About Pakistan
Discuss about the influence of climate change on Pakistan.
This report is made on sustainability which makes sure that all existing resources will be handled for potential generations. It is considered as the study of how natural systems function, stay varied and generate everything it requires for the environmentalism to stay in balance. It also recognizes that human civilization obtains resources to prolong in the modern life. There are major three pillars of sustainability such as economic development, social development, and environmental protection. It has been found that these pillars are considered as the backbone of handling the core areas that the world now faces. Pakistan is chosen for describing the sustainability issues. The description will be made on the impact of climate change on this country. There are many things responsible for climate change and it is necessary for the country to analyze them and take initiative action to prevent them so that the sustainability can be maintained in an efficient manner.
Pakistan is a country in South Asia that stands fifth most populous country with more than 213,000,000 people (Nadeem, Shafique, Yaldram and López, 2011). It is the only country to have been made in the name of Islam. Pakistan is facing issues regarding environmental involving water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, pesticide misuse and climate change. These issues are getting increased due to expanding the population. However, NGOs and government are taken initiative actions in against to them but still, there is need to make aware people about the hazardous situation which may develop due to these concerns. Due to increased population, many forests are deforested and habitation is enhanced. It has been analyzed that affluent lifestyle may increase the number of comforts in the lifestyle of people. The automobile industry in Pakistan is increased which provides the luxurious life but being the cause of utilization of fossil fuel such as natural gas and petroleum.
Sustainability is essential for the country to uphold the equilibrium between environment and social needs. Economic development is the issue that defines the most difficult as most people are not agreed on political ideology what is and how it may impact the businesses, jobs, and employability (Environemental Science, 2018). Social development is necessary for the country for sustainability but there are many surfaces to this pillar (Qureshi, 2012.). Most significantly is awareness of and legislation prevention of the health of people from pollution. It is known by everyone that they need to do to prevent the environment, whether that is reducing the power consumptions, recycling and by preferring walking instead of taking the bus. It has been found that the businesses are synchronized to protect pollution and to keep their own carbon emission low (Mahmood, Rauf and Ahmad, 2009). Environmental sustainable issues may bring huge imbalance in the country which being the cause of concern of the further of humanity.
Sustainability Issues
Climate change refers a noteworthy change in the measurement of climate like temperature, wind, rainfall, lasting for an extended period. The climate of the earth has amended number of times at the time of the planet’s history, with events arrays from ice ages to long periods of warmth. There are various reasons such as changes in the intensity of the sun, volcanic eruptions and natural changes in the ocean current circulation. It has been analyzed that environmental issues have become a global issue a shift has been found from examining the influence of issues of environmental to understand the connection between human behavior, environment, and sustainable development. The core elements of sustainable development are to concern for the environment (Goworek, 2011). These issues regarding environment has been started to observe by people seriously and endeavouring to manage with the negative conditions on a war footing. Pakistan is facing a number of issues regarding climate change and there is no effective policies regarding the climate threats which make it weaker in comparison of other countries (Rasul and Ahmad, 2012). The impact of climate change has huge on Pakistan as it influences the daily life of the people over there. It is more unfortunate that the public of Pakistan are unaware that what kind of harm they are doing with the environment not only rural population but also urban population. The impact of the issue of climate change in Pakistan is defined below.
The global warming describes the increment in the effect of a greenhouse. The effect of greenhouse is considered as the natural procedure in which the earth carries some of the energy of sunrays and uses it to warm it enough to support life on it (Khan and Hanjra, 2008). The human activities such as excessive smoke discharges from organizations, burning of fossil fuels and the reduction of forests have guided to an enhancement in the attentiveness of the greenhouse gases, especially methane and carbon dioxide in the outer atmosphere of earth which are liable for entrapping extreme heat inside the environment which increases the overall temperature of the earth (Guiteras, 2009). It has been analyzed that because of the increment of the greenhouse gases in the external atmosphere, the temperature of the earth has warmed by 0.74°C in comparison of last 100 years which lead the world to famines, floods, cyclones and droughts among disasters of nature. The land of Pakistan is barren and dry, majorly due to the huge variability in the parameters of climate. The effect of global warming has to face by a number of people as it has been observed that surface temperature in Pakistan has been rising during the past century. It has been found that 0.6-10°c temperature is risen in the coastal areas. The city of Sindh, Mohenjo-Daro has broken the records in which country had to face approx 54°c which was considered as the hottest temperature ever (Sardar, Hussain, Arshad,2018). It was the 4th highest temperature recorded all over the world.
Impact of Climate Change on Pakistan
The major water resource is the melting snow from the Glaciers of Himalaya and heavy monsoon rainfalls of Pakistan. The economy of Pakistan is weakening heavily because of repetitive floods and devastating during the last decade (Aggarwal, 2008). It has been found that over 10 years, Pakistan has been facing the issues of floods almost every year. The flood of 2010 still brings horrendous situation among people which was the largest tragedy in the history of the world in which more than 20 million people influenced by it. The floods resulted in around 1800 deaths, 3000 injured people and spoiled more than 1.89 million homes. Along with that the impact of 2011 flood was also caused a disaster which affected more than 5 million people and 1 million homes in Sindh.
Pakistan is country that is required to consider its adaption strategy. Agriculture is the biggest sector of the Pakistan economy. It is hard to make sure that there is an effective adaption to climate change in this field. It is vital for the country at the time of start determining an adaption policy for the sector of agriculture to assess the sort of influences climate change will have (Wang, Mendelsohn, Dinar, Huang, Rozelle and Zhang, 2009). Rabi and Kharif are two crops seasons in Pakistan. Rabi crops are matured in the months of November to April while Kharif Crops are matured in the months of May to October. The performance of these two seasons is dependent on the climate change which influences the economy of the country as well. Climate change influences the agriculture by making changes in temperature. The sector of agriculture in Pakistan has an effective role as the income of approx 47% of the population is based on this sector. It has been found that this sector is under threat from climate change. It is anticipated that temperature will enlarge by 3°C by 2040 and 6°C by the end of this century. It becomes the major concern for Asia in which it can lose more than 50% of its wheat production. Furthermore, the sector of agriculture in Pakistan is considered as more susceptible to climate change due to its geographical location (Shakoor, Saboor, Ali and Mohsin, 2011).
Climate change is inevitable which modern threat with radical influences on the endurance and living patterns of mankind. It has been analyzed that Pakistan stood seventh among the most unfavorably influenced countries because of climate change on the Global Climate Risk Index 2017. The country of Pakistan has to face the overwhelming impacts of climate change and natural disasters in the current years, observing the heavy floods in 2010 and an earthquake in 2005. Climate change have increased in Pakistan which forces people of there to escape their homes and look for shelter elsewhere, hence leading to a climate-induced migration. Climate change is being the huge cause of displacing a large population in various regions across the country. For instance, seasonal changes have forced people to move to other places for protecting themselves to avoid climate-induced exposure (Kurukulasuriya and Rosenthal, 2013). The heat waves of Karachi in Pakistan in 2015 killed many people and forced other people in Sindh to move at the time of summer season (Jaffery, 2018). Generally, it has been found that there are three kinds of migration patterns encouraged through changes in the climate and environment. First one is temporary migration because of cloudbursts flash floods and so on in which migrants provisionally leave their shelters with the hope to return after the disaster is over (Wong and Zhou, 2015). Secondly, permanent migrations because of sea interruption in which the seawater infringes the coastline and enforce people to leave that place permanently. In third kind of migration, those people come who caused by Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), in which the living style of people is in nomadic due to climate insecurities.
Global Warming and its impacts in Pakistan
There are various factors that responsible for climate change and it is vital for the entire world to focus on these factors for preventing people in against of hazardous situation due to climate changes. The involvement of human in increasing the global warming is huge as it amplifies the imbalance. Human-driven amendments in land use and land cover like urbanization, deforestation and shifts in flora patterns also change the climate significantly (EPA, 2016). It has been found that Pakistan has lost almost its natural forests in the last two decades and it is done due to experiencing a high level of deforestation rate (Ortiz, et. al., 2016). Declining forests along with enlargement population have an outcome in loss of scarcity of water resources, biodiversity and is the reason for enhanced air pollution. These consequences can be evaluated by various factors such as changes in plant and animal life, melting of glaciers and enhance the occurrence and strength of extreme weather events. The people of Pakistan are destroying the environment by encouraging the deforestation. The population has increased of Pakistan day by day which shows that people start to hamper or harm the environment for getting comfort (Arshad and Shafqat, 2012). More and more building developed without taking care of environment which is the cause of climate change. These environmental issues are also costing the government. More than billions of dollars are ruined due to climate change which brings the imbalance between social life and economic condition. As per Global Climate Risk Index 2016, it has been found that more than 2 billion dollars are lost by Pakistan because of excess weather events. Along with the human activities, the climate change is responsible due to social irradiance. The changes in the energy of sun would reason the climate to change since the sun is considered as the source of energy that forces the climate system. The solar variability has a significant role in the changes in climate (Ronaq, 2014).
It is unfortunate that preservation of Pakistan has not been provided due to attention and because of that broadcast of pro-environmental behavior is in developing stage. There are several reasons behind this of which two are the most important. These are the lack of political commitment and absence of environmental awareness among people. It is essential for the government of Pakistan to take necessary actions in against these natural disasters as it has been found that the people of this country are not aware of the hazardous situation due to climate change. They even do not know that their activities are being the major reason for climate change. However, Pakistan has started to divert its focus towards protecting the environment. There is a unique illustration of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s ‘billion tree tsunami’ project which is about to complete. These trees are emphasizing riverbanks near Swat, Indus and Kunhar rivers which contribute to improving biodiversity (Ahmed, 2017). It will facilitate KP by giving a breathable and green environment. Along with that, it creates Pakistan’s much-needed protection against the high climate susceptibility. It is necessary for the country to handle this project with the latest technology and involve more and more people in it to make green environment which will be helpful to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Pakistan should bring up children into responsible and selfless beings. The government of Pakistan should make the policies regarding climate change to ensure people that their lives and properties important in the view of government. Environmental awareness programs should be conducted by government place to place as it assists to reduce carbon footprints. Along with that, the wastage of natural resources such as gas and Water should be destined. The usage of plastic bottles and shopping bags should be reduced. Such measures need to be taken on the effective way to save the environment of Pakistan.
Impacts of climate change on Pakistan’s Agriculture
Conclusion
In the limelight of above discussion, it can be concluded that it is vital for reducing the impact of Climate change on Pakistan to make people aware about such concerns by conducting various programs. The report has been described the impact of climate change on Pakistan’s agriculture land, mitigation, and living standards. There are various factors responsible for climate change and the discussion has been made on it in an efficient manner. However, the description of the topic has been given in a sophisticated manner but it can be reduced only with the help of government and aware people of Pakistan. People of the country should save the environment and deal with climate change otherwise it will have a negative influence on the potential generations. Thus, environmental awareness is essential to decrease carbon in the environment of Pakistan.
References
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