Introduction of Power
Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for Appropriate Use of Power in the Workplace.
Organizations objectives are achieved as a result of force exerted on the employees to complete assigned tasks (Shao-Long & Jipeng 2015, p.768). Organizational power is the responsibility and ability awarded to an individual to oversee the operation of a particular task such as in managerial positions. Most managers possess power that allows them to plan, control, coordinate direct and organize work resources to achieve the objectives. Power is categorized into their main forms: that are Social, coercive and personal power (Orta 2015, pp.334). The personal power results from the ability of an individual to perform a particular task as a result of the skills and knowledge gained, for example making one to be a manager (Yan, Baiyin & Lin 2017, p.649). The coercive power is what managers use to exert pressure on employees to perform a duty, and on the other hand, social power is the attribute that management uses to have a task done without applying any force or supervision on the employees. Power and appropriate use of power results into different behavior in the organization and can be well understood through the case study below of Henry who had completed his university education and wanted to work in his father’s firm as a data analyst.
Henry approached his father in the morning when was leaving for work “Father, now that I am through with my degree education, I think are be of great significance in your firm.” Unfortunately he was surprised by his father’s opinion when “My son I need you to work in JayB’s firm other than mine, not that I don’t want you hear.” “This for your own benefit” John was much surprised and did not even thought that his father would want him to benefit other peoples firms” How , have been working hard as you have always encouraged me , just to come and help you!” “Now that am through, and you…..no way”. Henry did not even finish the sentence and walked out of his father.
Henry’s life has revolved around home and the firm that made him treats his father’s firm as the second home. This made his father to have him commence his employment in other firms so as to have different experience of management and how people relate in a firm before embarking to take control of the family business. All that afternoon Henry wondered how to work under a person whom he did not relate to. All of his life he has had stories of mistreatment of juniors with their superiors and now it was his turn to have such an experience yet he has an opportunity of working under no pressure. To make him worry more, his father had also secured a place for him in JayB’s firm and was expected to commence the work after three days.
Relationships in Organizations
On the reporting day, Henry managed to arrive at JayB quite early enough and was welcomed by the director, later introduced to other employees and shown other places. He was then handed over to the supervisor who gave him all the access that was required by every employee. He was excited when he learned that his supervisor was the best data analyst of the year and thought that this was an excellent chance to exercise his skills too to impress his father. During the first days, Henry felt intimated as it was his first employment opportunity. Days after days, Henry formed friends and socialized very well, what worried him most was his supervisor, whose expectations were much difficult to understand, therefore, impressing was not an easy task. Henry did not have even the courage to approach his supervisor.
Power creates a wide range of relationship in every organization. The relationships between employees and the leaders differ from organization to organization (Peng & Cheng 2016, pp.1256). Henry learned that ability in the organization depended on various factors and mostly was determined by an organizational structure that affects the amount of power bestowed upon an individual. These powers always change the nature of the behavior of an individual and the culture of an organization, and it is the power that determines the level and quality of the relationship of people in an organization. For example, the relationship between employee and manager is both crucial and critical as the nature of the interaction determines the quality of the workflow and efficiency (Moonjoo 2017, p.1264). Through more communication with the colleagues, Henry came to learn different forms of power that existed in their firm and JayB and these included:
The first one is the Legitimate Power that acts from the superior side. The legitimate power is awarded in accordance with the organizational structure that has defined the role of each employee in the organization and always flows from the topmost to the junior staff (Yanfei ,Yangliu & Yu 2018,p.318). The second is the power to reward that allows the superior or the manager to recognize and pay employees depending on the ability to perform and is always in accordance to the organization policy. The third is expert power and is always exerted in accordance to the knowledge and skills that an individual poses, allowing to be recognized in an organization or a country as the best in a particular field or task (Livi et al 2018, p.6). The fifth is the reverent power that is exercised by a manager to employees allowing a social and mutual understanding between the manager and the employees. This kind of power always make the manager be admired by the junior staff and ideal to the colleagues lastly is the coercive power, that makes the manager use force to have particular tasks completed by teams in accordance to specific time frame and quantity(Jie, Yun, & Xu 2015, p.620). The coercive force applied in the past decades using punishment, suspension and among other coercive approaches. The coercive power has today lost its place in the work ethics and performance irrespective of the organization and job title. The discussion with his friends helped Henry to understand why employees and the senior employees had such kind of behavior that is entirely different from what he used to experience in his father’s firm during the internship.
Types of Power
During the internship, Henry did relate his father as his boss as a result of the family closeness hence would talk to him anytime he felt like. At the JayB firm, Henry tried to work hard to gain the attention of his supervisor, unfortunately, most of his work were always sent back to be corrected, and this broke his hope of being recognized as the best analyst just like his supervisor. Henry went deep into learning and recognized from his school notes and friends that to be recognized by the superior one has to do an extraordinary achievement that will push the firm higher than other person did in the past.
According to Henry’s friend’s perceptions, power is an ability that is available in a relationship in both conscious and subconscious state of mind that proved how every power is felt, seen and perceived(Zhenyuan et al 2018,p.1198). According to them, power is perceived through Latent, Invisible and Manifest. The manifest power also knows as the active power aims at making a performance to be recognized for example when a manager works very hard to plan and execute strategies to achieve a particular goal. The Latent power is mainly known as the inaction power and always takes place when the wishes of a person conform to the hopes of a superior person and the other person restrain from taking action as a result of fear or complex(Stainback Ratliff & Roscigno, 2011 p.1169). For example, an employee might achieve a particular extraordinary achievement and fail to be recognized since his/ her superior is well known for such kind of performance; hence the organization protects the superior’s reputation by not taking any action. The invisible power is experienced mostly in the unconscious state of mind making the potential to be unseen but felt. The hidden force is executed with awareness and proper judgment that is kept in mind for every activity that is performed by the group members.
Henry’s small chat with his colleagues made him understand the reasons why his supervisor was hard to break because power creates different kind of behavior and relationship that both the superior and the junior perceive to have in a workplace. Therefore with a diverse team from a different background, it is very imperative for every leader to exert any power as long as the organization’s objectives are achieved.
In every organization there are always relationships created depending on the type understanding. The relationship between employee and employee always tends to be mutual and work-related while the relationship between a senior manager or a supervisor and employee tends to be created by power(Won, Jun & Ji Hyun 2017,p.1487). Henry after joining the JayB Company, realized that his supervisor was the best data analyst and wanted to like him unknowing practicing latent power. Henry was afraid of approaching his supervisor who had too much of expert power and maybe the move might escalate more cold treatment
Manifest, Latent, and Invisible Power
Power is directly linked to performance, and each level of energy such as Reward, Coercive, and Legitimate power produces difference amount of production. The legitimate power that results from the organizational structure offers the manager the opportunity to plan, control, organize and direct all resources towards achieving the goals (Krinsky & Crossley 2014,p.14). The coercive power forces the staffs to produce the set objectives irrespective of their needs, and the reward power motivates employees towards making the best that translates into the entire organizational performance. Lastly, the expert Power offers the opportunity to direct staffs based on gained knowledge, skills, and experience over an issue.
List of References
Jie, Z, Yun, F, & Xu, Z 2015, ‘The Role of Power Motivation In Creativity: A Moderated Mediation Model’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 43, 4, pp. 613-628, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Krinsky, J, & Crossley, N 2014, ‘Social Movements and Social Networks: Introduction’, Social Movement Studies, 13, 1, pp. 1-21, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Livi, S, Theodorou, A, Rullo, M, Cinque, L, & Alessandri, G 2018, ‘The rocky road to prosocial behavior at work: The role of positivity and organizational socialization in preventing interpersonal strain’, Plos ONE, 13, 3, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018
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Shao-Long, L, & Jipeng, Q 2015, ‘Power Sharing and Task Performance: The Role Of Work Engagement And Traditionality’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 43, 5, pp. 767-776, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Stainback, K, Ratliff, T, & Roscigno, V 2011, ‘The Context of Workplace Sex Discrimination: Sex Composition, Workplace Culture and Relative Power’, Social Forces, 89, 4, pp. 1165-1188, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Won Jun, K, & Ji Hyun, S 2017, ‘Effects Of Machiavellian Ethical Leadership and Employee Power Distance On Employee Voice’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 45, 9, pp. 1485-1498, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Yan, R, Baiyin, Y, & Lin, M 2017, ‘Leaders’ Sense of Power and Team Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 45, 4, pp. 641-656, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Yanfei, W, Yangliu, Z, & Yu, Z 2018, ‘How Transformational Leadership influences Employee Voice Behavior: The Roles of Psychological Capital And Organizational Identification’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 46, 2, pp. 313-322, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
Zhenyuan, W, Xi, C, & Mingyang, Y 2017, ‘Interactive Effect of Leader–Member Tie And Network Centrality On Leadership Effectiveness’, Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 45, 7, pp. 1197-1210, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 May 2018.
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