms of government services efficiency, quality and accessibility mainly in education and health sector. In terms of development, the education and health are the critical services and compared to other services such as economic, social, security and legal services, these two services have been ranked low. These two sectors were ranked low concerning the public satisfaction and country has been ranked relatively low at 49 according to report of WEF Global competitiveness. UAE faced considerable amount of challenge for increasing the quality of educational and health services at expected levels (Mansour, 2017).
E governance helps in development of new ways for accessing education and thereby delivering services and information by listening to citizens. Some of the findings generated from study conducted on requirement of e governance that it has an imperative role in explaining the adoption of e governance services in household and awareness of citizens. In addition to this, it has also been found that there is positive relationship between adoption of e governance and level of education attained. It is argued by some author that people have positive attitude toward the adoption of innovation if they are more likely to have positive attitude. The adoption of e governance can be explained using the theory of technology acceptance model and the basic objective of this model is to provide an explanation of determinants that lead to acceptance of computer science along with explaining the behavior of users across a broad range of user populations and end users of computing technologies (Gutub, 2015). At the same time, the theory intends to be justified and parsimonious. The use of information technology and acceptance by individual is determined perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use which is the fundamental constructs of technology acceptance theory. This particular theory has been applied successfully to the investigations relating to adoption of user behavior and acceptance framework by building technologies in narrow areas. However, this theory alone was not able to provide an explanation of issues of adoption technologies related to e governance.
Application of E Governance Concepts through Different Stages
Meta theory of e governance consists of three dimensions that result in eight ideal typical theoretical approaches. These dimensions include explanations that are about understanding, change that is about maintenance and holism that is about individualism. In the diversified field of e governance studies, this theory helps in creation of some kind of order.
It is challenging to determine the public health sector scope in terms of concepts between e government and government. Public health is a discipline that involves the delivering of health interventions such as screening, prevention, child and maternal health services, scientific research and surveillance of diseases and risks that intends to improve and understand the health of populations. The complexities concerning the topic of discussion is about bridging the gap between the concepts of e government and public health sector. In most countries and countries such as UAE, an oversight is maintained by government along with governance of health and medicine care (Al Athmay, 2015).
The application of concepts of e governance pas through several stages such as completing process reengineering for bringing true benefits and value of the efforts of citizens and carrying out transactions by publishing information on web. A four phase e governance model is framed by an international e business firm of research consultancy. This model is used by government as reference for positioning the project that would fit in the evolution of strategy of e governance. The aspects of e governance are served by implementation of information and communication technology and delivery of online services in operations of government in each of the four stages (Hammami et al., 2017).
The first phase is about presentation of e governance information on the website by providing relevant information to government to business and government to consumers. A usage of ICT is entailed that helps in expanding access to government information that is important to business and individual. Government information in both education and health sector is disseminated in a convenient and fast manner through effective utilization of information and communication technologies. With the advancement in technology, the ways and means of information dissemination keeps on evolving that helps in development of nation for entering into phase by setting up a national portal. This would enable citizens to access the government information readily without resorting to malpractices, standing in queue and without having to travel government offices (Ahrens et al., 2017). Therefore, in this phase of e governance strategy, citizens are able to access relevant information using websites in both the sectors.
Branding and Consolidated E Governance Initiatives in Education and Health Sectors
Second phase is about interaction phase where publics are involved in functioning of government and the interaction between citizens and government can be stimulated and are made more effective by using technology. Citizens are provided with the benefits of submitting their grievances and queries through forms that are specially designed and it would help them in voicing their opinion, check their grievance status and assist in policy formulation by availing online services. In the transaction phase, the advancement of technologies is demonstrated that results in improving the productivity and cost savings for long term. The web enabled applications would help citizens to make payment of their fees, conduct any enquiry relating to admission in institutions and bill payment (Rahman et al., 2017).
Stage of transformation is where government has been through full stage of transformation and making health and education services available. In other words, citizens are provided with the capacity of instantly access service using unified package. Educational and health services are clustered among common needs by removing the demarcation line concerning department, agency and ministry. It is required by government to provide such integrated services by aligning the set up of organization with new capacities, making broad changes in organization and integration of infrastructure and back end operations (Khan & Kenneth, 2017). Therefore, the adoption of e government strategies in UAE should be viewed in terms of different maturity phases.
Society of UAE is economically and culturally diversified that should be taken into account for bringing innovative solutions in education and health sector. It is perceived that transformational approach would help in addressing such challenges by enabling engagement of widest possible segments of public. The state of education and health sector can be assessed by government by gaining an understanding of issues of public based on secondary research and complimenting advice of experts.
Some further attention concerning e governance strategies in UAE is branding which is one of the important aspects. Although, in field of e government, numerous steps have been taken by government it is required to disseminate and document consolidated knowledge for publication and international conferences. Service coverage is another area that requires improvement as there exists an imminent need to share and integrate services. The consolidated e governance initiatives in education and health sector would help in increasing focus on enhancing the quality of life. Discussed framework or model would assist in addressing the challenges and make use of comprehensive approach involving strategy and technology.
Challenges and Innovative Ideas Generated
In terms of adoption of advanced technologies, UAE has been on the forefront and this has resulted in improvement of governance efficiency. Several e governance programs have been initiated by the visionary leadership of UAE and such programs are aimed at making effective governance, policy making and service delivery. Improving the services of government and aligning with the international standards is the strategy of UAE government and such improvement is done by putting special emphasis on education and health sector. The employment of e governance strategies have resulted in rapid increase in level of interaction between citizens and government of United Arab Emirates (Ginter et al., 2018)
Employment of e commerce strategies in health sector of UAE has lead to generation of large number of innovative ideas. System of e governance has enabled approval of mobile healthcare services and people living in distant areas are provided with medical services along with providing elderly with services of primary healthcare. Programs have been created for evaluation of clinics and private hospitals in terms of satisfaction with services, waiting time, success rate of surgeries. There have been standardized benchmarks of healthcare professionals and accrediting doctors. Furthermore, national databases for medical records are launched for facilitating the transfer of patient between private and public hospitals. Launching of career detection programs helps in ensuring early treatment and detection. Emiratis are invited to nursing profession by launching a stimulus program and promoting public awareness program by its implementation.
A number of innovative ideas are generated by way of endorsements and initiatives undertaken in the session of brainstorming. For encouraging competition, making profession attractive, achieving job satisfaction for teachers and excellence, strategy involves measurement of career advancement and development and progress of teacher career. It also helped in brining a shift in educational system by abolishing a system of branch of science and literary sections. A full system is set for detecting talented students and launching of system of academic guide would enable student to choose future academic specialization by matching national economy requirements. The corner stone of education system is the evaluation of educational performance at the private and public undertakings. With regard to some education challenges faced in country, there was increased encouragement on part of public to submit proposals, ideas and solutions via the e mail address that is widely shared with the public and through official website of Prime Minister (Halaweh, 2018).
Importance of E Governance in UAE
One of the important barriers in the evaluation of activities related to e governance is that there is no clear definition of costs and benefits of e governance. The fundamental factor for justification of large investment and development of business case is the measurement and identification of benefits and cost of e government. Some common progress measurement and ability of benchmarking for comparing is impeded by lack of common understanding of benefits and costs.
The development of strategies of e governance is the lack of funds earmarked for activities of evaluation. In addition to this, the lack of evaluation tool is an important challenge that is accounted for by majority of Arab countries along with the lack of familiarity and experience in using such tools (Rodrigues et al., 2016). However, the overall picture of such framework is positive when looking at the current tools for evaluation and measurement.
Some other e governance issues faced by Arab countries is concerned with lack of access to government information, public sector marketing, lack of collaboration and coordination between Arabic countries, absence of critical evaluation of e government plan and change in structural system.
Lack of access to information to government- The transparent goal of government is realized by using basic element which is a universally recognized right. For facilitating engagement of citizens with public officials, transparent governance is built so that state becomes more effective. The secrecy and confidentiality of information receives contribution from high centralization of bureaucracy of government (Yaghi & Al-Jenaibi, 2017).
Public sector marketing- Public is not able to access information because they are not aware of their role as a provider of opinions and some political and social factors are responsible for such lack of awareness. Furthermore, public is also not aware of the terms such as empowerment, transparency and right to acquire electronic information.
Absence of critical evaluation of e government plan- The main objective of e governance is to share the information, knowledge and building confidence in projects of e governance. It is required by government to work closely with the business and citizens for providing useful information and services. It is so because government respond to demand of customers for services of e governance requires evaluation of e governance plans. The public sector program such as e governance is done rarely and in most of the cases, documents of government are not practiced. The absence of critical evaluation is attributable to the reasons such as current data unavailability, lack of competent professionals, absence of customer’s feedback and required input and placing less importance on outcome of evaluation (Karmakar, 2015).
Lack of collaboration and coordination- One of the essential elements of project of e governance is the customer focus. It is required by government to consider business need of information and citizens when implementing e governance in terms of its design and development. The themes should form the basis of information rather than institutional fashion. When formulating the strategy concerning e governance, the needs of customers should be incorporated. Due to absence of collaboration and coordination between and within governments, the needs of customers are neglected and are not accounted for. It has been found that there is no coordinated implementation of services of e governance between and within different countries of UAE that leads to vast duplication of efforts, difficulties in interoperability and concerns about information issues pertaining to security and privacy. There is practicing of uniform architecture and standards for application of e governance (Sarker et al., 2017). Therefore, in order to build electronic services by catering to needs of customers, it is required to have collaboration and coordination of government and cross agencies. It would help in achievement of interoperability and efficiency in services of government.
Heralding of the adoption of e government- Internal and external organizational factors coordination forms the basis of success of initiatives of e government. E governance initiatives would become successful if there is synchronization between the external and internal environment. This would help in attainment of goals of e governance in terms of fruitful interactions within society and transformation of internal operations of government in a better way (rigues et al., 2016).
Nevertheless, UAE is yet to measure the impact of session of brainstorming on satisfaction of citizens relating to healthcare and education services. Before the brainstorming session, according to national research, these two sectors were ranked lowest in terms of efficiency, quality and accessibility. However, for evaluating the effect of the strategy of e governance on health and education sector of UAE, it is required to carry out wider research. Since, there is inclusive development of these vital services, it can be inferred that public now have the feelings of ownership. It can also be said that there will be increased levels of confidence and trust due to this national exercise that has enhanced trust level in government (Alarabiat et al., 2018).
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