Patient History
Discuss about the Peri-anaesthesia case study of a patient undergo TURP surgery for a OR nurse.
Patient care is the priority of every nurse in the hospital setup. The care is individualized since each patient has specific needs. It’s the role of a nurse to research on the daily issues that emerge in practice and arrive on the recommendations and ensure they are implemented. The research promotes the idea of evidence-based practice. Clinical placement of students is the key aspect in the nursing students as it provides an opportunity to link the theory learnt in class and the practical part as far as patient care is concerned. In this case study, it involves a patient with benign prostate hypertrophy which is complicating as evidenced by acute retention of urine (Speakman, Kirby, Doyle & Ioannou, 2015). He is planned for surgery, transurethral resection of the prostate and insertion of memokath. This essay will explain the processes involved in the surgery and anesthesia, the possible risks, the management and care during and after the procedure.
Background health history
Patient 6 was admitted in the hospital in 2015 for burr hole drainage due to an acute subdural hematoma. In 2016 he was diagnosed with a liver hemangioma covering 5/6 of the liver with arterial enhancing. The right kidney had a hyper dense cyst. In October 2017 he had a head injury and suffered an acute subdural hematoma that resolved to a chronic subdural hematoma with a large effect. He has a history of coronary artery disease and had a mitral valve replacement in 2017 October. After the surgery, he developed acute coronary syndrome where there was reduced blood flow through the coronary artery and was prescribed isordil and clardipin. In November he went back to the hospital for follow up due to experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms and hematuria. After assessment, the conclusion was that he had benign prostate hypertrophy with intravesical extension. He was prescribed warfarin due to arterial fibrillation and the mitral valve replacement procedure done. He was planned for memokath insertion as he awaits transurethral resection of the prostate.
Investigations results
Patient 6 was scheduled for an echocardiogram and it showed normal left ventricle dimension and systolic function. The left ventricular end diameter (LVEDD/DS) was 4.9/3.6cm and the LVEF was 50-55%. It showed dilated left atrium and an anterior-posterior diameter of 4.6cm. the right atrium and ventricle appeared normal. There was mildly impaired right ventricular function and the Tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion was 1.57cm. the prosthetic mitral valve was in position with mild mitral regurgitation. The MVA was 1.3cm2 and peak MVG was 6/17 mmHg. He has mild tricuspid regurgitation and the RSVP was 34mmHg. The aortic root was mildly dilated measuring 4.1cm and there were no pleural effusions. The ascending aorta had no malformation and was in normal function.
Pre-Surgical Care and Assessment
In the blood tests, patient 6 had a Hb of 11.1g/dl and the platelets were 231. The Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) was 42 seconds. The chest x-ray done showed clear results with no effusions. The echocardiogram confirmed presence of atrial fibrillations and coronary stenosis.
Planned treatment
Patient 6 is for transurethral resection of the prostate and memokath insertion to relieve the symptoms of benign prostate hypertrophy. He has been on a Foley catheter but presents with recurrent acute retention of urine. He is on warfarin for the atrial fibrillation and to prevent clotting after the mitral valve replacement procedure done. The warfarin is to be stopped before the surgery to prevent bleeding.
Assessment
In the assessment, perform a systemic assessment to monitor the general well-being. This is preparation for the procedure. In the nervous system, assess the Glasgow coma scale, the pupil reaction, the cerebellar function and the sensory tests (Panicker, Fowler & Kessler, 2015). Assess the cardiovascular system by taking the blood pressure, the pulse rate and the capillary refill time. Auscultate the heart sounds and pick abnormal sounds that suggest anomalies (Douglas, Booker, Fox, Windsor, Osborne & Gardner, 2016). The blood pressure was 116/54 mmHg which is normal, and the pulse rate was 74 beats per min, normal in reference to normal ranges of 60-100 beats per minute (Hejjel, 2017). In the respiratory assessment, check the breathing patterns and respiratory rate. Auscultate the breath sounds to pick out abnormal breath sounds. Monitor for abnormal patterns of breathing, or presence of effortful breathing. In the genitourinary assessment, assess the integrity of the bladder and the voiding patterns. The nurse has a role of assessing for hypotension during the procedure. Hypotension is can result due to the spinal anesthesia since it blocks the sympathetic system which dilates the blood vessels. Patient 6 has urinary retention. Confirm the severity by palpating the suprapubic region. Patient assessment before surgical procedure is key in order to prevent complications since one could have known the general condition of the patient and the risk factors at hand.
Patient needs
Patient 6 is on warfarin a blood thinner. This needs to be stopped to avoid the risk of bleeding during the procedure. He needs to be educated on the procedure, the importance and the risk factors. He is in pain due to the retention of urine and needs to be relieved from pain. He is also at risk of pain during the procedure. He needs to be on analgesics and be educated on techniques of pain management including position and remaining still. He is at risk of deficient volume due to the low Hb and the medication he is under. He has retained urine and he needs to be relieved of the pressure and the risk infection due to the retention of wastes.
Surgical Procedure
patient 6 is undergoing a transurethral resection of the prostate. This procedure is done to relieve the blockage of urine cases where the prostate is hypertrophied and blocks the outflow of urine. This is the partial removal of the prostate gland. The procedure is done in theatre under general anesthesia and a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra to the prostate to remove the part of the prostate intended. Before the procedure, blood tests and an echocardiogram are carried to ensure patient stability (Mukhiya, Mukhiya, Gupta & Jain, 2016). Careful assessment and history are carried out before the procedure. The drug history is also carefully assessed. Patient 6 is under warfarin, a blood thinner, this may cause excessive bleeding during the surgery and it needs to be stopped prior.
In the management of patient 6, the actual nursing diagnosis are;
Impaired urinary elimination related to the urinary obstruction by the hypertrophied prostate and the surgical procedure as evidenced by suprapubic fullness and urine urgency. The expected outcome of this assessment is that the patient should demonstrate ability to pass normal amount of urine normally without retention. The plan of care is to assess urine output during the procedure. This is because edema may occur after surgery and cause obstruction (Roscow, & Borello-France, 2016). Encourage patient to assume normal position while passing urine in order to regain normalcy. Advice the patient to pass urine on urge. Voiding on urge helps to prevent urine retention since it helps in maintaining the tone of the bladder. Measure and monitor the remaining urine volumes in order to monitor the effectiveness of bladder. Continue with the irrigation of the bladder to remove out blood clots that may cause obstruction and lead to bladder atony. The evaluation is to assess the achieving of the expected outcome. The patient should be able to demonstrate ability to pass urine normally and the right amount at the end of the shift. If the outcome is not met, then the nurse re plans the patient care.
Acute pain related to bladder irritation and the surgical procedure as evidenced by patient verbalizing of pain and demonstrating facial grimaces. The expected outcome is that the patient should report relief from pain and demonstrate positive facial expressions appearing relaxed. The plan of care regarding pain is to assess the pain and rate it in reference to the rating scale 1-10. Sharp pain suggests bladder spasm due to the surgical procedure (Joshi, Jaschinski, Bonnet & Kehlet, 2015). Ensure the catheter is patent and the urine flow is not obstructed. Maintaining the patency of the bladder encourages outflow of urine and no retention this ensures the bladder is not overextended and reduces bladder spasms. Administer antispasmodic agent (oxybutynin) to relieve spasm around the bladder. Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent and acts on the bladder receptors to decrease spasm hence relief from pain (Simon, Gaines & LaGuardia, 2016). In the evaluation, the nurse will assess the pain level in reference to scale of 1-10 and the pain should have reduced. The patient should report relieve from pain evidenced by facial expression of relaxed mood.
Nursing Diagnosis and Management Plan
Risk for infection related to the retention of urine and the surgical procedure introducing foreign material into the urethra. The outcome expected is that, the patient should be able to demonstrate no signs of infection and be able to demonstrate healing. The plan of care is to maintain the catheter clean to prevent introduction of microorganisms since the catheter can be a source of microorganism transfer to the bladder. Monitor vital signs to check fluctuation. In cases of infection, the temperature rises and blood pressure and this will inform the nurse of the possibility of an infection. encourage patient to ambulate. This prevents backflow of urine into the bladder from the catheter. Urine from the urine bag may be contaminated. Change the dressings frequently and ensure use of aseptic technique during dressing. Dirty dressing irritates the skin and leads to breaking of skin which can act as a medium for bacterial invasion.
Risk for deficient volume related to blood loss during the surgical procedure, restriction of fluid intake prior to procedure and excessive urination after the obstruction is relieved. The patient is expected o maintain no active bleeding and demonstrate normal hydration status. In the management plan, monitor vital signs like Blood pressure and heart rate. A rising heart beat and a falling blood pressure are the main sings of deficient fluid volume, this is known as the transurethral resection of the prostate syndrome (Abraham, Barnard & Thomas, 2018). The nurse will monitor input and output of to investigate the hydration status. The nurse will also monitor for signs of confusion and changes in behavior. Confusion and restlessness points out that the cerebrum is not perfused adequately. Administer Ringers lactate intravenous. Ringers lactate is a volume expander and will help replace any fluid lost during the surgical procedure (Krajewski, Raghunathan, Paluszkiewicz, Schermer & Shaw, 2015). In the evaluation, the nurse will assess the dressing to ensure no active bleeding and maintain adequate hydration status as evidenced by the assessment.
The post-operative management of patient 6 focuses majorly on prevention of complications and ensuring the patient regains normal function. The patient in the post anesthetic care unit is monitored by assessing the vital signs, the blood pressure since spinal anesthesia has a risk for hypotension. The nurse has a role in assessing the presence of pain and administering analgesics. The nurse has a role of educating the patient on the importance of taking plenty of fluid to help in removing blood clots from the bladder. After the procedure, the patient is placed under antibiotics to prevent infection.
Post-Surgical Care
Patient 6 is under the following medications; enoxaparin subcutaneous 50mg twice daily which is an anticoagulant and prevents formation of clots that can be retained at the surgical site and compress bladder increasing bleeding (Pannucci, Rockwell, Ghanem, Fleming, Momeni & Agarwal, 2017). Augmentin 1.2g once daily which is an antibiotic and given as prophylaxis to prevent infection, Glyceryl trinitrate sublingual, crotamiton cream, tiotropium bromide inhaler 2.5mg 2 puffs daily which is a bronchodilator and helps alleviate breathing difficulties. Zopiclone tablets 3.75mg which enables one to sleep hence reduce cases of restlessness and pain. Paracetamol 500mg, a cox 2 analgesic that inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins hence reduces pain perception. Metoprolol 50mg a beta blocker, and prevents chest pains (Woodard, Manigault, McBurrows, Wray & Woodard, 2016). Potassium chloride that replenishes the potassium lost after the blockage is relieved.
He is on Simvastatin 10mg nocte to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart problems. Aspirin 100mg once daily, an anti-inflammatory analgesic that prevents inflammation and relieves pain (Hoque, Chatterjee, Bhattacharya, Biswas, Auddy & Mondal, 2016). Colchicine and allopurinol tablets to treat arthritis (Hall, Gillen, Yang, Liu, Walker, Clauson & Kankam, 2017). Finasteride tablets 5mg once daily that is used to treat the enlarged prostate (Attia and Kobt, 2014). Furosemide tablets 60mg once daily. Furosemide is a diuretic that relieves the retention of urine (Smith, Tyagi, Kuchel, Pore, Chermansky, Chancellor … & Levanovich, 2014). He is also on isorsobide dinitrate 10mg three times a day which is a vasodilator and prevents chest pains.
Conclusion
Nursing management is one of the key areas in patient care. Thorough assessment and evaluation of the patient is necessary. In the assessment, the nurse ought to perform a thorough head to toe assessment followed by systemic evaluation and vital signs. Assessment comes after comprehensive history taking including the demographical data. History taking gives inference on the diagnosis even before assessment and laboratory tests. During my clinical placement, the problems encountered is lack of adequate coaching and limited time in the clinical area. I would propose and addition of more clinical tutors and addition of more weeks in the clinical setting. the learning point was performing patient assessment and documentation. I learnt a lot on the assessment of patient and history taking and proper documentation.
References
Abraham, K. T., Barnard, A., & Thomas, V. V. (2018). TURP Syndrome for the Gynaecologist. In Obstetrics and Gynaecology Forum (Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 18-21). In House Publications.
Conclusion
Attia, D., & Kotb, A. F. (2014). Finasteride as a Neo-Adjuvant Treatment for TURP. Prostate, 74(9), 923-932.
Douglas, C., Booker, C., Fox, R., Windsor, C., Osborne, S., & Gardner, G. (2016). Nursing physical assessment for patient safety in general wards: reaching consensus on core skills. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(13-14), 1890-1900.
Hall, J., Gillen, M., Yang, X., Liu, S., Walker, S., Clauson, V., & Kankam, M. (2017). THU0432 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of concomitant multiple dose administration of verinurad (RDEA3170) and allopurinol in adult male subjects with gout
Hejjel, L. (2017). Comment on ‘Photo plethysmography sampling frequency: pilot assessment of how low can we go to analyze pulse rate variability with reliability?’. Physiological measurement, 38(12), 2249.
Hoque, I., Chatterjee, A., Bhattacharya, S., Biswas, R., Auddy, S., & Mondal, K. (2016). A review on different types of the non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res, 3(9), 41-51.
Joshi, G. P., Jaschinski, T., Bonnet, F., & Kehlet, H. (2015). Optimal pain management for radical prostatectomy surgery: what is the evidence? BMC anesthesiology, 15(1), 159.
Krajewski, M. L., Raghunathan, K., Paluszkiewicz, S. M., Schermer, C. R., & Shaw, A. D. (2015). Meta?analysis of high?versus low?chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation. British Journal of Surgery, 102(1), 24-36.
Mukhiya, R., Mukhiya, S. P., Gupta, K., & Jain, A. (2016). A comparative study of open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of prostate in benign prostatic hyperplasia. International Journal of Surgery and Surgical Sciences (IJSSS), 4(2), 39-44.
Panicker, J. N., Fowler, C. J., & Kessler, T. M. (2015). Lower urinary tract dysfunction in the neurological patient: clinical assessment and management. The Lancet Neurology, 14(7), 720-732.
Pannucci, C. J., Rockwell, W. B., Ghanem, M., Fleming, K. I., Momeni, A., & Agarwal, J. (2017). Inadequate enoxaparin dosing predicts 90-day venous thromboembolism risk among plastic surgery inpatients: An examination of enoxaparin pharmacodynamics. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 139(4), 1009-1020.
Roscow, A. S., & Borello-France, D. (2016). Treatment of Male Urinary Incontinence Post–Radical Prostatectomy Using Physical Therapy Interventions. Journal of Women’s Health Physical Therapy, 40(3), 129-138.
Simon, J. A., Gaines, T., & LaGuardia, K. D. (2016). Extended-release oxybutynin therapy for vasomotor symptoms in women: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause, 23(11), 1214-1221
Smith, P. P., Tyagi, P., Kuchel, G. A., Pore, S., Chermansky, C., Chancellor, M., … & Levanovich, P. (2014). Advanced therapeutic directions to treat the underactive bladder. International urology and nephrology, 46(1), 35-44.
Speakman, M., Kirby, R., Doyle, S., & Ioannou, C. (2015). Burden of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)–focus on the UK. BJU international, 115(4), 508-519.
Woodard, T. J., Manigault, K. R., McBurrows, N. N., Wray, T. L., & Woodard, L. M. (2016). Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Older Adults. The Consultant Pharmacist®, 31(8), 412-424.
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
