Electric Assist Bicycle Using CVT For Automatic Transmission: A Comprehensive Study

Background of the study

The research paper will focus on the importance of electric bicycles using the continuous variable transmission. The CVT or the continuously vehicle transmission is defined as the type of automatic transmission which changes its motion seamlessly through a set of gear ratios. The transmission rate is better in CVT than its counterparts (Hirata, Ando & Kosuge, 2016). With the help of CVT a power can be generated in an electric bicycle without much shifting. The cost of replacement of a CVT transmission is on the higher side, it is around $4000 to $7000. The fluidity of the electric bicycles should be changed every two years to expand its life expectancy, but the main problem of changing the fluidity is the cost of the fluids. The capacity of transmission of those electric bicycles is about 4-5 quarts.

Electric Assist Bi-Cycle was coined in the early 1890 in the US patents and the concept was implement two year later when Hosea W Libbey invented it with the help of crankset axle. New technologies such as torque sensors and power controls were introduced in the late 1990s. 2001 marked the beginning of the e- bike era which had a speed of 50miles/hour (Tanaka, 2017). The growth of these e-bikes was observed in after 2005 when most of the major cities started using this for different purposes. The electric assist bikes were more economical as compared with the fuel based bicycles. Pedelec is one of the most widely used type of electric bike all over the world which runs at about 250-300 watt and do not requires license plates also, solving the legislative issues which ae different in different countries.

The prime aims and objectives of this research is to focus of the effectiveness of the electric bicycles using the continuously variable transmission. Its comparison with the other kinds of electric bicycles are also mentioned in this paper with prime importance.

The research questions involved in this paper are as followings:

• What is the effectiveness of the electric bicycles after using the continuously variable transmission?
• What are the issues and challenges associated with the electric bicycles?
• What is the future of this high tech bicycles?

There are different types of technical issues related with these bicycles such as the automated technologies which are incorporated into those bicycles as well as non-technical difficulties such as the financial cost involved in the production and maintenance of those bicycles.

According to Hung, Sung & Lim (2018), the automated technology had a great impact on the evolvement of the electric bicycles. There are different types of transmission techniques which are implemented in electric bicycles. The main advantage of this resource is that it provides in depth knowledge about the internal mechanisms which are present in the electric cycles with continuously variable transmission. The authors of this resource provided a detailed mathematical model which is the main characteristic feature of this assignment. The proposed model will be helping to optimize the existing internal mechanisms of the electric bicycles. The operation of the bicycles will have a significant impact if it follows the prosed model (Hirata & Tanaka, 2018). The resource focused on the maximization of the power generation and gear speed and slope grade. Estimation of the power required to these electric bicycles. The resource helps to find all the issues and challenges related to the electric bicycles. 

Research Aims and Objectives

As discussed by Meyer et al. (2018), the application of the electric bicycle is increasing every year due to its enhanced specifications. The physicals limitations of those bike are also coming down the order every day and they are becoming user friendly. The moto power is also increasing every now and then according to the authors of this resource. The different type of motor assistant strategies is the main point of attraction of this resource. The prime advantage of this resource is the application of the energy management system in those electric bikes. Estimation of the power across different units of the bicycle is the most intriguing part of this resource which helps the readers of this document to have an idea about the physiological constitutions of the cycle. The authors of this resource have focused on each minute details of the motor power constraints.

According to Corno,  Roselli & Savaresi (2017), the environments aspects of the electric bicycles are considered in their study. They provided in depth knowledge about the different techniques by which these light weight electric bicycles are marketed. The cost effectiveness of these bikes are highlighted in this resource in such a way that it will help the readers of this document to have a perception about the different positive and negative characteristic features of the electric bicycles. The absence of the mechanical transmission in the presence of the electric bicycles using the continuously variable transmission is also highlighted in this paper. The electric connections are structured beautifully in this resource; each contents of the resource are described beautifully in easier for the non-technical persons who are not entirely aware of the keywords (Berge & Pramanik, 2018). The human machine interference is the other important characteristic feature of this paper. This paper also focuses on the impact of the CVT which was not present in the earlier electric bicycles. The different types of testing methods which are conducted on the machines before they are distributed in the market such as the run out tests, speed tests are also mentioned in this paper. The positioning and the placement of the different types of motors are highlighted in this paper with greater importance (Deleenheer, Jáneš & Jayakumar, 2017). The load testing techniques which are implemented on the finished products are made in such a way that maximum efficiency of the bicycles is maintained. According to the author of this resource there are different types of costs involved in the production units of these cycles which are very much needed to be minimized in order to minimize the total cost of the cycle which the users have to pay to have them.

Research Questions

The different types of research methodology techniques were applied while conducting this research such as the qualitative type, quantitative type. The chosen research methodologies are chosen in such a way that it brings maximum effectiveness to this research (Abdulla, Sayidmarie & Tokhi, 2014). The face to face interview which was conducted on a user of an electric cycle and the group discussion was conducted on a team which have a mixture of people who have the experience with those advanced cycles as well as individuals who are keen on having these bicycles.

The data collection method chosen for this research proposal is off two types such as the primary data collection method as well as the secondary data collection method (Afonso et al., 2015). The primary data is collected with the help of questionnaires and the secondary data is collected from the books, articles and journals.
Sampling Method

The two types of sampling method used in this research are probability and non-profitability (Dimitrov, 2018). The overall response of the audience can be attained with the help of these sampling methods.

Based on the collected data it can be understood that the electric bicycles have different types of issues and challenges related with it, each of those challenges can be minimized with the help of advanced techniques and technologies (Chen & Tsai, 2017). The collected data help in understanding the different types of costs involved in each of the parts of an electric bicycle.
Ethical Consideration

The collected data help in understanding about the different types of environmental aspects which the production units of the electric bicycles follows (Guanetti et al., 2017). The different aspects of ethics in the e-bike industry are as followings:

• Ethics involved in the crowd funding bikes.
• Difference between the e bike vendors and pricing models.

There are different types of limitations associated with the electronic bicycles such as the working principals of the CVT enabled electronic bicycles which is completely different from the other types of the electronic bicycles (Corno et al., 2016). There are different challenges of the automatic transmission of the bicycles which are needed to be purposefully solved so that those automated systems can perform as desired. The speed of this vehicle was very less compared to the earlier electronic bicycles. The cost and maintenance of these electronic cycles are the other important limitation of this bicycles.  

Fig: Gantt Chart

(Source: As created by the author)

Reference

Abdulla, S. C., Sayidmarie, O., & Tokhi, M. O. (2014). Functional electric stimulation-based cycling assisted by flywheel and electric clutch mechanism: A feasibility simulation study. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 62(2), 188-199.

Afonso, J. A., Rodrigues, F. J., Pedrosa, D. D. R., & Afonso, J. L. (2015). Automatic control of cycling effort using electric bicycles and mobile devices. In World Congress on Engineering 2015 (Vol. 2217, pp. 381-386). IAENG.

Berge, E. M., & Pramanik, A. (2018). Analysis and Material Selection of a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) for a Bicycle Drivetrain. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, 43-81.

Chen, C. L., & Tsai, M. C. (2017, August). Torque control of power-assisted bike via planetary gear mechanism. In Electric Machines and Systems (ICEMS), 2017 20th International Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

Corno, M., Berretta, D., Spagnol, P., & Savaresi, S. M. (2016). Design, control, and validation of a charge-sustaining parallel hybrid bicycle. IEEE transactions on control systems technology, 24(3), 817-829.

Corno, M., Roselli, F., & Savaresi, S. M. (2017). Bilateral Control of SeNZA—A Series Hybrid Electric Bicycle. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 25(3), 864-874.

Deleenheer, W., Jáneš, L., & Jayakumar, A. (2017). DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRIC BICYCLE FOR A SHARING SYSTEM IN PRAGUE. Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings, 12, 24-31.

Dimitrov, V. (2018, May). Overview of the Ways to Design an Electric Bicycle. In 2018 IX National Conference with International Participation (ELECTRONICA) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Guanetti, J., Formentin, S., Corno, M., & Savaresi, S. M. (2017). Optimal energy management in series hybrid electric bicycles. Automatica, 81, 96-106.

Hirata, Y., & Tanaka, Y. (2018). Motion Control of Cycling Wheelchair With Continuously Variable Transmission and Clutch. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 3(1), 148-154.

Hirata, Y., Ando, S., & Kosuge, K. (2016, May). Cadence control of cycling wheelchair with continuously variable transmission and servo brake. In Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2016 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3062-3068). IEEE.

Hung, N. B., Sung, J., & Lim, O. (2018). A simulation and experimental study of operating performance of an electric bicycle integrated with a semi-automatic transmission. Applied Energy, 221, 319-333.

Meyer, D., Körber, M., Senner, V., & Tomizuka, M. (2018). Regulating the Heart Rate of Human-Electric Hybrid Vehicle Riders Under Energy Consumption Constraints Using an Optimal Control Approach. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, (99), 1-14.

Tanaka, Y. H. Y. (2017). Motion Control of Cycling Wheelchair with Continuously Variable Transmission and Clutch.

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