Chapter 5
Digestive System
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.
Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
Lesson 5.1
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Introduction
Digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs three main functions:
digestion
absorption
elimination
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Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system.
What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?
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INTRODUCTION:
DIGESTION
Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.
Proteins → amino acids
Sugars → glucose
Fats → fatty acids
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION:
ABSORPTION
Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine.
Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION:
ELIMINATION
Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Organs of the Digestive System
The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.
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In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
→
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Quiz students to complete labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Anatomy of a tooth
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*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Anatomy of a tooth
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*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
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Quiz students to complete labels.
How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?
How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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*
The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Digestive Tract
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*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Digestive Tract
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*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Small Intestine (cont’d.)
Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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What is the function of the villi?
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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*
Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
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Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
Besides producing bile and
releasing bilirubin, the liver:
helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?
gluconeogenesis
emulsification
hyperbilirubinemia
glycogenolysis
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*
Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
The pancreas and its functions
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The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.
As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)
As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.
What is the function of insulin?
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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*
Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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*
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?
cecum
duodenum
jejunum
pylorus
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*
Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means swallowing?
mastication
deglutition
emulsification
peristalsis
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*
Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology
Examples of Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning Terminology
bucc/o cheek buccal mucosa
celi/o belly, abdomen celiac
dent/i tooth dentibuccal
esophag/o esophagus esophageal
sialaden/o salivary gland sialadenitis
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*
Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Three types of anastomoses
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-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.
Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.
In what other places might anastomoses be made?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Examples of Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Terminology
-ase enzyme lipase
-chezia defecation hematochezia
-iasis abnormal condition choledocholithiasis
-prandial meal postprandial
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*
Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?
cholecystitis
celiac
appendicitis
cheilitis
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*
Correct answer is D, cheilitis.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5.2
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathology
of the Digestive System
Examples of signs and symptoms:
anorexia – lack of appetite
ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.
Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?
For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth:
aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries – tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.
oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patches
periodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.
How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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*
What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.
gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.
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*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
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*
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.
diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
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*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines
hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines
IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
cholelithiasis – gallstones
in the gallbladder
Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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*
What is biliary colic?
What type of surgery is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones?
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver
pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
What causes cirrhosis of the liver?
*
*
*
*
Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system.
What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?
*
*
*
*
In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?
*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
*
Quiz students to complete labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
*
Quiz students to complete labels.
How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?
How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?
*
The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
*
The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
*
The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
*
The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
*
Quiz students to complete labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
*
What is the function of the villi?
*
Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
*
Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
*
Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
*
Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
*
How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?
*
Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
*
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.
As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)
As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.
What is the function of insulin?
*
Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.
*
*
Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
*
Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.
*
Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.
*
-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.
Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.
In what other places might anastomoses be made?
*
Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
*
Correct answer is D, cheilitis.
*
*
Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.
Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?
For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.
*
Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.
How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?
*
What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
*
What is biliary colic?
What type of surgery is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones?
*
What causes cirrhosis of the liver?
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